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Yang C, Guo S, Wu X, Yang P, Han L, Dai X, Shi X. Multiscale study on the enhancing effect and mechanism of borneolum on transdermal permeation of drugs with different log P values and molecular sizes. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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2
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Lin SY, Chen KS, Lin YY. Artificia Therio-Responsive Membrane Able to Control On-Off Switching Drug Release through Nude Mice Skin without Interference from Skin-Penetrating Enhancers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391150001500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of skin-penetrating enhancers such as Azone, ethanol and propylene glycol (PG) on the on-off switching penetration behavior of salbutamol sulfate through the thermo-responsive cholesteryl oleoyl carbonate (COC)-embedded membrane with or without application to the excised nude mice skin was examined. Without the nude mice skin, gel formulations without any enhancer and with Azone showed higher drug penetration across the COC-embedded membrane than those with ethanol and propylene glycol (PG). Moreover, the on-off switching function of COC-embedded membrane still existed. These results indicate that Azone did not alter the thermo-responsive property of COC-embedded membrane. A lower penetration behavior associated with ethanol or PG was probably due to the increased solubility of salbutamol sulfate in each gel formulation and improved drug-carbopol gel interaction. The application of COC-embedded membrane to excised nude mice skin resulted in a similar on-off switching penetration behavior to the gel, but the penetration was significantly weakened compared to the gel formulation that only penetrated through the COC-embedded membrane. However, passage of salbutamol sulfate across the COC-embedded membrane applied to the excised nude mice skin was severely restricted when an enhancer was absent from the gel. Obviously, the excised skin was the predominant barrier to drug penetration. The present study suggests that skin-penetrating enhancer does not alter the structure of the COC embedded in membrane to change the thermo-responsive on-off switching penetration behavior of salbutamol sulfate from gel formulas through COC-embedded membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yang Lin
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ko-Shao Chen
- Tatung Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yih-Yih Lin
- Tatung Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Song J, Fan X, Shen Q. Daidzein-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers-PLGA nanofibers for transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 501:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Lane M. Percutaneous Penetration Paradigms: The Contribution of Jonathan Hadgraft. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:277-85. [DOI: 10.1159/000351934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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KUKANICH B, CLARK TP. The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 2:3-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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FREISE KJ, SAVIDES MC, RIGGS KL, OWENS JG, NEWBOUND GC, CLARK TP. Pharmacokinetics and dose selection of a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution in healthy laboratory Beagles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 2:21-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Moss G, Shah A, Adams R, Davey N, Wilkinson S, Pugh W, Sun Y. The application of discriminant analysis and Machine Learning methods as tools to identify and classify compounds with potential as transdermal enhancers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Preparation and characterization of niosomal gel for iontophoresis mediated transdermal delivery of isosorbide dinitrate. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2011; 1:309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-011-0035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Watkinson AC, Hadgraft J, Bye A. Enhanced Penetration of Prostaglandin E2 Through Human Skin In-Vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bye
- Upjohn Ltd., Fleming Way, Crawley
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Rodowicz KA, Francisco H, Layton B. Determination of the mechanical properties of DOPC:DOPS liposomes using an image procession algorithm and micropipette-aspiration techniques. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:787-93. [PMID: 20863821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the mechanical properties of liposomes is critical in helping to predict their behavior during various applications such as targeted drug delivery, response to mechanical characterization or their interactions with isolated cytoskeletal elements. A numerical implementation of the Evans aspiration technique, and an image processing algorithm for measuring deformation of spherical DOPC:DOPS liposomes is presented. Liposomes were aspirated to pressures of -10mmHg (∼-1300Pa). The area expansion and Young's moduli of the liposomes were found to be 0.067Nm⁻¹ (67±4dyn/cm) and 15±1 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Allen Rodowicz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Effects of penetration enhancers on Shuangwu traumatic formula: In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of an herb medicine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Burch C, Chandrasekaran S, Henary M, Spring A, Strekowski L, Smith J. An investigation of the interaction of iminosulfurane transdermal penetration enhancers with model skin preparations using NMR spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2009; 373:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Tenjarla SN, Tseggai A. Feasibility of transdermal delivery of prazosin hydrochloride. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549309031341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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El Maghraby G, Barry B, Williams A. Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 34:203-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Synergetic effects of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and isopropyl myristate (IPM) on the permeation of betamethasone-17-valerate from semisolid Pharmacopoeia bases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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El Maghraby GMM, Campbell M, Finnin BC. Mechanisms of action of novel skin penetration enhancers: Phospholipid versus skin lipid liposomes. Int J Pharm 2005; 305:90-104. [PMID: 16199131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Employing thermal analysis, we investigated the mechanism of action of novel enhancers and probed phospholipid (PL) versus stratum corneum lipid (SCL) liposomes as model membranes. The enhancers included octyl salicylate (OS), padimate O (PADO) and 2-(1-nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane (ND). The negative controls were the empty liposomes. Positive controls employed dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and Azone (AZ). For PL liposomes, DMSO sharpened the transitions. AZ abolished the pre-transition, broadened the main transition and linearly reduced its transition temperature (T(m)). OS or PADO reduced T(m) and size of pre-transition, broadened the main transition and decreased its T(m) (non-linearly). ND abolished the pre-transition but increased T(m) of the main endotherm, suggesting retardation rather than enhancement. The results of SCL correlated with PL liposomes except for ND. In SCL liposomes, ND reduced T(m) and broadened the peaks indicating lipid disruption, which indicated its enhancing effects. In conclusion, OS, PADO and ND can enhance drugs by disrupting intercellular lipid domain but they differ from AZ in terms of the relationship between efficacy and concentration. Although PL liposomes are simple model membranes with sharp transitions which give detailed information about the effects of enhancers, they can provide misleading results. Simultaneous use of other models like SCL liposomes is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M M El Maghraby
- The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Lower Ground Floor, Building 504, Corner Boyle Crescent and Glasgow Terrace, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Auner BG, O'Neill MAA, Valenta C, Hadgraft J. Interaction of phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol with DPPC-liposomes as phospholipid model membranes. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:149-55. [PMID: 15814239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol are penetration enhancers for percutaneous delivery of certain topically applied drugs. In the present study some physicochemical experiments have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of action of phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol. The penetration enhancing effect of phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol is believed to be due to their increase of the fluidity of the intercellular lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum. Phospholipid vesicles were chosen as a simple model to represent these bilayers. The effect of phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol on phase transition temperature and enthalpy was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Beside of that the size of liposomes was monitored when the amount of penetration enhancer in the liposome preparation was changed. Addition of increasing amounts of phloretin and 6-ketocholestanol to the bilayer resulted in lowering of phase transition temperatures and increasing the enthalpy. Additionally the size of the liposomes was increased when penetration enhancer was added. The results suggest that phloretin as well as 6-ketocholestanol would interact with stratum corneum lipids in a similar manner, both reduce the diffusional resistance of the stratum corneum to drugs with balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Auner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Tranchant JF, Bonté F, Leroy S, Nedyalkov M, Platikanov D, Javierre I, Benattar JJ. Black Foam Films from Aqueous Solutions of a Mixture of Phospholipids and a Permeation Enhancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 249:398-404. [PMID: 16290614 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2001] [Accepted: 02/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a permeation enhancer on the properties of phospholipid black foam films has been studied through the combination of three complementary techniques: surface tension measurements, X-ray reflectivity, and the "diminishing bubble" method. This permeation enhancer is said to optimize the delivery of active ingredients into or through the stratum corneum: the 4-decyl oxazolidin-2-one. We made films of a complex phospholipid mixture that mimic the behavior of the enhancer in a membrane cell. Mixed phospholipids/4-decyl oxazolidin-2-one/NaCl solutions were studied with various 4-decyl oxazolidin-2-one concentrations. Stable black films were obtained and their thicknesses examined. The evolution of the coefficient of gas permeability with 4-decyl oxazolidin-2-one concentration is also addressed.
