Kagkelaris K, Panayiotakopoulos G, Georgakopoulos CD. Nanotechnology-based formulations to amplify intraocular bioavailability.
Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2022;
14:25158414221112356. [PMID:
35873277 PMCID:
PMC9301101 DOI:
10.1177/25158414221112356]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery formulations, such as eye drops and ointments, are
mainly administered by topical instillation. The topical delivery of ophthalmic
drugs is a challenging endeavor despite the eye is easily accessible. Unique and
complex barriers, serving as protection against extrinsic harmful factors,
hamper therapeutic intraocular drug concentrations. Bioavailability for deeper
ocular tissues of the anterior segment of the eye is exceptionally low. As the
bioavailability of the active substance is the major hurdle to overcome, dosing
is increased, so the side effects do. Both provoke patient poor compliance,
confining the desired therapeutic outcome. The incidence and severity of adverse
reactions amplify evenly in the case of chronic treatments. Current research
focuses on the development of innovative delivery strategies to address low
ocular bioavailability and provide safe and convenient dosing schemes. The main
objective of this review is to explore and present the latest developments in
ocular drug delivery formulations for the treatment of the pathology of the
anterior segment of the eye. Nanotechnology-based formulations, that is, organic
nanoparticles (liposomes, niosomes/discosomes, dendrimers, nanoemulsions,
nanosuspensions, nanoparticles/nanospheres) and inorganic nanoparticles,
nanoparticle-laden therapeutic contact lenses, in situ gelling
systems, and ocular inserts, are summarized and presented accordingly.
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