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Kaja S, Mathews AV, Venuganti VVK, Nag A. Bimetallic Ag-Cu Alloy SERS Substrates as Label-Free Biomedical Sensors: Femtomolar Detection of Anticancer Drug Mitoxantrone with Multiplexing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5591-5601. [PMID: 37025057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been recognized as a promising label-free technology for clinical monitoring due to its high sensitivity and multiplexing ability, which should accelerate the screening of important drugs in the blood and plasma of cancer patients in a simpler, faster, and less-expensive manner. In this work, bimetallic Ag-Au and Ag-Cu alloy microflowers (MFs) with tunable surface compositions were fabricated on a glass cover slip by simple thermolysis of a metal alkyl ammonium halide precursor and used as SERS substrates for the sensitive detection of anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MTO). Two different laser excitation sources, 532 and 632.8 nm, were used to explore the possibility of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. The Ag-Cu substrate showed superior detection capability over Ag-Au, whereby the sensor recorded a noteworthy "limit of detection" value of 1 fM for MTO. Theoretical electromagnetic field maps were simulated on appropriately chosen plasmonic systems to compare the electromagnetic field enhancements with the experimental SERS efficiencies of the substrates. Further, using a 10% Ag-Cu substrate, efficient multiplexing detection of MTO was demonstrated with another anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in water and mouse blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Kaja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ashin Varghese Mathews
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | | | - Amit Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Saka C. Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Drugs Used in Prostate Cancer in Biological and Pharmacological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:78-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1487776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- School of Healthy, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
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3
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Sugihara N, Kuroda N, Watanabe F, Choshi T, Kamishikiryo J, Seo M. Effects of Catechins and Their Related Compounds on Cellular Accumulation and Efflux Transport of Mitoxantrone in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1224-1230. [PMID: 28346686 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of catechins and their related compounds to inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) function in Caco-2 cell monolayers was investigated with mitoxantrone as a BCRP substrate. The gallate or pyrogallol moiety on the catechin structure seemed to promote increased cellular accumulation and inhibit efflux transport of mitoxantrone. The ability of gallate catechins such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) to increase cellular accumulation and inhibit efflux transport of mitoxantrone was greater than that of nongallate catechins. Gallic acid octyl ester (GAO) also increased intracellular mitoxantrone accumulation. Experiments using GAO derivatives indicated that the gallate moiety required the presence of a long carbon chain for BCRP inhibition. Cellular accumulation and reduced efflux transport of mitoxantrone were greater with epigallocatechin 3-(3″-O-butyl) gallate than with EGCG. EGCG inhibition of BCRP seemed to be restricted by hydrophobicity. The co-administration of catechins, particularly EGCG and related compounds, with greater hydrophobicity may increase the therapeutic activities of BCRP substrates such as mitoxantrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kuroda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tominari Choshi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Kamishikiryo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Seo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama Univ., Sanzou 1,Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
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Enhanced uptake and cytotoxity of folate-conjugated mitoxantrone-loaded micelles via receptor up-regulation by dexamethasone. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hong B, Cheng Q. Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Mitoxantrone by Using CS-Dispersed Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2012.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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On-line chemiluminescence determination of mitoxantrone by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2901-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Zhang P, Ling G, Sun J, Sun Y, Pu X, Wang Z, He Z. Determination of mitoxantrone in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Mitoxantrone loaded superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug targeting: a versatile and sensitive method for quantification of drug enrichment in rabbit tissues using HPLC-UV. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:597304. [PMID: 20490266 PMCID: PMC2871188 DOI: 10.1155/2010/597304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In medicine, superparamagnetic nanoparticles bound to chemotherapeutics are currently investigated for their feasibility in local tumor therapy. After intraarterial application, these particles can be accumulated in the targeted area by an external magnetic field to increase the drug concentration in the region of interest (Magnetic-Drug-Targeting). We here present an analytical method (HPLC-UV), to detect pure or ferrofluid-bound mitoxantrone in a complex matrix even in trace amounts in order to perform biodistribution studies. Mitoxantrone could be extracted in high yields from different tissues. Recovery of mitoxantrone in liver tissue (5000 ng/g) was 76 ± 2%. The limit of quantification of mitoxantrone standard was 10 ng/mL ±12%. Validation criteria such as linearity, precision, and stability were evaluated in ranges achieving the FDA requirements. As shown for pilot samples, biodistribution studies can easily be performed after application of pure or ferrofluid-bound mitoxantrone.
