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Bahrpeyma S, Jakubiak P, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Caruso A, Leuthardt M, Senn C, del Amo EM, Urtti A. Comprehensive Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of High Melanin Binder Levofloxacin in Rabbits Shows Potential of Topical Eye Drops for Posterior Segment Treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:14. [PMID: 39382881 PMCID: PMC11469166 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this work was to understand the impact of melanin binding on ocular pharmacokinetics after administration of a high-binder model drug via different administration routes. Methods We applied levofloxacin to pigmented and albino rabbits as eye drops (single and multiple), as well as by intravitreal and intravenous injections. Ocular tissues and plasma were analyzed for levofloxacin concentrations with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Results The data show enrichment of levofloxacin and weeks-long retention in pigmented tissues. Upon intravitreal injection, the area under the curve (AUC) values in pigmented tissues were about 9 to 15 times higher than the respective values in the albino rabbits, but this difference expanded to 255- to 951-fold following topical eye drop administration. Multiple dosing of eye drops led to substantial accumulation of levofloxacin in the pigmented tissues: AUC values were 3 to 12 times higher than after intravitreal injection. The AUCs were much lower after single topical or intravenous drug administrations. High drug levels (0.1-35 µM) were always observed in the neural retinas of pigmented eyes; the highest exposure was seen after intravitreal administration followed by multiple doses of topical drops. Single topical instillation and intravenous injections to the albino rabbits resulted in vitreal bioavailability values of 0.009% and 0.003%, respectively. Conclusions Melanin binding can be used to achieve targeted drug delivery and extended retention in pigmented ocular tissues. The results from topical multiple dosing experiments suggest that eye drop treatment may yield drug exposures and responses comparable to intravitreal delivery, even in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonello Caruso
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Leuthardt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Senn
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva M. del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sadeghi A, Subrizi A, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mathematical Models of Ocular Drug Delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:28. [PMID: 39287588 PMCID: PMC11412384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery is an important factor for the success of ocular drug treatment. However, several physical, biochemical, and flow-related barriers limit drug exposure of anterior and posterior ocular target tissues during drug treatment via topical, subconjunctival, intravitreal, or systemic routes. Mathematical models encompass various barriers so that their joint influence on pharmacokinetics (PKs) can be simulated in an integrated fashion. The models are useful in predicting PKs and even pharmacodynamics (PDs) of administered drugs thereby fostering development of new drug molecules and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the models are potentially useful in interspecies translation and probing of disease effects on PKs. In this review article, we introduce current modeling methods (noncompartmental analyses, compartmental and physiologically based PK models, and finite element models) in ocular PKs and related drug delivery. The roles of top-down models and bottom-up simulations are discussed. Furthermore, we present some future challenges, such as modeling of intra-tissue distribution, prediction of drug responses, quantitative systems pharmacology, and possibilities of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Hsueh HT, Chou RT, Rai U, Kolodziejski P, Liyanage W, Pejavar J, Mozzer A, Davison C, Appell MB, Kim YC, Leo KT, Kwon H, Sista M, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Rompicharla SVK, Pitha I, Zack DJ, Hanes J, Cummings MP, Ensign LM. Engineered peptide-drug conjugate provides sustained protection of retinal ganglion cells with topical administration in rats. J Control Release 2023; 362:371-380. [PMID: 37657693 PMCID: PMC10591956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective eye drop delivery systems for treating diseases of the posterior segment have yet to be clinically validated. Further, adherence to eye drop regimens is often problematic due to the difficulty and inconvenience of repetitive dosing. Here, we describe a strategy for topically dosing a peptide-drug conjugate to achieve effective and sustained therapeutic sunitinib concentrations to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of optic nerve injury. We combined two promising delivery technologies, namely, a hypotonic gel-forming eye drop delivery system, and an engineered melanin binding and cell-penetrating peptide that sustains intraocular drug residence time. We found that once daily topical dosing of HR97-SunitiGel provided up to 2 weeks of neuroprotection after the last dose, effectively doubling the therapeutic window observed with SunitiGel. For chronic ocular diseases affecting the posterior segment, the convenience of an eye drop combined with intermittent dosing frequency could result in greater patient adherence, and thus, improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Liyanage