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Puglia C, Bonina F, Trapani G, Franco M, Ricci M. Evaluation of in vitro percutaneous absorption of lorazepam and clonazepam from hydro-alcoholic gel formulations. Int J Pharm 2001; 228:79-87. [PMID: 11576770 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clonazepam and lorazepam are two anxiolytics, antidepressant agents, having suitable features for transdermal delivery. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro percutaneous absorption of these drugs through excised human skin (stratum corneum and epidermis, SCE) and to determine their in vitro permeation behavior from a series of hydro-alcoholic gel formulations containing various enhancing agents. The best permeation profile was obtained for both drugs applying them together with Azone in combination with propylene glycol (PG): these enhancers were able to increase the clonazepam and lorazepam percutaneous fluxes at steady-state about threefold, compared to the free enhancer formulations (Control). To explain the mechanism of the used promoters, the benzodiazepine diffusion and partitioning coefficients from the gel containing the enhancers were calculated. The results indicated that the Azone in combination with PG could act by increasing the benzodiazepine diffusion coefficients, Transcutol increased only the SC/vehicle partition coefficients, limonene in combination with PG appeared to increase both partition and diffusion coefficients moderately, while PG did not increase both the parameters. Furthermore, to evaluate the potential application of tested benzodiazepine formulations containing Azone in combination with PG using the flux values from the in vitro experiments, the corresponding steady-state plasma concentrations (C(SS)) were calculated. The obtained calculated C(SS) values are within the lorazepam therapeutic range and suggest that transdermal delivery of this drug could be regarded as feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Puglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria no. 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Magnusson BM, Walters KA, Roberts MS. Veterinary drug delivery: potential for skin penetration enhancement. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 50:205-27. [PMID: 11500228 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A range of topical products are used in veterinary medicine. The efficacy of many of these products has been enhanced by the addition of penetration enhancers. Evolution has led to not only a highly specialized skin in animals and humans, but also one whose anatomical structure and skin permeability differ between the various species. The skin provides an excellent barrier against the ingress of environmental contaminants, toxins, and microorganisms while performing a homeostatic role to permit terrestrial life. Over the past few years, major advances have been made in the field of transdermal drug delivery. An increasing number of drugs are being added to the list of therapeutic agents that can be delivered via the skin to the systemic circulation where clinically effective concentrations are reached. The therapeutic benefits of topically applied veterinary products is achieved in spite of the inherent protective functions of the stratum corneum (SC), one of which is to exclude foreign substances from entering the body. Much of the recent success in this field is attributable to the rapidly expanding knowledge of the SC barrier structure and function. The bilayer domains of the intercellular lipid matrices within the SC form an excellent penetration barrier, which must be breached if poorly penetrating drugs are to be administered at an appropriate rate. One generalized approach to overcoming the barrier properties of the skin for drugs and biomolecules is the incorporation of suitable vehicles or other chemical compounds into a transdermal delivery system. Indeed, the incorporation of such compounds has become more prevalent and is a growing trend in transdermal drug delivery. Substances that help promote drug diffusion through the SC and epidermis are referred to as penetration enhancers, accelerants, adjuvants, or sorption promoters. It is interesting to note that many pour-on and spot-on formulations used in veterinary medicine contain inert ingredients (e.g., alcohols, amides, ethers, glycols, and hydrocarbon oils) that will act as penetration enhancers. These substances have the potential to reduce the capacity for drug binding and interact with some components of the skin, thereby improving drug transport. However, their inclusion in veterinary products with a high-absorbed dose may result in adverse dermatological reactions (e.g., toxicological irritations) and concerns about tissue residues. These are important considerations when formulating a veterinary transdermal product when such compounds are added, either intentionally or otherwise, for their penetration enhancement ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Magnusson