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HPLC analysis of mitoxantrone in mouse plasma and tissues: Application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:750-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kika FS, Zacharis CK, Theodoridis GA, Voulgaropoulos AN. Validated Assay for the Determination of Mitoxantrone in Pharmaceuticals Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902807813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bozdağ S, Capan Y, Vural I, Dalkara T, Dogan AL, Guc D, Hincal AA, Deluca PP. In vitrocytotoxicity of mitoxantrone-incorporated albumin microspheres on acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells. J Microencapsul 2008; 21:751-60. [PMID: 15799225 DOI: 10.1080/02652040400000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the preparation and characterization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) microspheres and the evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of these microspheres on acute promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60) cells were described. Mitoxantrone (MTZ)-incorporated microspheres were evaluated for particle size, drug loading, release characteristics and surface morphology. The biological effect of MTZ released from BSA microspheres was determined on an in vitro cultured HL-60 cell line, showing that, after encapsulation, MTZ still retains cytotoxic activity. For this purpose, methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of MTZ-loaded microspheres. Particle size of BSA microspheres was determined between 17.61-20.38 microm and they were smooth and spherical in shape. Encapsulation efficiency of the drug-loaded microspheres was between 22.26-60.50%. For MTZ-containing microspheres, the cell death ratios were greater than 80% for all formulations. This study demonstrate that BSA microspheres were well suited for the controlled release of MTZ and were promising for anti-cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bozdağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yu F, Chen L, Chen F. Chemiluminescence method for the determination of mitoxantrone by the enhancement of the tris-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid)ruthenium(II)–cerium(IV) system. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu B, Xiong SB, Yang H, Yin XD, Chao RB. Solid lipid nanoparticles of mitoxantrone for local injection against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 28:86-95. [PMID: 16472996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to improve the therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone (MTO) against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of MTO were prepared, characterized and evaluated on mice. Film dispersion-ultrasonication method was used to prepare MTO-SLN, optimized by central composite design. MTO-SLN were prepared with a mean size of 61 nm, drug content (DC) of 4.18+/-0.10% and encapsulation yield (EY) of 87.23+/-2.16%. MTO-SLN were lyophilized and their mean size became 79 nm without significant change in DC and EY. The in vitro release study revealed a profile of sustained release of MTO from MTO-SLN without burst effect: the cumulative release rate Q24 h = 25.86 +/- 0.82%, t50 = (5.25 +/- 1.10)d and t90 = (28.38 +/- 4.50)d. The drug concentration of MTO-SLN in local lymph nodes was much higher and the drug concentrations in other tissues lower than that of MTO solution (MTO-Soln). Human MCF-7 breast cancer in nude mice and animal model of P388 lymph node metastases in Kunming mice were applied to investigate the therapeutic effects. There was no observed toxicity to the main tissues after local injection of MTO-SLN, but, for MTO-Soln, medium to serious toxicity to liver and lung was produced. The percent inhibition of MTO-SLN against breast cancer was 81.81 +/- 14.03%, while that of MTO-Soln with a double dose was 82.86 +/- 11.13%. The tests for lymph node metastases showed that MTO-SLN gave a mean size of lymph node of 41.85 +/- 27.42 mm3, while that of the MTO-Soln was 119.32 +/- 57.30 mm3 and that of the placebo was 186.83 +/- 77.71 mm3. This study opens a new perspective of active delivery of antitumor drug against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases with inspiring therapeutic effect and little side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Key Lab of Drug Targeting of the Ministry of Education of P.R. China, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Lu B, Xiong SB, Yang H, Yin XD, Zhao RB. Mitoxantrone-loaded BSA nanospheres and chitosan nanospheres for local injection against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases. Int J Pharm 2006; 307:175-81. [PMID: 16314056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (CS) nanospheres of mitoxantrone (MTO) were comparatively evaluated in terms of tissue distribution, acute toxicity and therapeutic efficiency against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases. After local injection in