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahnavi Pejavar
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Mozzer
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Davison
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maanasa Sista
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hsueh HT, Chou RT, Rai U, Liyanage W, Kim YC, Appell MB, Pejavar J, Leo KT, Davison C, Kolodziejski P, Mozzer A, Kwon H, Sista M, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Rompicharla SVK, Edwards M, Pitha I, Hanes J, Cummings MP, Ensign LM. Machine learning-driven multifunctional peptide engineering for sustained ocular drug delivery. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2509. [PMID: 37130851 PMCID: PMC10154330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained drug delivery strategies have many potential benefits for treating a range of diseases, particularly chronic diseases that require treatment for years. For many chronic ocular diseases, patient adherence to eye drop dosing regimens and the need for frequent intraocular injections are significant barriers to effective disease management. Here, we utilize peptide engineering to impart melanin binding properties to peptide-drug conjugates to act as a sustained-release depot in the eye. We develop a super learning-based methodology to engineer multifunctional peptides that efficiently enter cells, bind to melanin, and have low cytotoxicity. When the lead multifunctional peptide (HR97) is conjugated to brimonidine, an intraocular pressure lowering drug that is prescribed for three times per day topical dosing, intraocular pressure reduction is observed for up to 18 days after a single intracameral injection in rabbits. Further, the cumulative intraocular pressure lowering effect increases ~17-fold compared to free brimonidine injection. Engineered multifunctional peptide-drug conjugates are a promising approach for providing sustained therapeutic delivery in the eye and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Liyanage
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahnavi Pejavar
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Davison
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Mozzer
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maanasa Sista
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malia Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bahuon F, Darcos V, Patel S, Marin Z, Coudane J, Schwach G, Nottelet B. Polyester-Polydopamine Copolymers for Intravitreal Drug Delivery: Role of Polydopamine Drug-Binding Properties in Extending Drug Release. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4388-4400. [PMID: 36170117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on a novel polyester copolymer containing poly(dopamine), a synthetic analogue of natural melanin, evaluated in a sustained-release drug delivery system for ocular intravitreal administration of drugs. More specifically, a graft copolymer of poly(ε-caprolactone)-graft-poly(dopamine) (PCL-g-PDA) has been synthesized and was shown to further extend the drug release benefits of state-of-the-art biodegradable intravitreal implants composed of poly(lactide) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide). The innovative biomaterial combines the documented drug-binding properties of melanin naturally present in the eye, with the established ocular tolerability and biodegradation of polyester implants. The PCL-g-PDA copolymer was obtained by a two-step modification of PCL with a final PDA content of around 2-3 wt % and was fully characterized by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy. The thermoplastic nature of PCL-g-PDA allowed its simple processing by hot-melt compression molding to prepare small implants. The properties of unmodified PCL and PCL-g-PDA implants were studied and compared in terms of thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry), thermal stability (thermogravimetry analysis), degradability, and in vitro cytotoxicity. PCL and PCL-g-PDA implants exhibited similar degradation properties in vitro and were both stable under physiological conditions over 110 days. Likewise, both materials were non-cytotoxic toward L929 and ARPE-19 cells. The drug loading and in vitro release properties of the new materials were investigated with dexamethasone (DEX) and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) as representative drugs featuring low and high melanin-binding affinities, respectively. In comparison to unmodified PCL, PCL-g-PDA implants showed a significant extension of drug release, most likely because of specific drug-catechol interaction with the PDA moieties of the copolymer. The present study confirms the advantages of designing PDA-containing polyesters as a class of biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics that can modulate and remarkably extend the drug release kinetics thanks to their unique drug-binding properties, especially, but not limited to, for ocular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Bahuon
