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Morath B, Schultes L, Frey OR, Röhr AC, Christow H, Hoppe-Tichy T, Brinkmann A, Chiriac U. Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrometry Method for Ampicillin and its Application in Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Intensive Care Patients. Ther Drug Monit 2024:00007691-990000000-00261. [PMID: 39289803 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ampicillin/sulbactam, a combination of a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor, is widely used in clinical settings. However, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ampicillin is not commonly performed, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet spectrometry method to quantify ampicillin in human serum and evaluate its clinical application in ICU patients. METHODS Sample cleanup included a protein precipitation protocol, followed by chromatographic separation on a C18 reverse-phase HPLC column within 12.5 minutes using gradient elution of the mobile phase. The assay was validated according to the German Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry criteria. Clinical applications involved the retrospective analysis of TDM data from ICU patients receiving continuous infusion of ampicillin/sulbactam, including the attainment of target ranges and individual predicted and observed pharmacokinetics. RESULTS The method was robust, with linear relations between the peak area responses and drug concentrations in the range of 2-128 mg/L. The coefficient of variation for precision and the bias for accuracy (both interday and intraday) were less than 10%. Clinical application revealed variable pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in ICU patients (clearance of 0.5-31.2 L/h). TDM-guided dose adjustments achieved good therapeutic drug exposure, with 92.9% of the samples being within the optimal (16-32 mg/L) or quasioptimal (8-48 mg/L) range. CONCLUSIONS This method provides a practical solution for the routine TDM of ampicillin, facilitating individualized dosing strategies to ensure adequate therapeutic drug exposure. Given its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and clinical relevance, HPLC-ultraviolet spectrometry holds promise for broad implementation in hospital pharmacies and clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Morath
- Hospital Pharmacy, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Linda Schultes
- Hospital Pharmacy, General Hospital Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Germany; and
| | - Otto Roman Frey
- Hospital Pharmacy, General Hospital Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Germany; and
| | - Anka Christa Röhr
- Hospital Pharmacy, General Hospital Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Germany; and
| | - Hannes Christow
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, and
| | | | - Alexander Brinkmann
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, General Hospital Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Germany
| | - Ute Chiriac
- Hospital Pharmacy, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; and
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Nalbant D, Reeder JA, Li P, O'Sullivan CT, Rogers WK, An G. Development and validation of a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of ampicillin and sulbactam in human plasma and its application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113899. [PMID: 33508765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ampicillin-sulbactam is a broad-spectrum combination antibiotic used for a variety of clinical applications, including as a prophylactic agent to reduce the risk of surgical site infection. The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin-sulbactam after redosing during prolonged surgeries remains incompletely understood. In anticipation of further studying the intra-operative pharmacokinetics of this drug, we have developed a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of ampicillin and sulbactam. The plasma samples were prepared using a simple protein precipitation method. Gradient chromatographic elution was used to separate analytes, and MS/MS analysis was performed in negative ionization mode for both analytes via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). All validation parameters were evaluated under a good laboratory practice (GLP) environment. For both ampicillin and sulbactam, the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was established as 0.25 μg/mL. The calibration curve ranged from 0.25 to 200 μg/mL for ampicillin and 0.25-100 μg/mL for sulbactam. Inter- and intra-day precisions for both analytes were ≤11.5 % for quality controls and ≤17.4 % for LLOQ; accuracies ranged from -11.5 to 12.5% for 3 quality control levels and -18.1-18.7% for LLOQ. In addition to sensitivity, accuracy and precision, 13 other parameters were also validated for both analytes, and the results met the acceptance criteria. Our method was successfully applied to quantify ampicillin and sulbactam concentrations in patients undergoing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Nalbant
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Joshua A Reeder
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Peizhi Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, USA
| | | | - William K Rogers
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview, USA
| | - Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, USA.
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Aghaei A, Erfani Jazi M, E Mlsna T, Kamyabi MA. A novel method for the preconcentration and determination of ampicillin using electromembrane microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3002-3008. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aghaei
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Zanjan Zanjan Iran
| | - Mehdi Erfani Jazi
- Department of ChemistryMississippi State University Mississippi MS USA
| | - Todd E Mlsna
- Department of ChemistryMississippi State University Mississippi MS USA
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An UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ampicillin and sulbactam in human plasma and urine. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2311-2319. [PMID: 26395242 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With few new antibiotics available and an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, optimizing the effectiveness of currently available antibiotics and minimizing the potential for emerging resistance, through PK characterization, is of paramount importance. RESULTS Inter- and intra-assay results for ampicillin were within 5% for accuracy and 7% for precision, and for sulbactam within 7% for accuracy and 7% for precision, for both plasma and urine. The plasma Cmax was 38.4 µg/ml for ampicillin and 19.0 µg/ml for sulbactam. The urine concentrations were 668 µg/ml for ampicillin and 438 µg/ml for sulbactam. CONCLUSION An UHPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously measure co-formulated ampicillin and sulbactam in plasma and urine, for use in a patient PK study, has been developed and validated.
