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Kim HW, Ko MK, Park SH, Shin S, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee MJ. Bestatin, A Pluripotent Immunomodulatory Small Molecule, Drives Robust and Long-Lasting Immune Responses as an Adjuvant in Viral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1690. [PMID: 38006022 PMCID: PMC10675184 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular booster immunizations and has several side effects, including local reactions at the vaccination site. To address these limitations, herein, we evaluated the efficacy of bestatin as a novel small molecule adjuvant for inactivated FMD vaccines. Our findings showed that the FMD vaccine formulated with bestatin enhanced early, intermediate-, and particularly long-term immunity in experimental animals (mice) and target animals (pigs). Furthermore, cytokines (interferon (IFN)α, IFNβ, IFNγ, and interleukin (IL)-29), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and T-cell and B-cell core receptors (cluster of differentiation (CD)28, CD19, CD21, and CD81) markedly increased in the group that received the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with bestatin in pigs compared with the control. These results indicate the significant potential of bestatin to improve the efficacy of inactivated FMD vaccines in terms of immunomodulatory function for the simultaneous induction of potent cellular and humoral immune response and a long-lasting memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (M.-K.K.); (S.H.P.); (S.S.); (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.P.)
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Auth R, Klinger JR. Emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1025-1042. [PMID: 37881882 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2274439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and life-threatening disease. Approved treatment options currently primarily target abnormal cell signaling pathways involved in vasoconstriction and proliferation, such as those mediated by prostacyclin, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin. AREAS COVERED Recent advancements have led to new applications and modes of delivery of currently approved PAH medications. At the same time, novel drugs targeting specific molecular pathways involved in PAH pathogenesis have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. This review summarizes investigational drug trials for PAH gathered from a comprehensive search using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov between 2003 and 2023. It includes both currently approved medications studied at different doses or new administration forms and experimental drugs that have not yet been approved. EXPERT OPINION Approved treatments for PAH target imbalances in pulmonary vasoactive pathways that work primarily on enhancing pulmonary vasodilation with less salient effects on pulmonary vascular remodeling. The advent of more locally acting inhaled medications offers additional therapeutic options that may improve the ease of drug delivery and reduce adverse systemic effects. The more recent emphasis on developing and applying therapeutics that directly impact the aberrant signaling pathways implicated in PAH appears more likely to advance the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Auth
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - James R Klinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Liu X, Guo Q, Jing F, Zhou C, Xiu T, Shi Y, Jing F. Ubenimex Suppresses the Ability of Migration and Invasion in Gastric Cancer Cells by Alleviating the Activity of the CD13/NAB1/MAPK Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4483-4495. [PMID: 34113174 PMCID: PMC8187004 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. Most GC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, for that the prognosis is dismal and metastasis is common. Although there have been increasing numbers of studies indicating that Ubenimex can suppress metastasis in GC, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Methods Herein, the inhibitory effect of Ubenimex on GC metastasis, in which the underlining mechanism was determined using Gene chip analysis, high content screening (HCS), transwell assays, wound healing assays and Western blot assays. Results The results obtained from wound healing assays and transwell assays indicated that Ubenimex, an inhibitor of CD13, suppressed the migration and invasion of MKN-28, MGC-803, BGC-823 and SGC-790 cells, by downregulating CD13 expression. In addition, the findings acquired from Gene chip analysis and HCS demonstrated that NGFI-A-binding protein 1 (NAB1) was a putative target downstream of CD13. Furthermore, the results obtained from Western blot assays showed that Ubenimex not only inhibits NAB1 expression by targeting CD13, but also inhibits GC metastasis by mitigating the activity of the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings indicated a possible mechanism via the CD13/NAB1/MAPK pathway of which activity was restrained. Conclusion Ubenimex exert the inhibitory effect on GC metastasis by targeting CD13, in which NAB1 expression and the activation of MAPK signaling pathway were both suppressed. This study identified a promising target for the inhibition of GC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - FanJing Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - ChangKai Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - YunYan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - FanBo Jing