- IBMM (UMR5247), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Vincent Darcos
- IBMM (UMR5247), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Sulabh Patel
- Pharmaceutical Development, PTD Biologics Europe, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Zana Marin
- Pharmaceutical Development, PTD Biologics Europe, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jean Coudane
- IBMM (UMR5247), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Grégoire Schwach
- Pharmaceutical Development, PTD Biologics Europe, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- IBMM (UMR5247), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
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6
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Bahrpeyma S, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Auriola S, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mechanisms of cellular retention of melanin bound drugs: Experiments and computational modeling. J Control Release 2022; 348:760-770. [PMID: 35738465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin binding of drugs is known to increase drug concentrations and retention in pigmented eye tissues. Even though the correlation between melanin binding in vitro and exposure to pigmented eye in vivo has been shown, there is a discrepancy between rapid drug release from melanin particles in vitro and the long in vivo retention in the pigmented tissues. We investigated mechanisms and kinetics of pigment-related drug retention experimentally using isolated melanin particles from porcine retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, isolated porcine eye melanosomes, and re-pigmented ARPE-19 cells in a dynamic flow system. The experimental studies were supplemented with kinetic simulations. Affinity and capacity of levofloxacin, terazosin, papaverine, and timolol binding to melanin revealed Kd values of ≈ 50-150 μM and Bmax ≈ 40-112 nmol.mg-1. The drugs were released from melanin in <1 h (timolol) or in 6-12 h (other drugs). The drugs were released slower from the melanosomes than from melanin; the experimental differences ranged from 1.2-fold (papaverine) to 7.4-fold (timolol). Kinetic simulations supported the role of the melanosomal membrane in slowing down the release of melanin binders. In release studies from the pigmented ARPE-19 cells, drugs were released from the cellular melanin to the extracellular space in ≈ 1 day (timolol) and ≈ 11 days (levofloxacin), i.e., much slower than the release from melanin or melanosomes. Simulations of drug release from pigmented cells in the flow system matched the experimental data and enabled further sensitivity analyses. The simulations demonstrated a significant prolongation of drug retention in the cells as a function of decreasing drug permeability in the melanosomal membranes and increasing melanin content in the cells. Overall, we report the impact of cellular factors in prolonging drug retention and release from melanin-containing cells. These data and simulations will facilitate the design of melanin binding drugs with prolonged ocular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergoff, Russian Federation.
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7
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Ocular Fluid Mechanics and Drug Delivery: A Review of Mathematical and Computational Models. Pharm Res 2021; 38:2003-2033. [PMID: 34936067 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex biomechanical structure with a range of biomechanical processes involved in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Fluid flow inside different domains of the eye is one of the most significant biomechanical processes that tend to perform a wide variety of functions and when combined with other biophysical processes play a crucial role in ocular drug delivery. However, it is quite difficult to comprehend the effect of these processes on drug transport and associated treatment experimentally because of ethical constraints and economic feasibility. Computational modeling on the other hand is an excellent means to understand the associated complexity between these aforementioned processes and drug delivery. A wide range of computational models specific to different types of fluids present in different domains of the eye as well as varying drug delivery modes has been established to understand the fluid flow behavior and drug transport phenomenon in an insilico manner. These computational models have been used as a non-invasive tool to aid ophthalmologists in identifying the challenges associated with a particular drug delivery mode while treating particular eye diseases and to advance the understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the eye. In this regard, the author attempts to summarize the existing computational and mathematical approaches proposed in the last two decades for understanding the fluid mechanics and drug transport associated with different domains of the eye, together with their application to modify the existing treatment processes.