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Kumar V, Bhutani H, Singh S. ICH guidance in practice: Validated stability-indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ampicillin and cloxacillin in combination drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:769-73. [PMID: 16959462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ampicillin and cloxacillin were degraded together under different stress test conditions prescribed by International Conference on Harmonization. The samples so generated were used to develop a stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the two drugs. The drugs were well separated from degradation products using a reversed-phase (C-18) column and a mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), which was delivered initially in the ratio of 15:85 (v/v) for 1 min, then changed to 30:70 (v/v) for next 14 min, and finally equilibrated back to 15:85 (v/v) from 15 to 20 min. Other HPLC parameters were: flow rate, 1 ml/min; detection wavelength, 225 nm; and injection volume, 5 microl. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and selectivity. It was also compared with the assay procedures given in British Pharmacopoeia for individual drugs. Similar results were obtained, indicating that the proposed single method allowed selective analysis of both ampicillin and cloxacillin, in the presence of their degradation products formed under a variety of stress conditions. The developed procedure was also applicable to the determination of instability of the drugs in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
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Samanidou VF, Evaggelopoulou EN, Papadoyannis IN. Chromatographic analysis of penicillins in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1879-908. [PMID: 16970190 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural penicillin (benzylpenicillin) is the oldest antibiotic observed by Alexander Fleming in 1928. To broaden its spectrum of activity, natural penicillin was modified, giving rise to a group of antibiotics under the name 'penicillins'. Although an increasing number of bacteria appear to be resistant to them, penicillins are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections including Gram-positive, Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Consequently, they are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat diseases. This review covers the analytical methodologies, mainly chromatographic, employed to the penicillins determination in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and in production-scale fermentations reported in the literature. Results of published assays are comparatively presented focusing on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation. Information on chemical structure, spectrum of activity and action mechanism of common penicillins has also been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Yin OQP, Tomlinson B, Chow MSS. Variability in renal clearance of substrates for renal transporters in chinese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46:157-63. [PMID: 16432267 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005283838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated the inter- and intraindividual variability in the renal clearance of substrates of organic anion transporters (OAT) or organic cation transporters (OCT) using repeated drug application procedures. Two OAT substrates (ampicillin and cephalexin) and 2 OCT substrates (famotidine and metformin) were selected. Each drug was administered orally twice to healthy subjects, with sample sizes ranging from 12 to 28 (using bioequivalent formulations of each drug). The inter-(delta(inter)) and intrasubject (delta(intra)) variances in renal clearance were estimated based on analysis of variance, and the genetic contribution (r(GC)) was calculated as (delta(inter - intra))/delta(inter). The renal clearances of ampicillin, cephalexin, famotidine, and metformin averaged 5.21 (range, 2.87-11.20), 3.01 (range, 1.50-3.82), 4.96 (range, 2.84-8.17), and 9.44 (range, 5.66-15.43) mL/min/kg, with mean intraindividual coefficients of variation of 17.7%, 7.3%, 13.5%, and 9.0% and r(GC) values of 0.75, 0.89, 0.81, and 0.93, respectively. These high r(GC) values suggest a potential significant genetic contribution by the renal OATs and OCTs in Chinese subjects. Further studies in a larger population are needed to confirm the importance of these results as well as to identify specific genetic variants in these transporters responsible for such variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelia Q P Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Schulze JDR, Peters EE, Vickers AW, Staton JS, Coffin MD, Parsons GE, Basit AW. Excipient effects on gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2005; 300:67-75. [PMID: 15979264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) has an accelerating effect on gastrointestinal transit and a modulating influence on drug absorption in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various excipients, PEG 400, propylene glycol, d-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS) and Labrasol on gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption in four beagle dogs using scintigraphy. Each dog received, on five separate occasions, water (control) or a dose of excipient equivalent to 1 g PEG 400, 2 g propylene glycol, 1 g TPGS or 2 g Labrasol dissolved in water and administered in the form of two capsules. The model drugs ampicillin (200mg) and antipyrine (100mg) were co-administered in the capsules. The capsule solutions were radiolabelled with technetium-99m to follow their transit using a dual-headed gamma camera, and blood samples were collected to determine drug pharmacokinetics. On a separate occasion, the drugs were dissolved in saline and given intravenously. The capsules rapidly disintegrated in the stomach liberating their liquid contents. The mean small intestinal transit times for the different treatments (control, PEG 400, propylene glycol, TPGS and Labarasol) were 183, 179, 195, 168 and 154 min, respectively. The corresponding mean absolute oral bioavailability figures were 36, 32, 39, 42 and 32% for ampicillin and 76, 74, 85, 73 and 74% for antipyrine, respectively. The transit and bioavailability data for the excipient treatments were not significantly different from the control. In summary, these excipients, at the doses administered, have limited influence on gastrointestinal transit and drug in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D R Schulze
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Determination of eight penicillins in serum from cattle and pigs by generic HPLC method. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Tolhurst TA, Negrusz A, Libelt B, Woods EF, Levine BS. Determination of ampicillin in New Zealand white rabbit plasma using column switching technique and HPLC. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02269657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lal J, Paliwal JK, Grover PK, Gupta RC. Determination of ampicillin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 655:142-6. [PMID: 8061823 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method using precolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection has been developed and validated for the determination of ampicillin in serum. The presented method is simple and provides improved selectivity and sensitivity over other existing HPLC methods. It is linear over the concentration range of 100 to 10,000 ng/ml (method 1) and 2 to 1000 ng/ml (method 2) and the extraction recovery is more than 75%. The coefficient of variation is found to be less than 10% over the concentration ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lal
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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