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Di Ieva A. The Fractal Geometry of the Brain: AnOverview. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:3-13. [PMID: 38468025 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The first chapter of this book introduces some history, philosophy, and basic concepts of fractal geometry and discusses how the neurosciences can benefit from applying computational fractal-based analysis. Further, it compares fractal with Euclidean approaches to analyzing and quantifying the brain in its entire physiopathological spectrum and presents an overview of the first section of this book as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Ieva
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab & Macquarie Neurosurgery, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Human and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Stachel G, Abdel-Wahab M, de Waha-Thiele S, Desch S, Feistritzer HJ, Kitamura M, Farhan S, Eitel I, Kurz T, Thiele H. Fractal dimension of the aortic annulus: a novel predictor of paravalvular leak after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 38:2469-2478. [PMID: 36434335 PMCID: PMC9700572 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-022-02657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the prognostic relevance of aortic annulus (AA) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) Fractal dimension (FD). FD is a mathematical concept that describes geometric complexity of a structure and has been shown to predict adverse outcomes in several contexts. Computed tomography (CT) scans from the SOLVE-TAVI trial, which, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, randomized 447 patients to TAVI with the balloon-expandable Edwards Sapien 3 or the self-expanding Medtronic Evolut R, and conscious sedation or general anesthesia, were analyzed semi-automatically with a custom-built software to determine border of AA and LVOT. FD was measured by box counting using grid calibers between 0.8 and 6.75 mm and was compared between patients with none/trivial and mild/moderate paravalvular regurgitation (PVR). Overall, 122 patients had CT scans sufficient for semi-automatic PVR in 30-day echocardiography. PVR was none in 65(53.3%) patients, trace in 9(7.4%), mild in 46(37.7%), moderate in 2(1.6%) and severe in 0 patients. FD determined in diastolic images was significantly higher in patients with mild/moderate PVR (1.0558 ± 0.0289 vs. 1.0401 ± 0.0284, p = 0.017). Annulus eccentricity was the only conventional measure of AA and LVOT geometry significantly correlated to FD (R = 0.337, p < 0.01). Area under the curve (AUC) of diastolic annular FD for prediction of mild/moderate PVR in ROC analysis was 0.661 (0.542-0.779, p = 0.014). FD shows promise in prediction of PVR after TAVI. Further evaluation using larger patient numbers and refined algorithms to better understand its predictive performance is warranted.Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov , identifier: NCT02737150, date of registration: 13.04.2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Stachel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Suzanne de Waha-Thiele
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Desch
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, University Heart Center Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans-Josef Feistritzer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mitsunobu Kitamura
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Serdar Farhan
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Ingo Eitel
- University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, University Heart Center Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany ,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, University Heart Center Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Oliveira BMD, Moschini GADL, Dias RDJD, Tenorio PR, Pacagnelli FL, Freitas CEAD. Evaluation by fractal dimension of muscle regeneration after photobiomodulation. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.033.ao39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Many treatment modalities are used for muscle tissue recovery. Photobiomodulation is a modality that can be employed to improve the quality of tissue repair. The use of fractal dimension (FD) is an innovative methodology in the quantitative evaluation of treatment efficacy. Objective: Use FD as a quantitative analysis method to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation of 904 nanometers (nm) in the initial phase of the muscle regeneration process. Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG), Injured and Untreated Group (IUT), and Injured and Treated Group (IT). Muscle injury was induced by cryoinjury in the central region of the anterior tibial (AT) belly of the left posterior limb. This was performed by an iron rod that was previously immersed in liquid nitrogen. Applications started 24 hours after the injury and occurred daily for five days. They were performed at two points in the lesion area. The rats were euthanized on the seventh day. The AT muscles were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, the histological sections were stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) technique and submitted to FD analysis performed by the box-counting method using ImageJ software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for data normality, and the Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were used for group comparison (p<0.05%). Results: Differences between IT and IUT groups were statistically significant, and it was possible to observe the reduction of fractability with p=0.0034. Conclusion: FD is a useful tool for the analysis of skeletal muscle disorganization in the initial phase of regeneration and confirms the potentially beneficial effects of photobiomodulation to this process.