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Nguyen VP, Li Y, Henry J, Qian T, Zhang W, Wang X, Paulus YM. In Vivo Subretinal ARPE-19 Cell Tracking Using Indocyanine Green Contrast-Enhanced Multimodality Photoacoustic Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Fluorescence Imaging for Regenerative Medicine. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 34473239 PMCID: PMC8419880 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cell-based regenerative therapies are being investigated as a novel treatment method to treat currently incurable eye diseases, such as geographic atrophy in macular degeneration. Photoacoustic imaging is a promising technology which can visualize transplanted stem cells in vivo longitudinally over time in the retina. In this study, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indocyanine green (ICG) contrast agent is used for labeling and tracking cell distribution and viability using multimodal photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence imaging. Methods Twelve rabbits (2.4–3.4 kg weight, 2–4 months old) were used in the study. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were labeled with ICG dye and transplanted in the subretinal space in the rabbits. Longitudinal PAM, OCT, and fluorescence imaging was performed for up to 28 days following subretinal administration of ARPE-19 cells. Results Cell migration location, viability, and cell layer thickness were clearly recognized and determined from the fluorescence, OCT, and PAM signal. The in vivo results demonstrated that fluorescence signal increased 37-fold and PAM signal enhanced 20-fold post transplantation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ICG-assisted PAM, OCT, and fluorescence imaging can provide a unique platform for tracking ARPE-19 cells longitudinally with high resolution and high image contrast. Translational Relevance Multimodal PAM, OCT, and fluorescence in vivo imaging with ICG can improve our understanding of the fate, distribution, and function of regenerative cell therapies over time nondestructively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanxiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Henry
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Fayyaz A, Vellonen KS, Ranta VP, Toropainen E, Reinisalo M, Valtari A, Puranen J, Ricci GD, Heikkinen EM, Gardner I, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Jamei M, Del Amo EM. Ocular pharmacokinetics of atenolol, timolol and betaxolol cocktail: Tissue exposures in the rabbit eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:155-162. [PMID: 34139290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative understanding of pharmacokinetics of topically applied ocular drugs requires more research to further understanding and to eventually allow predictive in silico models to be developed. To this end, a topical cocktail of betaxolol, timolol and atenolol was instilled on albino rabbit eyes. Tear fluid, corneal epithelium, corneal stroma with endothelium, bulbar conjunctiva, anterior sclera, iris-ciliary body, lens and vitreous samples were collected and analysed using LC-MS/MS. Iris-ciliary body was also analysed after intracameral cocktail injection. Non-compartmental analysis was utilized to estimate the pharmacokinetics parameters. The most lipophilic drug, betaxolol, presented the highest exposure in all tissues except for tear fluid after topical administration, followed by timolol and atenolol. For all drugs, iris-ciliary body concentrations were higher than that of the aqueous humor. After topical instillation the most hydrophilic drug, atenolol, had 3.7 times higher AUCiris-ciliary body than AUCaqueous humor, whereas the difference was 1.4 and 1.6 times for timolol and betaxolol, respectively. This suggests that the non-corneal route (conjunctival-scleral) was dominating the absorption of atenolol, while the corneal route was more important for timolol and betaxolol. The presented data increase understanding of ocular pharmacokinetics of a cocktail of drugs and provide data that can be used for quantitative modeling and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Fayyaz
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annika Valtari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giuseppe D'Amico Ricci
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy; Asl Città di Torino, Ospedale Oftalmico di Torino, U.O.C Oculistica 2, Ospedale San Giovanni Bosco di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emma M Heikkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Ruponen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskiy Prospekt, 26, Petergoff 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Masoud Jamei
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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10
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Preclinical challenges for developing long acting intravitreal medicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:130-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060554. [PMID: 32560065 PMCID: PMC7355663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities with high performance quantitation instrumentation. We present here a screening of melanin binding with label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) that utilizes the natural autofluorescence of melanin. We determined equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 11 model compounds with melanin nanoparticles. MST categorized the compounds into extreme (chloroquine, penicillin G), high (papaverine, levofloxacin, terazosin), intermediate (timolol, nadolol, quinidine, propranolol), and low melanin binders (atropine, methotrexate, diclofenac) and displayed good correlation with binding parameter values obtained with the conventional binding study and LC/MS analytics. Further, correlation was seen between predicted melanin binding in human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE-choroid) and Kd values obtained with MST. This method represents a useful and fast approach for classification of compounds regarding melanin binding. Thus, the method can be utilized in various fields, including drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
