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Li S, Liu W, Kang D, Cheng H, Li Z, Qi J, Mu D, Liu C, Xin M, Fu S, Luan J. Locally Increased Level of Inorganic Phosphate Induced Nodules or Calcification After Bolus Fat Grafting. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43:1646-1656. [PMID: 31562543 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-019-01502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodules or calcifications have been a common complication after breast augmentation with fat grafting, especially in cases with partial bolus fat grafting. There are some clinical preventive measures, but mechanisms related to this complication have not been elucidated yet. Inorganic phosphate (PI), being a product of fat metabolism, is a well-known stimulus of other kinds of pathological calcification such as vascular calcification. We aimed to determine whether PI had a similar effect on formation of nodules after fat grafting. METHODS Nodules or calcification after fat grafting models using nude mice were created by bolus fat injection. Levels of PI of necrotic liquid located in the central zone and mineralization deposition of graft were examined 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 7 months after bolus fat injection. External high phosphate solution was injected 3 times a week to the fat grafts for 2 months, and mineral deposition was examined. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were treated with high phosphate osteogenic differentiation medium in various concentrations and times. ADSCs were also treated with osteogenic differentiation in addition to tetramisole which could reduce the level of PI. Mineral depositions of the cells were examined. The central necrotic liquid was extracted from patients who found palpable nodules after breast augmentation with fat grafting. The level of PI of this necrotic liquid and normal lipoaspirates from patients who received normal liposuction for body contouring was compared. RESULTS The in vivo study indicated that the local PI concentration of the necrotic zone increased significantly 2 months after large volume bolus fat injection. Calcification was not formed after 2 months, but was formed after 7 months, indicating that the effect of PI on calcification was time-dependent. In addition, with the effect of external injection of high phosphate solution into the fat graft, calcification was formed after 2 months, indicating the effect of PI on calcification was dose-dependent. The in vitro study also indicated PI could induce calcification of ADSC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The study in humans indicated that the level of PI in the necrotic zone of nodules after fat grafting was higher than that in normal lipoaspirates. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the level of PI in the central necrotic zone was elevated after bolus fat injection, which could provide an environment to induce calcification of surrounding tissue. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshan Li
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Liu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Deni Kang
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Zifei Li
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Dali Mu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjun Liu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Minqiang Xin
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Su Fu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China.
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Zhang H, Garlichs CD, Mügge A, Daniel WG. Role of Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors in activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 364:229-37. [PMID: 9932728 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the involvement of Ca2+-signaling and protein kinases in the effect of Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors on the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. We found that activity and mobility on electrophoresis gels of the cPLA2 protein were significantly increased by f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. This effect was completely suppressed by staurosporine. Calphostin C partially inhibited the fMLP- and PMA-induced cPLA 2 activation, but had no influence on thapsigargin- and cyclopiazonic acid-treated cells. Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid also showed no effect on protein kinase C activity. However, the thapsigargin- and cyclopiazonic acid-induced cPLA2 activation was completely inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erbstatin, and Ca2+ chelator, EGTA. In addition, the cPLA2 activity was reduced after pretreatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059. The arachidonic acid release was significantly reduced in cells pretreated with the cPLA2 inhibitor, AACOCF3. Furthermore, we found that the human neutrophil cPLA2 cDNA contain a Ca2+-dependent-lipid binding domain which shares homology to several other enzymes such as protein kinase C and phospholipase C. Our results suggest that tyrosine kinases and the MAP kinase cascade are involved in Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor-induced activation and phosphorylation of cPLA2. Protein kinase C is not required in this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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