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Li Z, Bai R, Yi J, Zhou H, Xian J, Chen C. Designing Smart Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for MR Imaging of Tumors. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:315-339. [PMID: 37501794 PMCID: PMC10369497 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) possess unique magnetism and good biocompatibility, and they have been widely applied as contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Traditional CAs typically show a fixed enhanced signal, thus exhibiting the limitations of low sensitivity and a lack of specificity. Nowadays, the progress of stimulus-responsive IONPs allows alteration of the relaxation signal in response to internal stimuli of the tumor, or external stimuli, thus providing an opportunity to overcome those limitations. This review summarizes the current status of smart IONPs as tumor imaging MRI CAs that exhibit responsiveness to endogenous stimuli, such as pH, hypoxia, glutathione, and enzymes, or exogenous stimuli, such as magnets, light, and so on. We discuss the challenges and future opportunities for IONPs as MRI CAs and comprehensively illustrate the applications of these stimuli-responsive IONPs. This review will help provide guidance for designing IONPs as MRI CAs and further promote the reasonable design of magnetic nanoparticles and achieve early and accurate tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety
& CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS
Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety
& CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research
Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Guangdong
Provincial Development and Reform Commission, Guangzhou 510031, China
| | - Huige Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety
& CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research
Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department
of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety
& CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research
Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
- The
GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
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Das S, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Fawcett JW, Bora U. Bio-inspired nano tools for neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:1-22. [PMID: 27107796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Research and treatment in the nervous system is challenged by many physiological barriers posing a major hurdle for neurologists. The CNS is protected by a formidable blood brain barrier (BBB) which limits surgical, therapeutic and diagnostic interventions. The hostile environment created by reactive astrocytes in the CNS along with the limited regeneration capacity of the PNS makes functional recovery after tissue damage difficult and inefficient. Nanomaterials have the unique ability to interface with neural tissue in the nano-scale and are capable of influencing the function of a single neuron. The ability of nanoparticles to transcend the BBB through surface modifications has been exploited in various neuro-imaging techniques and for targeted drug delivery. The tunable topography of nanofibers provides accurate spatio-temporal guidance to regenerating axons. This review is an attempt to comprehend the progress in understanding the obstacles posed by the complex physiology of the nervous system and the innovations in design and fabrication of advanced nanomaterials drawing inspiration from natural phenomenon. We also discuss the development of nanomaterials for use in Neuro-diagnostics, Neuro-therapy and the fabrication of advanced nano-devices for use in opto-electronic and ultrasensitive electrophysiological applications. The energy efficient and parallel computing ability of the human brain has inspired the design of advanced nanotechnology based computational systems. However, extensive use of nanomaterials in neuroscience also raises serious toxicity issues as well as ethical concerns regarding nano implants in the brain. In conclusion we summarize these challenges and provide an insight into the huge potential of nanotechnology platforms in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suradip Das
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Utpal Bora
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Mugagen Laboratories Private Limited, Technology Incubation Complex, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Maritim S, Huang Y, Coman D, Hyder F. Characterization of a lanthanide complex encapsulated with MRI contrast agents into liposomes for biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS). J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:1385-98. [PMID: 25304046 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purposely designed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes encapsulated in liposomes, which alter contrast by their paramagnetic effect on longitudinal (T₁) and transverse (T₂) relaxation times of tissue water, hold promise for molecular imaging. However, a challenge with liposomal MRI probes that are solely dependent on enhancement of water relaxation is lack of specific molecular readouts, especially in strong paramagnetic environments, thereby reducing the potential for monitoring disease treatment (e.g., cancer) beyond the generated MRI contrast. Previously, it has been shown that molecular imaging with magnetic resonance is also possible by detecting the signal of non-exchangeable protons emanating from paramagnetic lanthanide complexes themselves [e.g., TmDOTP⁵⁻, which is a Tm³⁺ -containing biosensor based on a macrocyclic