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12
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Fayyaz A, Ranta VP, Toropainen E, Vellonen KS, Ricci GD, Reinisalo M, Heikkinen EM, Gardner I, Urtti A, Jamei M, Del Amo EM. Ocular Intracameral Pharmacokinetics for a Cocktail of Timolol, Betaxolol, and Atenolol in Rabbits. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:588-594. [PMID: 31794668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of drug clearance from the aqueous humor are poorly defined. In this study, a cocktail approach was used to simultaneously determine the pharmacokinetics of three β-blocker agents after intracameral (ic) injection into the rabbit eyes. Aqueous humor samples were collected and analyzed using LC-MS/MS to determine drug concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a compartmental fitting approach, and the estimated clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life values were the following: atenolol (6.44 μL/min, 687 μL, and 73.87 min), timolol (19.30 μL/min, 937 μL, and 33.64 min), and betaxolol (32.20 μL/min, 1421 μL, and 30.58 min). Increased compound lipophilicity (atenolol < timolol < betaxolol) resulted in higher clearance and volume of distributions in the aqueous humor. Clearance of timolol and betaxolol is about 10 times higher than the aqueous humor outflow, demonstrating the importance of other elimination routes (e.g., uptake to iris and ciliary body and subsequent elimination via blood flow).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Fayyaz
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division , Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way , Sheffield S1 2BJ , U.K.,University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Giuseppe D'Amico Ricci
- University of Sassari , Department of Biomedical Sciences , Sassari , Italy.,Asl Città di Torino, Ospedale Oftalmico di Torino , U.O.C Oculistica 2, Ospedale San Giovanni Bosco di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Emma M Heikkinen
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division , Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way , Sheffield S1 2BJ , U.K
| | - Arto Urtti
- University of Eastern Finland , School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics , Yliopistonranta 1 , 70210 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Masoud Jamei
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division , Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way , Sheffield S1 2BJ , U.K
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- University of Manchester , Division of Pharmacy & Optometry , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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13
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Hellinen L, Hagström M, Knuutila H, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Reinisalo M. Characterization of artificially re-pigmented ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13761. [PMID: 31551473 PMCID: PMC6760193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigment has a significant role in ocular pharmacokinetics, because many drugs bind at high extent to melanin in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Most retinal pigment epithelial cell lines lack pigmentation and, therefore, we re-pigmented human ARPE-19 cells to generate a pigmented cell model. Melanosomes from porcine retinal pigment epithelium were isolated and co-incubated with ARPE-19 cells that spontaneously phagocytosed the melanosomes. Internalized melanosomes were functionally integrated to the cellular system as evidenced by correct translocation of cellular Rab27a protein to the melanosomal membranes. The pigmentation was retained during cell cultivation and the level of pigmentation can be controlled by altering the amount of administered melanosomes. We used these cells to study melanosomal uptake of six drugs. The uptake was negligible with low melanin-binders (methotrexate, diclofenac) whereas most of the high melanin-binders (propranolol, chloroquine) were extensively taken up by the melanosomes. This cell line can be used to model pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, while maintaining the beneficial cell line characteristics, such as fast generation of cultures, low cost, long-term maintenance and good reproducibility. The model enables studies at normal and decreased levels of pigmentation to model different retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Knuutila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, 198504 St, Petersburg, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Jakubiak P, Reutlinger M, Mattei P, Schuler F, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Understanding Molecular Drivers of Melanin Binding To Support Rational Design of Small Molecule Ophthalmic Drugs. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10106-10115. [PMID: 30398862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Binding of drugs to ocular melanin is a prominent biological phenomenon that affects the local pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye. In this work, we report on the development of in vitro and in silico tools for an early assessment and prediction of melanin binding properties of small molecules. A robust high-throughput assay has been established to study the binding of large sets of compounds to melanin. The extremely randomized trees approach was used to develop an in silico model able to predict the extent of melanin binding from the molecular properties of the compounds. After the last iteration of the model, strong melanin binders could prospectively be identified with 91% accuracy. On the basis of in vitro data generated for approximately 3400 chemically diverse drug-like small molecules, pronounced correlations were observed between the extent of melanin binding and the basicity, lipophilicity, and aromaticity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Michael Reutlinger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Patrizio Mattei
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland.,Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
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15