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Cato A, Swinehart JM, Griffin EI, Sutton L, Kaplan AS. Azone enhances clinical effectiveness of an optimized formulation of triamcinolone acetonide in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40:232-6. [PMID: 11422533 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing condition affecting up to 14% of the population in Western countries. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment. Triamcinolone acetonide, a corticoid of intermediate potency, has proven useful in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of a triamcinolone acetonide-laurocapram combination in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. METHODS One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in a three-arm, parallel group, controlled clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of a triamcinolone acetonide (0.05%) and laurocapram combination, applied twice daily for 2 weeks, in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Fifty patients received triamcinolone acetonide-laurocapram (TNX), 50 triamcinolone acetonide (TN), and 50 a vehicle control formulation (AN). Response to treatment was evaluated by change in disease severity at 6 h, at 3, 8, and 15 days after the start of treatment, and by the global change in disease status. RESULTS TNX effected a significantly higher degree of improvement in the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis (erythema, induration, and pruritus) and a greater overall improvement in disease status compared with treatment with TN or AN. Treatment-associated side-effects were local reactions, occurring in three, two, and six patients in the TNX, TN, and AN groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the incorporation of laurocapram in the formulation enhances the effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide, without compromising its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cato
- Cato Research Ltd., Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA.
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Smith JC, Irwin WJ. Ionisation and the effect of absorption enhancers on transport of salicylic acid through silastic rubber and human skin. Int J Pharm 2000; 210:69-82. [PMID: 11163989 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE to investigate if salicylic acid (SA)-permeation through excised human skin (HS) and silastic rubber (SR) conforms to the pH-hypothesis and to assess the influence of a range of absorption enhancers on the transport of SA with and without a transmembrane pH-gradient. METHODS Franz cells were used to study SA permeation from solutions and saturated suspensions. McIlvaine buffers were used to maintain transmembrane pH-gradients. Membrane pretreatment was used to study the action of absorption enhancers. RESULTS the flux of SA from solutions was dependent upon the vehicle pH and permeant concentration was directly related to the degree of ionisation of the solute. Flux from suspensions was independent of pH, since the level of unionised drug, the predominant diffusing species, was maintained at the intrinsic saturated solubility at all pH values. The observed SA flux enhancement across human skin without a transmembrane pH-gradient was not significantly different from the enhancement with a pH-gradient for all of the absorption enhances used, except for dodecylamine. CONCLUSIONS the results showed that SA permeation conformed to the p H-partition hypothesis. The evidence from absorption-enhancer pretreatment demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the transdermal penetration enhancement of a number of topical enhancing compounds, including Azone and oleic acid can be explained without recourse to ion-pair phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Ermolina I, Smith G, Ryabov Y, Puzenko A, Polevaya Y, Nigmatullin R, Feldman Y. Effect of Penetration Enhancers on the Dynamic Behavior of Phosphatidylcholine Headgroups in Liposomes. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9925482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Ermolina
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - G. Smith
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Ya. Ryabov
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - A. Puzenko
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Yu. Polevaya
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - R. Nigmatullin
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Yu. Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Theoretical Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
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Effect of Azone on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of metoprolol tartrate through human epidermis in vitro. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(96)01351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hadgraft J, Peck J, Williams DG, Pugh W, Allan G. Mechanisms of action of skin penetration enhancers/retarders: Azone and analogues. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(96)04609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ogiso T, Ogiso H, Paku T, Iwaki M. Phase transitions of rat stratum corneum lipids by an electron paramagnetic resonance study and relationship of phase states to drug penetration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1301:97-104. [PMID: 8652657 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to relate barrier function to stratum corneum structure and the thermal transitions of corneum lipids, samples from hairless rat skin were investigated by using ESR and drug penetration techniques. The phase transition of stratum corneum lipids was estimated using a deeper probe (16-doxyl-stearic acid) inserted in the lipid bilayers and measuring the rotational correlation time, tau(c). Results of ESR study showed that stratum corneum lipids underwent thermal transitions at 39.3 +/- 1.6 degrees C and 63.6 +/- 2.6 degrees C roughly similar to the data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Cholesterol oxidase treatment decreased the fluidity of the lipids at lower temperatures. The treatment of stratum corneum with laurocapram (1%) and isopropyl myristate (IPM, 2%) little changed both phase transition temperatures, although the treatment highly increased the molecular motion of the lipids. The flux (J(s)) of lipophilic drugs (beta-estradiol, indomethacin and betahistine) through the skin was enhanced with increasing temperatures, with an increase in the diffusion constant within skin and a decrease in the lag time. There was a good relationship between log J(s) or log permeability coefficient (K(p)) and 1/tau(c) in the temperature range of 45 to 64 degrees C. The calculated activation energy (delta E) for diffusion of these drugs across skin was 17-40 kcal/mol. Judging from our data, stratum corneum lipids of rat probably exist as the gel, crystalline state below 39 degrees C, the mesomorphic state between 39 and 64 degrees C and the fluid, liquid-crystalline state at temperatures of 64 degrees C or above. These results are in line with the permeability of these lipophilic drugs through the intercellular lipids disordered is highly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogiso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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Niazy EM. Differences in penetration-enhancing effect of Azone through excised rabbit, rat, hairless mouse, guinea pig and human skins. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yokomizo Y, Sagitani H. Effects of phospholipids on the percutaneous penetration of indomethacin through the dorsal skin of guinea pigs in vitro. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Leopold CS, Lippold BC. An attempt to clarify the mechanism of the penetration enhancing effects of lipophilic vehicles with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:276-81. [PMID: 7791023 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a previous in-vivo skin penetration study, it was observed that certain lipophilic liquid vehicles enhanced drug penetration, whilst others did not. To clarify the mechanism of skin penetration enhancement, isolated sheets of human stratum corneum were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), either untreated or after pretreatment with various lipophilic liquids (highly purified light mineral oil, isopropyl myristate, caprylic/capric acid triglycerides containing 5% phospholipids, dibutyl adipate, dimethicone 100, cetearyl iso-octanoate, caprylic/capric acid triglycerides), commonly used in ointment bases. All samples were analysed over a heating range of at least--10-130 degrees C. All DSC curves were evaluated with regard to the phase-transition enthalpies (peak areas) and peak maximum temperatures of the lipid-phase transitions at ca 75 and 85 degrees C. With the exception of dimethicone 100, cetearyl iso-octanoate and caprylic/capric acid triglycerides, all vehicles showed characteristic alterations of the phase-transition temperatures and enthalpies of the stratum corneum lipids. Mineral oil and isopropyl myristate caused a reduction of the enthalpy and a decrease of the phase-transition temperatures. These two vehicles are thought to fluidize the lamellar-gel phase of the stratum corneum lipids, and possibly partially dissolve the lipids. Dibutyl adipate and caprylic/capric acid triglycerides containing 5% phospholipids decreased the phase-transition enthalpy only, probably due to dissolution or extraction of the stratum corneum lipids. These DSC results provide an explanation for the in-vivo penetration-enhancing effects observed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Leopold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ogiso T, Iwaki M, Paku T. Effect of various enhancers on transdermal penetration of indomethacin and urea, and relationship between penetration parameters and enhancement factors. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:482-8. [PMID: 7629741 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The enhancing capacity of various chemicals, which are widely recognized as enhancers, for the transdermal penetration into full-thickness rat skin of a model lipophilic drug [indomethacin (IND)] and a hydrophilic permeant (urea) was estimated by an in vitro technique. In addition, the fluidity of the stratum corneum lipids, the partitioning of IND into skin, the lipid (ceramides) extraction from the stratum corneum by enhancers, and the IND solubility in enhancer vehicle were measured and related to the enhancing capacity. In vitro permeation experiments with hairless rat skin unequivocally revealed that the enhancers varied in abilities to enhance the fluxes of both agents. Laurocapram, isopropylmyristate (IPM), sodium oleate, and cineol increased fluxes of both agents to a great extent, but