rats, MTO nanospheres showed a slower elimination rate and a much higher drug concentration in lymph nodes compared with MTO solution, and a lower drug concentration in other tissues. There was no observed acute toxicity to the main tissues of Kunming mice after local injection of MTO-BSA-NS. Mild toxicity to liver and lung was observed for MTO-CS-NS, but, for MTO solution, severe toxicity to liver and lung and much lower number of white blood cells were observed. Human MCF-7 breast cancer in nude mice and animal model of P388 lymph node metastases in Kunming mice were applied to investigate the therapeutic efficiency. The inhibition rate of the nanospheres against breast cancer was much higher than that of MTO solution, and lymph node metastases were efficiently inhibited by the nanospheres, especially MTO-BSA-NS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Chitosan/chemistry
- Female
- Humans
- Injections
- Lymph Nodes/chemistry
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mitoxantrone/analysis
- Mitoxantrone/pharmacokinetics
- Mitoxantrone/toxicity
- Nanostructures
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Tissue Distribution
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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15
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Mahoney BP, Raghunand N, Baggett B, Gillies RJ. Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics. I. Acid pH affects the distribution of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1207-18. [PMID: 14505800 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-cancer chemotherapies often leads to regional failure, and can be caused by biochemical and/or physiological mechanisms. Biochemical mechanisms include the overexpression of resistance-conferring proteins. In contrast, physiological resistance involves the tumor microenvironment, and can be caused by poor perfusion, hypoxia and/or acidity. This communication investigates the role of tumor acidity in resistance to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents commonly used against breast cancer, such as anthracyclines, taxanes, anti-metabolites and alkylating agents. The effects of pH on the cytotoxicity of these agents were determined, and ion trapping was confirmed by monitoring the effect of pH on the cellular uptake of radiolabeled anthracyclines. Furthermore, pH-dependent cytotoxicity and uptake were compared between parental drug sensitive MCF-7 cells and variants overexpressing p-glycoprotein (MDR-1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. These data indicate that the magnitude of physiological resistance from pH-dependent ion trapping is comparable to biochemical resistance caused by overexpression of drug efflux pumps. Hence, microenvironment-based ion trapping is a significant barrier to anthracycline-based chemotherapy and can itself be a therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent P Mahoney
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
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McLaughlin C, MacMillan D, McCardle C, Smith WE. Quantitative analysis of mitoxantrone by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3160-7. [PMID: 12141678 DOI: 10.1021/ac010067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone is an anticancer agent for which it is important to know the concentration in blood during therapy. Current methods of analysis are cumbersome, requiring a pretreatment stage. A method based on surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) has been developed using a flow cell and silver colloid as the SERRS substrate. It is simple, sensitive, fast, and reliable. Both blood plasma and serum can be analyzed directly, but fresh serum is preferred here due to reduced fluorescence in the clinical samples available. Fluorescence is reduced further by the dilution of the serum in the flow cell and by quenching by the silver of surface-adsorbed material. The effectiveness of the latter process is dependent on the contact time between the serum and the silver. The linear range encompasses the range of concentrations detected previously in patient samples using HPLC methods. In a comparative study of a series of samples taken from a patient at different times, there is good agreement between the results obtained by HPLC and SERRS with no significant difference between them at the 95% limit. The limit of detection in serum using the final optimized procedure for SERRS was 4.0 x 10(-11) M (0.02 ng/mL) mitoxantrone. The ease with which the SERRS analysis can be carried out makes it the preferred choice of technique for mitoxantrone analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare McLaughlin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland