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Santer V, Chen Y, Kalia YN. Controlled non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of triamcinolone acetonide amino acid ester prodrugs into the posterior segment of the eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:157-167. [PMID: 30266666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated short duration transscleral iontophoretic delivery of four triamcinolone acetonide (TA) amino acid ester prodrugs (TA-AA) (alanine, Ala; arginine, Arg; isoleucine, Ile and lysine, Lys) using whole porcine eyes globes in vitro. Post-iontophoretic biodistribution of TA was quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS in the different ocular compartments (cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, ciliary body, choroid and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), neural retina and vitreous humor). Transscleral iontophoresis (3 mA/cm2 for 10 min) increased total drug delivery of the TA-AA prodrugs by 14-30-fold as compared to passive diffusion. The TA-AA prodrugs had distinct biodistribution profiles - the penetration depth achieved was dependent on their physicochemical properties (e.g. lipophilicity for TA-Ile) and susceptibility to hydrolysis (e.g. TA-Arg). Intraocular drug distribution was also influenced by prodrug binding to melanin (TA-Lys). Interestingly, under conditions of equivalent charge (6 mA/cm2 for 5 min vs. 1.5 mA/cm2 for 20 min, i.e. 1.44 C respectively) the longer duration (20 min) at lower current density resulted in ∼6 times more TA delivery into the vitreous humor. Overall, the study provided further evidence of the potential of transscleral iontophoresis for the non-invasive treatment of posterior segment inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Santer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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16
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Melanin targeting for intracellular drug delivery: Quantification of bound and free drug in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Control Release 2018; 283:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Eaton JS, Miller PE, Bentley E, Thomasy SM, Murphy CJ. The SPOTS System: An Ocular Scoring System Optimized for Use in Modern Preclinical Drug Development and Toxicology. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:718-734. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seth Eaton
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
| | - Paul E. Miller
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California—Davis, Sacramento, California
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18
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Eaton JS, Miller PE, Bentley E, Thomasy SM, Murphy CJ. Slit Lamp-Based Ocular Scoring Systems in Toxicology and Drug Development: A Literature Survey. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:707-717. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seth Eaton
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - Paul E. Miller
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD), LLC, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California–Davis, Sacramento, California
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19
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Melanin binding study of clinical drugs with cassette dosing and rapid equilibrium dialysis inserts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Pelkonen L, Bhattacharya M, Richardson D, Subrizi A, Turunen T, Reinisalo M, Itkonen J, Toropainen E, Casteleijn M, Kidron H, Antopolsky M, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 57:134-185. [PMID: 28028001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otto K Kari
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Richardson
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marco Casteleijn
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Manzanares JA, Rimpelä AK, Urtti A. Interpretation of Ocular Melanin Drug Binding Assays. Alternatives to the Model of Multiple Classes of Independent Sites. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1251-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Manzanares
- Department
of Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, University of Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Vellonen KS, Malinen M, Mannermaa E, Subrizi A, Toropainen E, Lou YR, Kidron H, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:94-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ex vivo models to evaluate the role of ocular melanin in trans-scleral drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells as outer blood-retinal barrier model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:289-96. [PMID: 20385230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) regulates drug transfer between posterior eye segment and blood circulation, but there is no established RPE cell model for drug delivery studies. We evaluated ARPE-19 filter culture model for this purpose. Passive permeability of 6-carboxyfluorescein, betaxolol and FITC-dextran (40kDa) and active transport of 6-carboxyfluorescein, sodium fluorescein, rhodamine 123, cyclosporine A and digoxin in ARPE-19 model were investigated and compared with isolated bovine RPE-choroid tissue. In addition, barrier properties, and mRNA expression of RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes (RPE65, VMD2, CRALBP, OTX-2, MITF-A, TRP-1, tyrosinase) were measured in various culture conditions. The filter grown ARPE-19 cell model showed reasonable barrier properties (TER close to 100Omegacm(2)), but its permeability was slightly higher than that of isolated bovine RPE/choroid specimens. In active transport studies the ARPE-19 model mimics qualitatively the permeability profile of bovine RPE-choroid, but ARPE-19 model underestimates the importance of active transport relative to passive diffusion. Long-term filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells expressed various RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes at higher levels than the ARPE-19 cells cultured short-term in flasks. ARPE-19 model can be used to study drug permeation processes in the RPE.