N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-diethyl-m-tolamide (DEET), and oleyl oleate were less effective acclerants. Many enhancers increased the fluidity of the lipids [with a threshold of approximately 0.6-0.8 ns at 37 degrees C in the rotational correlation time (tau c)], the skin partitioning of IND, the extraction of ceramides from the cornified cells, and the thermodynamic activity of IND in vehicle (calculated from the solubility) to varying extents. A good correlation was observed between the increase in the fluidity of stratum corneum lipids and the partitioning of IND into skin, between the increase in the fluidity and the flux or the decrease in lag time for IND, between the removal of ceramides and the skin partitioning of IND, and between the removal of ceramides and the flux of urea (p < 0.05 in all cases).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogiso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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Ogiso T, Paku T, Iwaki M, Tanino T. Mechanism of the enhancement effect of n-octyl-beta-D-thioglucoside on the transdermal penetration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans and the molecular weight dependence of water-soluble penetrants through stripped skin. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:1676-81. [PMID: 7534349 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600831207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of the enhancing effect of n-octyl-beta-D-thioglucoside (OTG), which acts as a potent enhancer for skin penetration of peptides and water-soluble penetrants, the in vitro penetration of macromolecules [fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans (FTIC-dextrans)] was evaluated with hairless rat skin and stripped skin. The FITC-dextrans (MW, 4400, 9600, and 69,000 Da, referred to as FD-4, FD-10, and FD-70, respectively) penetrated more easily in the presence of OTG (1.5%), with high fluxes equivalent to those through stripped skin. This result indicated that the enhancement effect of OTG on the penetration of macromolecules through the stratum corneum was extensive, and the barrier function of the corneum was nearly eliminated by the OTG treatment. OTG significantly solubilized the stratum corneum proteins and ceramides during the initial time stage. Scanning electron microscopic observations demonstrated that OTG treatment dramatically changed the cell membrane (i.e., exfoliation of cell membranes and dissociation of adherent cornified cells), suggesting a significant disturbance of the cohesive laminae and barrier functions. The extent of dissociation of cell membranes increased with treatment time, without significant changes in the cell junctions. These results clarify that the enhancement mechanism of OTG was different from that of laurocapram and other lipophilic enhancers. The permeability of polar solutes with differing molecular sizes (MW, 180-69,000 Da) through stripped skin was size dependent (r = 0.997, p < 0.001). However, the viable epidermis and dermis restricted the penetration of macromolecules, such as FD-70.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogiso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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36
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Cumming K, Winfield A. In vitro evaluation of a series of sodium carboxylates as dermal penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Partitioning and differential scanning calorimetry studies of N-alkyllactame ester dermal prodrugs of indomethacin. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wester RC, Melendres J, Sedik L, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption of azone following single and multiple doses to human volunteers. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:124-5. [PMID: 8169776 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one) is an agent that has been shown to enhance percutaneous absorption of drugs. Azone is thought to act by partitioning into skin lipid bilayers and thereby disrupting the structure. An open-label study was done with nine volunteers (two males, seven females; aged 51-76 years) in which Azone cream (1.6%; 100 mg) was topically dosed on a 5 x 10-cm area of the ventral forearm for 21 consecutive days. On days 1, 8, and 15, the Azone cream contained 47 microCi of [14C]Azone. The skin application site was washed with soap and water after each 24-h dosing. Percutaneous absorption was determined by urinary radioactivity excretion. The [14C]Azone was ring labeled [14C-2-cyclo-heptan]. Radiochemical purity was > 98.6% and cold Azone purity was 99%. Percutaneous absorption of the first dose (day 1) was 1.84 +/- 1.56% (SD) of applied dose for 24-h skin application time. Day 8 percutaneous absorption, after repeated application, increased significantly (p < 0.002) to 2.76 +/- 1.91%. Day 15 percutaneous absorption, after continued repeated application, stayed the same at 2.72 +/- 1.21%. In humans, repeated application of Azone results in an initial self-absorption enhancement, probably due to its mechanism of action. However, steady-state percutaneous absorption of Azone is established after this initial change. Thus, Azone can enhance its own absorption as well as that of other compounds. This should be considered relevant for any pharmacological or toxicological evaluation. Washing the skin site of application with soap and water only recovered 1-2% of applied radioactivity. Previous published studies recovered the Azone dose with ethanol washes. Thus, there could potentially be an accumulation of Azone in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Wester
