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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Görög S, Rényei M, Herényi B. The changing role of ultraviolet spectroscopy in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989; 7:1527-33. [PMID: 2490539 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
New applications in the identification of minor components in drugs by rapid scanning diode-array UV spectrophotometers as high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) detectors are exemplified by (a) identification and quantification of alpha-chloro-4-methoxycinnamic acid methyl ester as the byproduct of the Darzens reaction between 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and chloroacetic acid methyl ester; and (b) identification of 4-androsten-17-one and 3 beta-phenyl-5 alpha-androstan-17-one as impurities in 5 alpha-androst-2-en-17-one. The advantages of the use of derivative spectrophotometry are illustrated by the following examples: (a) determination of flumecinol (3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol) in an oily emulsion formulation; (b) determination of RGH-6148 (2-benzylthiazolidinone) in a suspension used in toxicological studies; and (c) determination of mestranol as an impurity in norethisterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Görög
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
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Görög S, Herényi B, Nyéki O, Schön I, Kisfaludy L. Determination of impurity profiles in drugs and related materials. II. Detection and quantification of a diastereomeric impurity in the peptide RGH-0205 (Arg-Lys-Asp). J Chromatogr A 1988; 452:317-21. [PMID: 3243847 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Görög
- Chemical Works Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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Görög K, Görög S. Difference enzyme spectrophotometric determination of 6-mercaptopurine in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1988; 6:109-14. [PMID: 16867446 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(88)80036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1987] [Revised: 07/15/1987] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Görög
- 2nd Pediatric Department, Semmelweis Medical University, Tüzoltó u. 7/9, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary; Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Ltd., P.O.B. 27, H-1475, Budapest, Hungary
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