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Pitkänen L, Ranta VP, Moilanen H, Urtti A. Binding of betaxolol, metoprolol and oligonucleotides to synthetic and bovine ocular melanin, and prediction of drug binding to melanin in human choroid-retinal pigment epithelium. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2063-70. [PMID: 17546409 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the binding of betaxolol, metoprolol and oligonucleotides to synthetic and bovine ocular melanin, and to predict the binding to melanin in human choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The shape, size and specific surface area of synthetic melanin and isolated melanin granules from bovine choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were characterized by SEM, laser diffractometry and BET. The binding of betaxolol, metoprolol, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled phosphodiesther oligonucleotides and 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) to melanin was determined. The binding of beta-blockers to melanin in human choroid-RPE was estimated based on binding parameters and the melanin content in human choroid-RPE. RESULTS Bovine melanin granules were round or oval with a mean diameter of ca. 1 mum. Synthetic granules were slightly smaller and irregular and had a two times higher specific surface area than bovine melanin. Synthetic melanin bound more betaxolol and metoprolol than bovine melanin and both melanin types showed a high affinity and a low affinity binding sites. The human choroid-RPE was predicted to contain 3-19 times more melanin bound drug than unbound drug at typical therapeutic concentrations (1-1,000 ng/ml). FITC-labeled oligonucleotides and 6-CF did not bind to melanin. CONCLUSIONS The binding of lipophilic drugs to biological melanin differs from that of synthetic melanin. Lipophilic beta-blockers are expected to bind significantly to melanin in human choroid-RPE: only a small fraction of the drug being in active free form. In contrast, phosphodiesther oligonucleotides do not seem to bind to melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Pitkänen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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26
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Sigurdsson HH, Stefánsson E, Gudmundsdóttir E, Eysteinsson T, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin formulation of dorzolamide and its distribution in the eye after topical administration. J Control Release 2005; 102:255-62. [PMID: 15653150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to limited aqueous solubility of dorzolamide at physiologic pH, the pH of Trusopt eye drops (cont. 2% dorzolamide) has to be kept at about 5.65, and to increase the topical bioavailability of the drug from Trusopt the contact time of the drug with the eye surface is increased by increasing the viscosity of the eye drops to 100 cps. This low pH and high viscosity can lead to local irritation. In this study, dorzolamide hydrochloride was formulated as 2% and 4% low viscosity solutions (viscosity 3 to 5 cps) containing randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin at pH 7.45. These formulations were evaluated in rabbits. The animals were sacrificed at various time points after topical administration of the drug and the dorzolamide concentration determined in the different parts of the eye. Trusopt was used as a reference standard. The topical availability of dorzolamide from the cyclodextrin-containing eye drops appeared to be comparable to that from Trusopt and the drug reached retina and optic nerve to give measurable concentrations for at least 8 h after administration of the eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon H Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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28
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Kyyrönen K, Hume L, Benedetti L, Urtti A, Topp E, Stella V. Methylprednisolone esters of hyaluronic acid in ophthalmic drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo release studies. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Leinweber FJ. Drug disposition in the mammalian eye and brain: a comparison of mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 1991; 23:133-246. [PMID: 1868775 DOI: 10.3109/03602539109029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Leinweber
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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31