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Chen CL, Thoen KK, Uckun FM. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of topoisomerase II inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:81-119. [PMID: 11817045 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various methods for separating eleven different types of topoisomerase II (TOPO-2) inhibitors, including epipodophyllotoxins, anthracyclines, anthracenediones, anthrapyrazoles, anthracenebishydrazones, indole derivatives, aminoacridines, benzisoquinolinediones, isoflavones, bisdioxopiperazines and thiobarbituric acids, are summarized. Proper sample preparation and storage is critical to the successful analysis of some TOPO-2 inhibitors due to difficulties associated with adsorption, instability and complex biological components. Solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions are widely used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors from biological samples, although simple deproteinization followed by direct analysis of the supernatant is preferable to extraction based on its speed and simplicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the favored method for the bioanalysis of TOPO-2 inhibitors. UV or diode array detection is generally employed for early pharmacokinetic studies, while fluorescence or electrochemical detection is used more frequently for analytes with fluorescent or oxidative-reductive properties. For analyses requiring highly sensitive and/or specific detection, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or ESI-MS-MS) provides a suitable alternative. A comprehensive compilation of the HPLC techniques currently used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors will aid the future development of analytical methods for new TOPO-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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18
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Ferry DM, van Zijl PL, Wilson WR. Sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for the basic DNA intercalator (N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-9-amino-5-methylacridine-4-carboxamide and its nitroarylmethyl quaternary prodrugs in biological samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 763:149-56. [PMID: 11710573 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitroarylmethyl quaternary (NMQ) ammonium salts of the basic DNA intercalator AMAC (N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-9-amino-5-methylacridine-4-carboxamide) are of interest as anticancer prodrugs. A sensitive HPLC assay has been developed for quantitation of AMAC and its NMQ prodrugs in cultured cells, plasma and tissue. Recovery of the prodrugs, without conversion to AMAC, was achieved using extraction in alkaline acetonitrile followed by immediate reneutralisation. Reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection gave a detection limit of 3 fmol for AMAC, with linearity to 20 nmol (using diode array absorbance at high concentrations). This assay was used to measure cellular uptake, and hypoxic metabolism to AMAC, of three NMQ-AMAC prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ferry
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Rentsch KM, Horber DH, Schwendener RA, Wunderli-Allenspach H, Hänseler E. Comparative pharmacokinetic and cytotoxic analysis of three different formulations of mitoxantrone in mice. Br J Cancer 1997; 75:986-92. [PMID: 9083333 PMCID: PMC2222749 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two liposomal formulations of mitoxantrone (MTO) were compared with the aqueous solution (free MTO) in terms of their pharmacokinetic behaviour in ICR mice and cytotoxic activity in a nude mouse xenograft model. The three different formulations of MTO [free MTO, phosphatidic acid (PA)-MTO liposomes, pH-MTO liposomes] were administered intravenously (three mice per formulation and time point) at a dose of 4.7 micromol kg(-1) for free MTO, 6.1 micromol kg(-1) for PA-MTO and 4.5 micromol kg(-1) for pH-MTO. The concentrations of MTO were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in blood, liver, heart, spleen and kidneys of the mice. Additionally, the toxicity and anti-tumour activity of MTO was evaluated in a xenograft model using a human LXFL 529/6 large-cell lung carcinoma. The dose administered was 90% of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the corresponding formulation (8.1 micromol kg(-1) for free MTO, 12.1 micromol kg(-1) for PA-MTO and pH-MTO). The pharmacokinetic behaviour of PA-MTO in blood was faster than that of free MTO, but the cytotoxic effect was improved. In contrast, pH-MTO showed a tenfold increased area under the curve (AUC) in blood compared with free MTO, without improvement of the cytotoxic effect. This discrepancy between the pharmacokinetic and cytotoxic results could be explained by the fact that MTO in pH-MTO liposomes remains mainly in the vascular space, whereas MTO in PA-MTO liposomes is rapidly distributed into deep compartments, even more so than free MTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rentsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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