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Guo Q, Jing FJ, Xu W, Li X, Li X, Sun JL, Xing XM, Zhou CK, Jing FB. Ubenimex induces autophagy inhibition and EMT suppression to overcome cisplatin resistance in GC cells by perturbing the CD13/EMP3/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 12:80-105. [PMID: 31895687 PMCID: PMC6977684 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for gastric cancer (GC). However, chemoresistance is a major obstacle for CDDP application. Exploring underlying mechanisms of CDDP resistance development in GC and selecting an effective strategy to overcome CDDP resistance remain a challenge. Here, we demonstrate that a transmembrane ectoenzyme, CD13, endows GC patients with insensitivity to CDDP and predicts an undesirable prognosis in GC patients with CDDP treatment. Similarly, CD13 expression is positively related with CDDP resistance in GC cells. A CD13 inhibitor, Ubenimex, reverses CDDP resistance and renders GC cells sensitivity to CDDP, for which CD13 reduction is essential, and epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) is a putative target downstream of CD13. Furthermore, Ubenimex decreases EMP3 expression by boosting its CpG island hypermethylation for which CD13 down-regulation is required. In addition, EMP3 is a presumptive modifier by which CD13 exerts functions in the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway. Ubenimex inhibits the activation of the CD13/EMP3/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway to overcome CDDP resistance in GC cells by suppressing autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, CD13 is a potential indicator of CDDP resistance formation, and Ubenimex may serve as a potent candidate for reversing CDDP resistance in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Fan-Jing Jing
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Xiao-Min Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Chang-Kai Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Fan-Bo Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
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Guo Q, Jing FJ, Qu HJ, Xu W, Han B, Xing XM, Ji HY, Jing FB. Ubenimex Reverses MDR in Gastric Cancer Cells by Activating Caspase-3-Mediated Apoptosis and Suppressing the Expression of Membrane Transport Proteins. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4390839. [PMID: 30915355 PMCID: PMC6402206 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4390839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant tumors, accounting for 10% of deaths caused by all cancers. Chemotherapy is often necessary for treatment of GC; the FOLFOX regimen is extensively applied. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) of GC cells prevents wider application of this treatment. Ubenimex, an inhibitor of CD13, is used as an immune adjuvant to treat hematological malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that CD13 expression positively correlates with MDR development in GC cells. Moreover, Ubenimex reverses the MDR of SGC7901/X and MKN45/X cells and enhances their sensitivity to FOLFOX, in part by decreasing CD13 expression, which is accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, and survivin expression; increased expression of Bax; and activation of the caspase-3-mediated apoptotic cascade. In addition, Ubenimex downregulates expression of membrane transport proteins, such as P-gp and MRP1, by inhibiting phosphorylation in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to increase intracellular accumulations of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, a process for which downregulation of CD13 expression is essential. Therefore, the present results reveal a previously uncharacterized function of CD13 in promoting MDR development in GC cells and suggest that Ubenimex is a candidate for reversing the MDR of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Fan-jing Jing
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Hai-jun Qu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Xiao-min Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Hong-yan Ji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Fan-Bo Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
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Lkhagvaa B, Tani K, Sato K, Toyoda Y, Suzuka C, Sone S. Bestatin, an inhibitor for aminopeptidases, modulates the production of cytokines and chemokines by activated monocytes and macrophages. Cytokine 2008; 44:386-91. [PMID: 19036603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of bestatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor, on the production of cytokines from peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages (AM). Human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers were incubated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of bestatin. AM obtained from patients with sarcoidosis were incubated in the presence or absence of bestatin. The concentration of cytokines in the culture supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of mRNA was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Bestatin suppressed the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL8/IL-8, CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha by LPS-stimulated monocytes. The mean percentage of the inhibition of IL-6, CXCL8/IL-8, CCL3/MIP-1alpha by bestatin at a concentration of 50 microg/mL was 71.2%, 29.7% and 61.0%, respectively. On the other hand, bestatin increased the production and mRNA expression of IL-10 by LPS-stimulated monocytes. The treatment with bestatin significantly inhibited the production of IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 by AM from patients with sarcoidosis. The data presented here indicate that bestatin suppresses the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulates the anti-inflammatory cytokine by activated human monocytes. This study suggests that bestatin may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battur Lkhagvaa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 18-15 Kuramoto-cho 3, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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