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Kyyrönen K, Urtti A. Effects of epinephrine pretreatment and solution pH on ocular and systemic absorption of ocularly applied timolol in rabbits. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:688-91. [PMID: 2231330 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ratio between ocular and systemic drug concentrations describes the relative safety of ophthalmic dosage forms of the same drug in terms of its systemic side effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of epinephrine pretreatment and solution pH on the aqueous humor:plasma and iris-ciliary body:plasma ratios of peak timolol concentrations after ocular application of timolol. Timolol eyedrops (5 mg/mL, 25 microL) were applied ocularly in pigmented rabbits. Raising pH of the eyedrops from 6.2 to 7.5 did not affect the ratio between ocular and systemic peak drug concentrations, since both ocular and systemic concentrations of timolol were increased. Administration of epinephrine (20 mg/mL, 50 microL) 5 min prior to timolol eyedrop administration reduced the peak timolol concentrations in plasma 65-80%. Epinephrine did not affect the ocular concentrations of timolol. The decreased peak concentrations in plasma were due to the conjunctival and nasal vasoconstricting effects of epinephrine and to the subsequent slower absorption of timolol. Our study demonstrates that compared with currently available eyedrops (pH 6.9), the ocular:systemic concentration ratio of ophthalmic timolol can be improved four- to sixfold in rabbits by combining epinephrine-induced conjunctival and nasal vasoconstriction and improved ocular absorption from pH 7.5 eyedrops.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kyyrönen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Lee VH, Robinson JR. Topical ocular drug delivery: recent developments and future challenges. JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY 1986; 2:67-108. [PMID: 3332284 DOI: 10.1089/jop.1986.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Existing ocular drug delivery systems are fairly primitive and inefficient, but the stage is set for the rational design of newer and significantly improved systems. The focus of this review is on recent developments in topical ocular drug delivery systems relative to their success in overcoming the constraints imposed by the eye and to the improvements that have yet to be made. In addition, this review attempts to place in perspective the importance of pharmacokinetic modeling, ocular drug pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies, and choice of animal models in the design and evaluation of these delivery systems. Five future challenges are perceived to confront the field. These are: (a) The extent to which the protective mechanisms of the eye can be safely altered to facilitate drug absorption, (b) Delivery of drugs to the posterior portion of the eye from topical dosing, (c) Topical delivery of macromolecular drugs including those derived from biotechnology, (d) Improved technology which will permit non-invasive monitoring of ocular drug movement, and (e) Predictive animal models in all phases of ocular drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Lee
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles
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Lee VH, Urrea PT, Smith RE, Schanzlin DJ. Ocular drug bioavailability from topically applied liposomes. Surv Ophthalmol 1985; 29:335-48. [PMID: 3992472 DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade liposomes have been investigated extensively for their ability to improve drug utilization by the body, first in the area of chemotherapeutics and most recently in the area of ophthalmology. Liposomes are vesicle-like structures with a concentric series of alternating compartments of aqueous spaces and phospholipid bilayers. To date, liposomes have been found to both promote and reduce ocular drug absorption, indicating that a definite need exists for further studies to evaluate the interplay of drug, liposomes, and the corneal surface in determining the effectiveness of liposomes as vehicles for topically applied ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to place in perspective the role of liposomes in topical ocular drug delivery. As background material, the factors influencing ocular drug bioavailability and the features of liposomes pertinent to their effectiveness as drug carriers are reviewed.
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Urtti A, Salminen L, Periviita L. Ocular distribution of topically applied adrenaline in albino and pigmented rabbits. Acta Ophthalmol 1984; 62:753-62. [PMID: 6507063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1984.tb05803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic absorption, ocular distribution and ocular metabolism in albino and pigmented rabbit of topically applied 1% [3H]l-adrenaline eye drops was studied by liquid scintillation counting and thin layer chromatography. The effect of adrenaline on the pupillary diameter was also registered. The peak plasma level of adrenaline was reached at 150 min. The corneal adrenaline metabolism was substantial, but did not vary with the rabbit strain. At 30 min after instillation, the total adrenaline concentration of pigmented iris and ciliary body exceeded that of corresponding albino tissues. At 180 min the drug concentration of the iris and ciliary body did not differ between the rabbit strains. The time course of adrenaline induced mydriasis was equal in both rabbit strains. Since neither total adrenaline concentration at 180 min nor the time course of adrenaline induced mydriasis differed between the rabbit strains, the higher initial adrenaline uptake by pigmented tissues is not explained by pigment binding. It is proposed that the increased initial binding of adrenaline by pigmented tissues is caused by a difference between pigmented and albino tissues in the number of adrenergic neurones; this is also supported by the literature.
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