chelate 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylene phosphonate), DOTP⁵⁻] with a method called biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS). Here, we show that BIRDS is useful for molecular imaging with probes like TmDOTP⁵⁻ even when they are encapsulated inside liposomes with ultrastrong T₁and T₂contrast agents (e.g., Magnevist and Molday ION, respectively). We demonstrate that molecular readouts such as pH and temperature determined from probes like TmDOTP⁵⁻ are resilient, because the sensitivity of the chemical shifts to the probe's environment is not compromised by the presence of other paramagnetic agents contained within the same nanocarrier milieu. Because high liposomal encapsulation efficiency allows for robust MRI contrast and signal amplification for BIRDS, nanoengineered liposomal probes containing both monomers, TmDOTP⁵⁻ and paramagnetic contrast agents, could allow high spatial resolution imaging of disease diagnosis (with MRI) and status monitoring (with BIRDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Maritim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,
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Abstract
The use of nanoparticulate pharmaceutical drug delivery systems (NDDSs) to enhance the in vivo effectiveness of drugs is now well established. The development of multifunctional and stimulus-sensitive NDDSs is an active area of current research. Such NDDSs can have long circulation times, target the site of the disease and enhance the intracellular delivery of a drug. This type of NDDS can also respond to local stimuli that are characteristic of the pathological site by, for example, releasing an entrapped drug or shedding a protective coating, thus facilitating the interaction between drug-loaded nanocarriers and target cells or tissues. In addition, imaging contrast moieties can be attached to these carriers to track their real-time biodistribution and accumulation in target cells or tissues. Here, I highlight recent developments with multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive NDDSs and their therapeutic potential for diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases.
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Crawley N, Thompson M, Romaschin A. Theranostics in the Growing Field of Personalized Medicine: An Analytical Chemistry Perspective. Anal Chem 2013; 86:130-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Crawley
- Department
of Chemistry and
Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5 S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5 S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexander Romaschin
- Keenan Research Centre and
Clinical Biochemistry, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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6
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Liu Y, Zhang N. Gadolinium loaded nanoparticles in theranostic magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5363-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bhuniya S, Moon H, Lee H, Hong KS, Lee S, Yu DY, Kim JS. Uridine-based paramagnetic supramolecular nanoaggregate with high relaxivity capable of detecting primitive liver tumor lesions. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pashkunova-Martic I, Kremser C, Galanski M, Arion V, Debbage P, Jaschke W, Keppler B. Lectin-Gd-loaded chitosan hydrogel nanoparticles: a new biospecific contrast agent for MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:16-24. [PMID: 20467820 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-specific extracellular contrast agents have been on the market for more than 15 years. Here, we report on the synthesis of new selective lectin-gadolinium (Gd)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with a prolonged clearance time and a much higher relaxivity in comparison to other preparations. PROCEDURES Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared from 85% deacetylated chitin by glutaraldehyde cross-linking of an aqueous acetic acid dispersion of chitosan in a mixture of n-hexane using sodium bis(ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate as a surfactant. RESULTS Several crucial parameters, namely, the Gd and protein content of the nanoparticles, their size and dispersity were determined. Magnetic resonance measurements were carried out by intravenous perfusion of mono-disperse suspensions of the nanoparticles into mice. CONCLUSIONS Chitosan nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are excellent candidates for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds to molecular targets and as biospecific diagnostic tools in MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pashkunova-Martic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kono K, Nakashima S, Kokuryo D, Aoki I, Shimomoto H, Aoshima S, Maruyama K, Yuba E, Kojima C, Harada A, Ishizaka Y. Multi-functional liposomes having temperature-triggered release and magnetic resonance imaging for tumor-specific chemotherapy. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1387-95. [PMID: 21093041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For development of tumor-specific chemotherapy, we designed liposomes with temperature-triggered drug release and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functions. We prepared multi-functional liposomes by incorporating thermosensitive poly(2-ethoxy(ethoxyethyl)vinyl ether) chains with a lower critical solution temperatures around 40 °C and polyamidoamine G3 dendron-based lipids having Gd(3+) chelate residues into pegylated liposomes. These stable doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded liposomes retained DOX in their interior below physiological temperature but released DOX immediately at temperatures greater than 40 °C. They exhibited excellent ability to shorten the longitudinal proton relaxation time. When administered intravenously into colon 26 tumor-bearing mice, accumulated liposomes in tumors increased with time, reaching a constant level 8 h after administration by following T(1)-weighted MRI signal intensity in tumors. Liposome size affected the liposome accumulation efficiency in tumors: liposomes of about 100 nm diameter were accumulated more efficiently than those with about 50 nm diameter. Tumor size also affected accumulation: more efficient accumulation occurred in larger tumors. Tumor growth was strongly suppressed when liposomes loaded with DOX were administered intravenously into tumor-bearing mice and the tumor was heated mildly at 44 °C for 10 min at 8 h after administration. Multi-functional liposomes having temperature-triggered drug release and MRI functions might engender personalized chemotherapy, providing efficient patient-optimized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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Strijkers GJ, Kluza E, Van Tilborg GAF, van der Schaft DWJ, Griffioen AW, Mulder WJM, Nicolay K. Paramagnetic and fluorescent liposomes for target-specific imaging and therapy of tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:161-73. [PMID: 20390447 PMCID: PMC2911540 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastatic potential and for that reason considered an important target for tumor treatment. Noninvasive imaging technologies, capable of visualizing tumor angiogenesis and evaluating the efficacy of angiostatic therapies, are therefore becoming increasingly important. Among the various imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is characterized by a superb spatial resolution and anatomical soft-tissue contrast. Revolutionary advances in contrast agent chemistry have delivered versatile angiogenesis-specific molecular MRI contrast agents. In this paper, we review recent advances in the preclinical application of paramagnetic and fluorescent liposomes for noninvasive visualization of the molecular processes involved in tumor angiogenesis. This liposomal contrast agent platform can be prepared with a high payload of contrast generating material, thereby facilitating its detection, and is equipped with one or more types of targeting ligands for binding to specific molecules expressed at the angiogenic site. Multimodal liposomes endowed with contrast material for complementary imaging technologies, e.g., MRI and optical, can be exploited to gain important preclinical insights into the mechanisms of binding and accumulation at angiogenic vascular endothelium and to corroborate the in vivo findings. Interestingly, liposomes can be designed to contain angiostatic therapeutics, allowing for image-supervised drug delivery and subsequent monitoring of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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11
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Janib SM, Moses AS, MacKay JA. Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1052-1063. [PMID: 20709124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle technologies are significantly impacting the development of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. At the intersection between treatment and diagnosis, interest has grown in combining both paradigms into clinically effective formulations. This concept, recently coined as theranostics, is highly relevant to agents that target molecular biomarkers of disease and is expected to contribute to personalized medicine. Here we review state-of-the-art nanoparticles from a therapeutic and a diagnostic perspective and discuss challenges in bringing these fields together. Major classes of nanoparticles include, drug conjugates and complexes, dendrimers, vesicles, micelles, core-shell particles, microbubbles, and carbon nanotubes. Most of these formulations have been described as carriers of either drugs or contrast agents. To observe these formulations and their interactions with disease, a variety of contrast agents have been used, including optically active small molecules, metals and metal oxides, ultrasonic contrast agents, and radionuclides. The opportunity to rapidly assess and adjust treatment to the needs of the individual offers potential advantages that will spur the development of theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Janib
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - Ara S Moses
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
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12
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Kamaly N, Miller AD. Paramagnetic liposome nanoparticles for cellular and tumour imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1759-76. [PMID: 20480040 PMCID: PMC2871136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss the development of paramagnetic liposomes incorporating MRI contrast agents and show how these are utilized in cellular imaging in vitro. Bi-functional, bi-modal imaging paramagnetic liposome systems are also described. Next we discuss the upgrading of paramagnetic liposomes into bi-modal imaging neutral nanoparticles for in vivo imaging applications. We discuss the development of such systems and show how paramagnetic liposomes and imaging nanoparticles could be developed as platforms for future multi-functional, multi-modal imaging theranostic nanodevices tailor-made for the combined imaging of early stage disease pathology and functional drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Imperial College London, UK.