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
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Bonina F, Montenegro L. Vehicle effects on in vitro heparin release and skin penetration from different gels. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yano T, Higo N, Fukuda K, Tsuji M, Noda K, Otagiri M. Further evaluation of a new penetration enhancer, HPE-101. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993; 45:775-8. [PMID: 7903363 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The penetration enhancer, 1-[2-(decylthio)ethyl]azacyclopentan-2-one (HPE-101), significantly enhanced the excretion of topically applied [14C]indomethacin when dissolved in dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, glycerin, water, silicone or triethanolamine, but not when dissolved in ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, olive oil, peppermint oil, isopropyl myristate or hexylene glycol. HPE-101 significantly enhanced the excrection of [14C]indomethacin, [14C]nicotinic acid, [14C]5-fluorouracil, [3H]oestradiol and [3H]triamcinolone acetonide, but not that of [3H]testosterone. HPE-101 also significantly enhanced the excretion of [14C]indomethacin applied to intact skin of rabbit, guinea-pig and rat, and to tape-stripped skin of guinea-pig, but did not enhance the excretion of [14C]indomethacin applied to tape-stripped skin of rat or rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yano
- Research Laboratories, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. Inc. Saga, Japan
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Effect of penetration enhancers (pyrrolidone derivatives) on multilamellar liposomes of stratum corneum lipid: a study by UV spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Int J Pharm 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90388-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Ruland A, Kreuter J. Influence of various penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of amino acids across hairless mouse skin. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90128-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bouwstra J, Gooris G, Brussee J, Vries MD, Bras W. The influence of alkyl-azones on the ordering of the lamellae in human stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90105-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Effect of penetration enhancers on the phase transition of multilamellar liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. A study by differential scanning calorimetry. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90274-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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47
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48
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Brain KR, Hadgraft J, Lewis D, Allan G. The influence of azone® on the percutaneous absorption of methotrexate. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90400-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Okamoto H, Hashida M, Sezaki H. Effect of 1-alkyl- or 1-alkenylazacycloalkanone derivatives on the penetration of drugs with different lipophilicities through guinea pig skin. J Pharm Sci 1991; 80:39-45. [PMID: 2013848 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration-enhancing effects of 1-dodecyl- (azone), l-geranyl-, and 1-farnesylazacycloheptan-2-one were investigated using seven penetrants having a wide range of n-octanol-water partition coefficients. The penetration of the drugs from water vehicle (aqueous system) and ethanol vehicle (ethanolic system) through excised guinea pig skin was increased by pretreatment with the enhancers. Large enhancement was observed for the drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil and 6-mercaptopurine, with n-octanol-water partition coefficients of approximately unity. The penetration profiles were analyzed based on a one-layer skin model. Two parameters corresponding to the drug diffusivity and partitioning into the skin were obtained. In the aqueous system, the partitioning of drugs into the skin was increased by pretreatment with the enhancers. This led to an increase in drug penetration and accumulation in the skin; diffusivities were little affected. From these parameters, the drug amounts in the vehicle and the skin were well estimated for drugs having partition coefficients of less than 1. In the ethanolic system, the enhancement was far less than that observed in the aqueous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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50
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Mixed monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with Azone or oleic acid at the air-water interface. Int J Pharm 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(90)90145-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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