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Bakhshi A, Daryasari AP, Soleimani M. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as the Adsorbent for the Selective Determination of Oxazepam in Urine and Plasma Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Preconcentration and determination of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam drugs using dispersive nanomaterial-ultrasound assisted microextraction method followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work.
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Ghobadi M, Yamini Y, Ebrahimpour B. SPE coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC with flame ionization detection for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of benzodiazepines. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:287-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Ghobadi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Mohd A, Parwaz Khan AA, Bano S, Siddiqi K. UV-absorption and fluorimetric methods for the determination of alprazolam in pharmaceutical formulation. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Tejedor AMG, Picó AG, Hernando PF, Durand Alegría JS. Study of On-Line Fluorimetric Determination of Oxazepam. Application to the Screening of 1,4-Benzodiazepines Giving Oxazepam as Metabolite in Urine. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.717239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tabrizi AB, Harasi M. Applying cloud point extraction technique for the extraction of oxazepam from human urine as a colour or fluorescent derivative prior to spectroscopic analysis methods. Drug Test Anal 2011; 4:145-50. [PMID: 21381221 DOI: 10.1002/dta.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two new methods based on cloud point extraction (CPE) technique were developed and optimized for the extraction and preconcentration of oxazepam from human urine, as an azo or fluorescent derivative. The first method is a spectrophotometric one, which is based on the acid hydrolysis of the oxazepam to a benzophenone, diazotization of the benzophenone, and then the coupling with oxine to form an azo dye. The second method is a spectrofluorimetric one, which involves reduction of the target compound using Zn°/HCl at room temperature with the formation of a highly fluorescent derivative. The main factors affecting the chemical reactions and CPE were investigated and optimized systematically. Under optimum experimental conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.1 to 1.5 (0.05 to 2.0) µg/ml with correlation coefficients of 0.9989 (0.9985), for the CPE-spectrophotometric (CPE-spectrofluorimetric) method. The limit of detection was found to be 0.034 (0.018) µg/ml and the relative standard deviation was calculated to be 1.35 (2.52)%. Recoveries in the spiked samples ranged from 87 to 94%. Finally, the proposed methods were applied to the determination of oxazepam in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Bavili Tabrizi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Koba M, Koba K, Bączek T. Determination of Oxazepam in Pharmaceutical Formulation by HPTLC UV-Densitometric and UV-Derivative Spectrophotometry Methods. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Uddin MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN. Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for the Determination of Six 1,4‐Benzodiazepines in Pharmaceuticals and Human Biological Fluids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802019574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis N. Papadoyannis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gil Tejedor AM, Fernández Hernando P, Durand Alegría JS. A rapid fluorimetric screening method for the 1,4-benzodiazepines: Determination of their metabolite oxazepam in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 591:112-5. [PMID: 17456431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxazepam is the major metabolite screened in urine samples for the evidence of the use of benzodiazepine drugs. The methods currently used, however, are laborious and time consuming. This paper proposes an oxazepam detection method based on its hydrolysis and cyclization--a reaction catalysed by cerium (IV) in an ortho-phosphoric acid-containing medium--to form 2-chloro-9(10H)-acridinone, a strongly fluorescent molecule. The variables involved in the hydrolysis and cyclization stages were optimised. Oxazepam was detectable in the 5-900 ng mL(-1) range, with a detection limit of 4.15 ng mL(-1) for k=3. The method was successfully used for the determination of oxazepam in urine samples collected at different times after the oral administration of Valium and Tranxilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gil Tejedor
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, c/Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Samanidou VF, Pechlivanidou AP, Papadoyannis IN. Development of a validated HPLC method for the determination of four 1,4-benzodiazepines in human biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:679-87. [PMID: 17461106 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of four frequently prescribed 1,4-benzodiazepines: alprazolam (ALP), bromazepam (BRZ), diazepam (DZP), and flunitrazepam (FNZ). Separation was achieved on an Inertsil C8 analytical (250 mm x 4 mm, 5 microm) column, after selective extraction of benzodiazepine drugs from biological matrices by means of SPE. Isocratic elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of CH3COONH4, 0.05 M CH3OH, and CH3CN (33:57:10 by volume). Quantification was performed at 240 nm with mefenamic acid (6 ng/microL) as the internal standard. DSC-18 Supelco cartridges provided high absolute recoveries (81-115%). The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity. Repeatability (n = 8) and between-day precision (n = 8) revealed RSD <12%. Recoveries from biological samples ranged from 81.2 to 115%. The detection limit of the method was calculated as 3.3-10.2 ng in blood plasma and 2.6-12.6 ng in urine for 20 microL injection volume. The method was applied to spiked biological matrices. Moreover, the method was applied to real samples of urine after an oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Salem AA, Barsoum BN, Izake EL. Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric determination of diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam in pharmaceutical and urine samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 60:771-780. [PMID: 15036087 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2003] [Revised: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
New spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods have been developed to determine diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam (1,4-benzodiazepines) in pure forms, pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluid. The new methods are based on measuring absorption or emission spectra in methanolic potassium hydroxide solution. Fluorimetric methods have proved selective with low detection limits, whereas photometric methods showed relatively high detection limits. Successive applications of developed methods for drugs determination in pharmaceutical preparations and urine samples were performed. Photometric methods gave linear calibration graphs in the ranges of 2.85-28.5, 0.316-3.16, and 0.316-3.16 microgml-1 with detection limits of 1.27, 0.08 and 0.13 microgml-1 for diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam, respectively. Corresponding average errors of 2.60, 5.26 and 3.93 and relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of 2.79, 2.12 and 2.83, respectively, were obtained. Fluorimetric methods gave linear calibration graphs in the ranges of 0.03-0.34, 0.03-0.32 and 0.03-0.38 microgml-1 with detection limits of 7.13, 5.67 and 16.47 ngml-1 for diazepam, bromazepam and clonazepam, respectively. Corresponding average errors of 0.29, 4.33 and 5.42 and R.S.D.s of 1.27, 1.96 and 1.14 were obtained, respectively. Statistical Students t-test and F-test have been used and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Abstract
A review with 282 references is presented that deals with the reported methods of analysis of phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and benzodiazepine derivatives of pharmaceutical interest. The review includes the methods adapted in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hefnawy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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Orlovic D, Radulovic D, Ivanovic D, Vujic Z. HPLC determination of lorazepam and lorazepam-related compounds in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Simpson D, Braithwaite RA, Jarvie DR, Stewart MJ, Walker S, Watson IW, Widdop B. Screening for drugs of abuse (II): Cannabinoids, lysergic acid diethylamide, buprenorphine, methadone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other drugs. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34 ( Pt 5):460-510. [PMID: 9293303 DOI: 10.1177/000456329703400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Requirements for the provision of an efficient and reliable service for drugs of abuse screening in urine have been summarized in Part I of this review. The requirements included rapid turn-around times, good communications between requesting clinicians and the laboratory, and participation in quality assessment schemes. In addition, the need for checking/confirmation of positive results obtained for preliminary screening methods was stressed. This aspect of the service has assumed even greater importance with widespread use of dip-stick technology and the increasing number of reasons for which drug screening is performed. Many of these additional uses of drug screening have possible serious legal implications, for example, screening school pupils, professional footballers, parents involved in child custody cases, persons applying for renewal of a driving licence after disqualification for a drug-related offence, doctors seeking re-registration after removal for drug abuse, and checking for compliance with terms of probation orders; as well as pre-employment screening and work-place testing. In many cases these requests will be received from a general practitioner or drug clinic with no indication of the reason for which testing has been requested. This also raises the serious problems of a chain of custody, provision of two samples, stability of samples, and secure and lengthy storage of samples in the laboratory-samples may be requested by legal authorities several months after the initial testing. The need for confirmation of positive results is now widely accepted but it may be equally important to confirm unexpected negative results. Failure to detect the presence of maintenance drugs may lead to the patient being discharged from a drug treatment clinic and, if attendance at the clinic is one of the terms of continued employment, to dismissal. It seems likely that increasing abuse of drugs and the efforts of regulatory authorities to control this, will lead to the manufacture of more designer drugs. Production of substituted phenethylamines was facilitated by the drug makers' cook book, 'PIHKAL' (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved) by Dr Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, and production of substituted tryptamines is promised in their next book, TIHKAL. Looking to the future, laboratories will need to ensure that they can detect and quantitate an ever-increasing number of drugs and related substances. The question of confidence in results of drugs of abuse testing raised in 1993 by Watson has assumed even greater importance as a result of attention focused on the OJ Simpson trial in Los Angeles. Toxicological investigations are likely to be challenged more frequently in the future. Even if analyses have been performed by GC-MS, there is a need to establish the level of match between the spectrum of the unknown substance and a library spectrum which is considered acceptable for legal purposes. It will also be essential to ensure that computer libraries contain spectra for all substances likely to be encountered in drugs of abuse screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simpson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
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