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Mody VV, Nounou MI, Bikram M. Novel nanomedicine-based MRI contrast agents for gynecological malignancies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:795-807. [PMID: 19427886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers result in significant morbidity and mortality in women despite advances in treatment and diagnosis. This is due to detection of the disease in the late stages following metastatic spread in which treatment options become limited and may not result in positive outcomes. In addition, traditional contrast agents are not very effective in detecting primary metastatic tumors and cells due to a lack of specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic tools, which limits their effectiveness. Recently, the field of nanomedicine-based contrast agents offers a great opportunity to develop highly sophisticated devices that can overcome many traditional hurdles of contrast agents including solubility, cell-specific targeting, toxicities, and immunological responses. These nanomedicine-based contrast agents including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, multifunctional magnetic polymeric nanohybrids, fullerenes, and nanotubes represent improvements over their traditional counterparts, which can significantly advance the field of molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky V Mody
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center Campus, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Pan D, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD. Nanomedicine: perspective and promises with ligand-directed molecular imaging. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70:274-85. [PMID: 19268515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery play an important role toward personalized medicine, which is the future of patient management. Of late, nanoparticle-based molecular imaging has emerged as an interdisciplinary area, which shows promises to understand the components, processes, dynamics and therapies of a disease at a molecular level. The unprecedented potential of nanoplatforms for early detection, diagnosis and personalized treatment of diseases, have found application in every biomedical imaging modality. Biological and biophysical barriers are overcome by the integration of targeting ligands, imaging agents and therapeutics into the nanoplatform which allow for theranostic applications. In this article, we have discussed the opportunities and potential of targeted molecular imaging with various modalities putting a particular emphasis on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion-based platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Torchilin V. Multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 71:431-44. [PMID: 18977297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently used pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, demonstrate a broad variety of useful properties, such as longevity in the body; specific targeting to certain disease sites; enhanced intracellular penetration; contrast properties allowing for direct carrier visualization in vivo; stimuli-sensitivity, and others. Some of those pharmaceutical carriers have already made their way into clinic, while others are still under preclinical development. In certain cases, the pharmaceutical nanocarriers combine several of the listed properties. Long-circulating immunoliposomes capable of prolonged residence in the blood and specific target recognition represent one of the examples of this kind. The engineering of multifunctional pharmaceutical nanocarriers combining several useful properties in one particle can significantly enhance the efficacy of many therapeutic and diagnostic protocols. This paper considers the current status and possible future directions in the emerging area of multifunctional nanocarriers with primary attention on the combination of such properties as longevity, targetability, intracellular penetration, contrast loading, and stimuli-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Torchilin V, Babich J, Weissig V. Liposomes and Micelles to Target the Blood Pool for Imaging Purposes. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100009031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Torchilin VP. Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. AAPS JOURNAL 2007; 9:E128-47. [PMID: 17614355 PMCID: PMC2751402 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj0902015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of various pharmaceutical nanocarriers has become one of the most important areas of nanomedicine. Ideally, such carriers should be specifically delivered (targeted) to the pathological area to provide the maximum therapeutic efficacy. Among the many potential targets for such nanocarriers, tumors have been most often investigated. This review attempts to summarize currently available information regarding targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. Certain issues related to some popular pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes and polymeric micelles, are addressed, as are different ways to target tumors via specific ligands and via the stimuli sensitivity of the carriers. The importance of intracellular targeting of drug- and DNA-loaded pharmaceutical nanocarriers is specifically discussed, including intracellular delivery with cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Mohs AM, Lu ZR. Gadolinium(III)-based blood-pool contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: status and clinical potential. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 4:149-64. [PMID: 17335412 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blood-pool MRI contrast agents have enormous potential to aid sensitive magnetic resonance detection and yield definitive diagnostic data of cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Many attempts have been initiated to design macromolecular gadolinium (Gd[III]) complexes as magnetic resonance imaging blood-pool contrast agents, as macromolecules do not readily diffuse across healthy vascular endothelium, and remain intravascular. Although extremely efficacious in detecting and characterizing pathologic tissue, clinical development of these agents has been limited by potential toxicity concerns from incomplete Gd(III) clearance. Recent innovative technologies, such as reversible protein-binding contrast agents and biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents, may be valuable alternatives that combine the effective imaging characteristics of an intravascular contrast agent and the safety of clinically approved low-molecular-weight Gd(III) chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Mohs
- Georgia Tech and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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Sharma P, Brown SC, Walter G, Santra S, Scott E, Ichikawa H, Fukumori Y, Moudgil BM. Gd nanoparticulates: from magnetic resonance imaging to neutron capture therapy. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1163/156855207782515030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Elbayoumi TA, Torchilin VP. Enhanced accumulation of long-circulating liposomes modified with the nucleosome-specific monoclonal antibody 2C5 in various tumours in mice: gamma-imaging studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33:1196-205. [PMID: 16763815 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To further improve tumour targeting and delivery of imaging agents by long-circulating liposomes via the coupling of the anti-cancer monoclonal antibody 2C5 with nucleosome-restricted activity, which can recognize the surface of various tumours but not normal cells and can specifically target pharmaceutical carriers to tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The 2C5 antibody was attached to the surface of long-circulating PEG-liposomes (LCL) by the post-insertion technique after antibody modification with a single-terminus activated PEG-lipid derivative to yield nucleosome-specific tumour-targeted liposomes. Tumour cell binding of the targeted liposomes was verified both by fluorescence microscopy and by flow cytometry in several cell lines using fluorescently labelled liposomes. 111In-radiolabelled liposomal formulations (prepared using membrane-anchored chelating groups) were used to examine in vivo biodistribution and tumour accumulation of liposomes by direct gamma scintigraphy. RESULTS The 2C5 antibody-modified LCL demonstrated a three- to eightfold increase in in vitro specific cell binding to various cancer cell lines of diverse origin. 111In-labelled tumour-targeted liposomes demonstrated prolonged circulation and doubled tumour accumulation compared with that of control formulations. Whole-body gamma scintigraphic imaging of mice implanted with different tumours revealed markedly faster (6 h post injection for 2C5-LCL vs 24 h for non-specific analogues) and superior in vivo tumour visualization with 111In-2C5-LCL than with the 2C5-free formulations in tested tumour models. CONCLUSION The 2C5 antibody-modified LCL effectively and specifically accumulate in various tumours and can serve as delivery vehicles for imaging agents, allowing for fast and efficient tumour visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A Elbayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Mugar Building, Room 312, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mulder WJM, Strijkers GJ, van Tilborg GAF, Griffioen AW, Nicolay K. Lipid-based nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced MRI and molecular imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2006; 19:142-64. [PMID: 16450332 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of MR imaging and especially in the emerging field of cellular and molecular MR imaging, flexible strategies to synthesize contrast agents that can be manipulated in terms of size and composition and that can be easily conjugated with targeting ligands are required. Furthermore, the relaxivity of the contrast agents, especially for molecular imaging applications, should be very high to deal with the low sensitivity of MRI. Lipid-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes or micelles, have been used extensively in recent decades as drug carrier vehicles. A relatively new and promising application of lipidic nanoparticles is their use as multimodal MR contrast agents. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules with both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part, which spontaneously assemble into aggregates in an aqueous environment. In these aggregates, the amphiphiles are arranged such that the hydrophobic parts cluster together and the hydrophilic parts face the water. In the low concentration regime, a wide variety of structures can be formed, ranging from spherical micelles to disks or liposomes. Furthermore, a monolayer of lipids can serve as a shell to enclose a hydrophobic core. Hydrophobic iron oxide particles, quantum dots or perfluorocarbon emulsions can be solubilized using this approach. MR-detectable and fluorescent amphiphilic molecules can easily be incorporated in lipidic nanoparticles. Furthermore, targeting ligands can be conjugated to lipidic particles by incorporating lipids with a functional moiety to allow a specific interaction with molecular markers and to achieve accumulation of the particles at disease sites. In this review, an overview of different lipidic nanoparticles for use in MRI is given, with the main emphasis on Gd-based contrast agents. The mechanisms of particle formation, conjugation strategies and applications in the field of contrast-enhanced, cellular and molecular MRI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Lanza GM, Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Morawski AM, Schmieder AH, Crowder KC, Wickline SA. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with nanoparticles. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11:733-43. [PMID: 15592197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents are extending the potential of noninvasive medical diagnosis from basic gross anatomic descriptions to complicated phenotypic characterizations based on the recognition of unique cell surface biochemical signatures. Although originally the purview of nuclear medicine, molecular imaging is now a prominent feature of most clinically relevant imaging modalities, in particular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR nanoparticulate agents afford the opportunity not only for targeted diagnostic studies but also for image-monitored site-specific therapeutic delivery, much like the "magic bullet" envisioned by Paul Erhlich 100 years ago. Combining high-resolution MR molecular imaging with drug delivery will facilitate verification and quantification of treatment (ie, rational targeted therapy) and will offer new clinical approaches to many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kimpe K, Parac-Vogt T, Laurent S, Piérart C, Elst L, Muller R, Binnemans K. Potential MRI Contrast Agents Based on Micellar Incorporation of Amphiphilic Bis(alkylamide) Derivatives of [(Gd−DTPA)(H2O)]2−. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: Theory and the role of dendrimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5229(02)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Long-circulating gadolinium-loaded liposomes: potential use for magnetic resonance imaging of the blood pool. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2000; 18:293-299. [PMID: 10915951 DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(99)00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous paper, we reported a method of liposome loading with Gadolinium (Gd) via so called polychelating amphiphilic polymer (PAP). A novel Gd-containing polymeric probe, suitable for the incorporation into the liposomal membrane, was prepared from a low-molecular-weight DTPA-polylysine by linking its N-terminus to a lipid anchor, NGPE-PE. When compared with known membranotropic MR probes, such as Gd-DTPA-SA and Gd-DTPA-PE, liposomes containing new membrane-bound polychelator possess enhanced relaxivity for water protons resulting in an increase of tissue signal intensity on MR images. In this study, we developed the optimized protocol to prepare a liposomal MR contrast agent with high relaxivity and narrow size distribution. Gd-containing liposomes were additionally modified with PEG to provide longevity in vivo. We also demonstrated that upon intravenous administration in rabbit and dog, the new preparation causes a prolonged decrease in the blood T(1) value (reflecting the proton relaxation rate in the blood) and may be considered as a potential contrast agent for MRI of the blood pool.
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Fossheim SL, Colet JM, Månsson S, Fahlvik AK, Muller RN, Klaveness J. Paramagnetic liposomes as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Assessment of contrast efficacy in various liver models. Invest Radiol 1998; 33:810-21. [PMID: 9818315 DOI: 10.1097/00004424-199811000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Liposomal gadolinium (Gd)-HP-DO3A has been evaluated as a contrast agent for liver magnetic resonance imaging. The influence of various liposomal physicochemical properties on the liver uptake and contrast efficacy was investigated in various ex vivo and in vivo liver models. METHODS Liposomes of different size and membrane properties were prepared. The liposome size ranged from 74 to 304 nm. Two types of phospholipid compositions were studied; a mixture of hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine (HPC) and hydrogenated phosphatidylserine (HPS) with a phase transition temperature (Tm) of 51 degrees C and, a blend composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) displaying a Tm of 41 degrees C. Ex vivo tissue relaxometry and in vivo liver imaging were used to study the influence of liposome composition on the liver uptake and contrast efficacy of intravenously injected liposomes. The influence of liposome size and composition on the kinetics of liver uptake and imaging effect was assessed ex vivo in the perfused rat liver. RESULTS The HPC/HPS preparations showed generally a higher and faster liver uptake than the DPPC/DPPG preparations due to a higher stability in blood/perfusate (high Tm) and to the HPS component. The liposome size modulated the extent and kinetics of liver uptake; the larger the size, the faster and more extensive was the liver uptake. Both types of liposome preparations were shown to be efficient liver susceptibility agents both ex vivo and in vivo due to their uptake by the Kupffer cells of liver. The lack of full correlation between the extent of liver uptake and degree of contrast enhancement might be attributed to different regimes of susceptibility-based relaxation. CONCLUSIONS The present study has demonstrated the influence of key liposomal physicochemical properties on the liver uptake and contrast efficacy of liposome-encapsulated Gd chelates, exemplified by Gd-HP-DO3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Fossheim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
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Torchilin VP, Trubetskoy VS, Milshteyn AM, Canillo J, Wolf GL, Papisov MI, Bogdanov AA, Narula J, Khaw BA, Omelyanenko VG. Targeted delivery of diagnostic agents by surface-modified liposomes. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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