Binary image algebra and optical cellular logic processor design

Analysis and evaluations of logical instructions called in parallel digital optical operations based on optical array logic

The authors have analysed and evaluated a two-dimensional instruction set of parallel operation based on optical array logic (OAL), which is a digital optical computing paradigm, to clarify efficient composition of an optical computing system based on OAL. To evaluate parallel operation based on OAL, the author have introduced new indices and evaluated a logical instruction set of various parallel operations with the indices, so that a guideline for composing a simple and efficient OAL computing system is clarified. Also, the authors have proposed the reduced operation kernel set correlation technique to perform parallel operations more efficiently by a simple OAL computing system. It has been clarified that the technique can reduce the required hardware necessary for an OAL computing system for efficient general-purpose processing.

Logic-operated mathematical morphology and its optical implementation

A more powerful tool for binary image processing, i.e., logic-operated mathematical morphology (LOMM), is proposed. With LOMM the image and the structuring element (SE) are treated as binary logical variables, and the MULTIPLY between the image and the SE in correlation is replaced with 16 logical operations. A total of 12 LOMM operations are obtained. The optical implementation of LOMM is described. The application of LOMM and its experimental results are also presented.

Developed, binary, image processing in a dual-channel, optical, real-time morphological processor

A developed, binary, image-processing technique is proposed, and a dual-channel, optical, real-time morphological processor is developed. Nine binary image processings can be realized fully in parallel. The measures for compensating scale and rotation distortion for pattern recognition are provided. Some applications of optical, morphological binary image processing are studied and experimental results are listed.

Hit-or-miss representation of a pattern spectrum and its optical implementation

We demonstrate that a pattern spectrum can be decomposed into the union of hit-or-miss transforms with respect to a series of structure-element pairs. Moreover we use a Boolean-logic function to express the pattern spectrum and show that the Boolean-logic representation of a pattern spectrum is composed of hit-or-miss min terms. The optical implementation of a pattern spectrum is based on an incoherent optical correlator with a feedback operation.

One-step implementation of the optical hit-miss transform

A spatial-encoding scheme for the one-step implementation of the optical hit-miss transform (HMT) is presented. The rank-order HMT, which yields better performance in the presence of noise and clutter, can also be carried out by the use of this scheme. Numerical simulations and experimental results have proved the scheme to be feasible.

Time multiplexing and control for optical cellular-hypercube arrays

We discuss the cellular-hypercube optical free-space interconnection architecture and its implementation by two-dimensional smart-pixel optoelectronic cellular arrays. We emphasize the behavior of the cellular hypercube in performing shift-invariant parallel shifts of data, a basic requirement of most single-instruction multiple-data algorithms. We present a time-multiplexing scheme for realizing the cellular hypercube, showing that the communication time is inversely proportional to the number of optical detectors per cell. We also present an improved hybrid interconnection network with improved performance that combines the cellular hypercube and mesh, using optics for the longer-distance connections and electronics for nearest-neighbor connections.

Gray-tone image processing by threshold superposition in an optical cellular-logic binary-image processor

A parallel architecture for gray-tone image processing is proposed that utilizes the concept of threshold sum-superposition into a cellular two-layer logic binary-image processor. Various processing functions constituted by gray-tone dilation, erosion, fuzzy-logic operations, and arithmetic operations are obtained. The optoelectronic implementation is illustrated.

Optical cellular continuous logic array for gray-scale image processing

A new optical cellular continuous-logic array for gray-scale image processing is presented. The array involves two steps of multichannel neighborhood ranked-order operations and interimage threshold decomposition continuous-logic operation. Image processing transforms available from this array include gray-scale morphological transforms, stack-nonstack filters, and gray-scale hit-or-miss transforms. An area-coding technique is used to implement neighborhood operations in a correlation thresholding system. A similar one-channel grayscale-correlation and multithresholding system is used for interimage threshold decomposition continuous logic. Primary experimental results are given.

Redundant binary number representation for an inherently parallel arithmetic on optical computers

A simple redundant binary number representation suitable for digital-optical computers is presented. By means of this representation it is possible to build an arithmetic with carry-free parallel algebraic sums carried out in constant time and parallel multiplication in log N time. This redundant number representation naturally fits the 2's complement binary number system and permits the construction of inherently parallel arithmetic units that are used in various optical technologies. Some properties of this number representation and several examples of computation are presented.

Digital optical cellular image processor (DOCIP): experimental implementation

We demonstrate experimentally the concept of the digital optical cellular image processor architecture by implementing one processing element of a prototype optical computer that includes a 54-gate processor, an instruction decoder, and electronic input-output interfaces. The processor consists of a twodimensional (2-D) array of 54 optical logic gates implemented by use of a liquid-crystal light valve and a 2-D array of 53 subholograms to provide interconnections between gates. The interconnection hologram is fabricated by a computer-controlled optical system.

Optical programmable cellular logic array for image processing

An optical parallel architecture is suggested to implement a basic programmable cellular logic array for image processing. Interconnection of the neighboring cells is achieved by using an optical correlator. The required parallel logic gates are executed with spatial coding and electronic thresholding methods. Another optical correlator is used to spatially code the outputs from the 2-bit decoder array of shadowgrams. The optical method for the directional interconnection is also discussed. An image processing example is simulated and verified experimentally.

A procedure for the extraction of object features in microscope images

A program for a detailed and fast feature extraction procedure on objects from a digitized microscope image is presented. The single-pass algorithm labels the pixels of the image that are above a selected threshold, and connects those which belong to the same object. A data structure addressable as an associative memory is created, thus avoiding the use of any recursive procedures. A detailed description of the procedure, which extracts features such as integrated optical density, area and baricenter coordinates, is presented.