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Cury SS, Freire PP, Martinucci B, Dos Santos VC, de Oliveira G, Ferretti R, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Pacagnelli FL, Delella FK, Carvalho RF. Fractal dimension analysis reveals skeletal muscle disorganization in mdx mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:109-115. [PMID: 29852164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by muscle extracellular matrix disorganization due to the increased collagen deposition leading to fibrosis that significantly exacerbates disease progression. Fractal dimension analysis is a method that quantifies tissue/cellular disorganization and characterizes complex structures. The first objective of the present study was use fractal analysis to evaluate extracellular matrix disorganization in mdx mice soleus muscle. Next, we mimic a hyper-proliferation of fibrogenic cells by co-culturing NIH3T3 fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts to test whether fibroblasts induce disorganization in myoblast arrangement. Here, we show mdx presented high skeletal muscle disorganization as revealed by fractal analysis. Similarly, this method revealed that myoblasts co-cultured with fibroblast also presented cellular arrangement disorganization. We also reanalyzed skeletal muscle microarrays transcriptomic data from mdx and DMD patients that revealed transcripts related to extracellular matrix organization. This analysis also identified Osteoglycin, which was validated as a potential regulator of ECM organization in mdx dystrophic muscles. Our results demonstrate that fractal dimension is useful tool for the analysis of skeletal muscle disorganization in DMD and also reveal a fibroblast-myoblast cross-talk that contributes to "in vitro" myoblast disarrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Paccielli Freire
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Martinucci
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Grasieli de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Ferretti
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francis Lopes Pacagnelli
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Karina Delella
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pacagnelli FL, Sabela AKDDA, Mariano TB, Ozaki GAT, Castoldi RC, Carmo EMD, Carvalho RF, Tomasi LC, Okoshi K, Vanderlei LCM. Fractal Dimension in Quantifying Experimental-Pulmonary-Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:33-9. [PMID: 27223643 PMCID: PMC4976954 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right-sided heart failure has high morbidity and mortality, and may be caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fractal dimension is a differentiated and innovative method used in histological evaluations that allows the characterization of irregular and complex structures and the quantification of structural tissue changes. OBJECTIVE To assess the use of fractal dimension in cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, in addition to providing histological and functional analysis. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 8) and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (M; n = 8). Five weeks after pulmonary arterial hypertension induction with monocrotaline, echocardiography was performed and the animals were euthanized. The heart was dissected, the ventricles weighed to assess anatomical parameters, and histological slides were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for fractal dimension analysis, performed using box-counting method. Data normality was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test), and the groups were compared with non-paired Student t test or Mann Whitney test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Higher fractal dimension values were observed in group M as compared to group C (1.39 ± 0.05 vs. 1.37 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Echocardiography showed lower pulmonary artery flow velocity, pulmonary acceleration time and ejection time values in group M, suggesting function worsening in those animals. CONCLUSION The changes observed confirm pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction, and point to fractal dimension as an effective method to evaluate cardiac morphological changes induced by ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edna Maria do Carmo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, FCT, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Katashi Okoshi
- Faculdade de Medicina, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira MABD, Brandi AC, Santos CAD, Botelho PHH, Cortez JLL, Godoy MFD, Braile DM. Comparison of fractal dimension and Shannon entropy in myocytes from rats treated with histidine-tryptophan-glutamate and histidine-tryptophan cetoglutarate. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 29:156-62. [PMID: 25140464 PMCID: PMC4389459 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20140052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solutions that cause elective cardiac arrest are constantly evolving, but the ideal compound has not yet been found. The authors compare a new cardioplegic solution with histidine-tryptophan-glutamate (Group 2) and other one with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate (Group 1) in a model of isolated rat heart. OBJECTIVE To quantify the fractal dimension and Shannon entropy in rat myocytes subjected to cardioplegia solution using histidine-tryptophan with glutamate in an experimental model, considering the caspase markers, IL-8 and KI-67. METHODS Twenty male Wistar rats were anesthetized and heparinized. The chest was opened, the heart was withdrawn and 40 ml/kg of cardioplegia (with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate or histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution) was infused. The hearts were kept for 2 hours at 4ºC in the same solution, and thereafter placed in the Langendorff apparatus for 30 min with Ringer-Locke solution. Analyzes were performed for immunohistochemical caspase, IL-8 and KI-67. RESULTS The fractal dimension and Shannon entropy were not different between groups histidine-tryptophan-glutamate and histidine-tryptophan-acetoglutarate. CONCLUSION The amount of information measured by Shannon entropy and the distribution thereof (given by fractal dimension) of the slices treated with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate and histidine-tryptophan-glutamate were not different, showing that the histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution is as good as histidine-tryptophan-acetoglutarate to preserve myocytes in isolated rat heart.
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de Arruda PFF, Gatti M, Facio FN, de Arruda JGF, Moreira RD, Murta LO, de Arruda LF, de Godoy MF. Quantification of fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy in histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:6. [PMID: 23414368 PMCID: PMC3583746 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a serious public health problem that affects quality of life and has a significant mortality rate. The aim of the present study was to quantify the fractal dimension and Shannon’s entropy in the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods Thirty-four patients with prostate cancer aged 50 to 75 years having been submitted to radical prostatectomy participated in the study. Histological slides of normal (N), hyperplastic (H) and tumor (T) areas of the prostate were digitally photographed with three different magnifications (40x, 100x and 400x) and analyzed. The fractal dimension (FD), Shannon’s entropy (SE) and number of cell nuclei (NCN) in these areas were compared. Results FD analysis demonstrated the following significant differences between groups: T vs. N and H vs. N groups (p < 0.05) at a magnification of 40x; T vs. N (p < 0.01) at 100x and H vs. N (p < 0.01) at 400x. SE analysis revealed the following significant differences groups: T vs. H and T vs. N (p < 0.05) at 100x; and T vs. H and T vs. N (p < 0.001) at 400x. NCN analysis demonstrated the following significant differences between groups: T vs. H and T vs. N (p < 0.05) at 40x; T vs. H and T vs. N (p < 0.0001) at 100x; and T vs. H and T vs. N (p < 0.01) at 400x. Conclusions The quantification of the FD and SE, together with the number of cell nuclei, has potential clinical applications in the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Francisco Ferraz de Arruda
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Av, Brig, Faria Lima 5416, 15090-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Three-dimensional morphology of field-induced chain-like aggregates of superparamagnetic microparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MCEVOY FINTANJ, TOMKIEWICZ JONNA, STØTTRUP JOSIANNEG, OVERTON JULIEL, MCEVOY CONNI, SVALASTOGA EILIV. DETERMINATION OF FISH GENDER USING FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF ULTRASOUND IMAGES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:519-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Maggi F, Winterwerp JC. Method for computing the three-dimensional capacity dimension from two-dimensional projections of fractal aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:011405. [PMID: 14995619 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.011405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current theory of projections of fractals is considered in this paper with application to fractal aggregates. In particular, this theory does not accurately enable the computation of the capacity dimension of three-dimensional aggregates from the capacity dimension of their two-dimensional projections. Herein we propose to compute the three-dimensional capacity dimension from the perimeter-based fractal dimension, using a semiempirical equation, an approach not applied earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maggi
- Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
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