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Nuccio SP, Bäumler AJ. Evolution of the chaperone/usher assembly pathway: fimbrial classification goes Greek. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:551-75. [PMID: 18063717 PMCID: PMC2168650 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00014-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Proteobacteria use the chaperone/usher pathway to assemble proteinaceous filaments on the bacterial surface. These filaments can curl into fimbrial or nonfimbrial surface structures (e.g., a capsule or spore coat). This article reviews the phylogeny of operons belonging to the chaperone/usher assembly class to explore the utility of establishing a scheme for subdividing them into clades of phylogenetically related gene clusters. Based on usher amino acid sequence comparisons, our analysis shows that the chaperone/usher assembly class is subdivided into six major phylogenetic clades, which we have termed alpha-, beta-, gamma-, kappa-, pi-, and sigma-fimbriae. Members of each clade share related operon structures and encode fimbrial subunits with similar protein domains. The proposed classification system offers a simple and convenient method for assigning newly discovered chaperone/usher systems to one of the six major phylogenetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8645, USA
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2
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Silveira WD, Benetti F, Lancellotti M, Ferreira A, Solferini VN, Brocchi M. Biological and genetic characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001; 43:303-10. [PMID: 11781598 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652001000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine biological characteristics such as expression of fimbriae, Congo red binding, production of hemolysin and aerobactin, adhesion to HeLa and uroepithelial cells and invasion of HeLa cells by Escherichia coli isolates obtained from patients showing clinical signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Also, the presence of genes (apa, afa, spa) for fimbria expression and cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1, CNF2) was assayed using specific primers in PCR. The data obtained were compared with the clonal relationships obtained by analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the rDNA (ribotyping) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). All isolates but one presented a combination of at least two of the characteristics studied, a fact suggesting the presence of pathogenicity islands (PAIs). Diffuse adherence type to HeLa cells was observed to occur in most of the strains, but adhesion to uroepithelial cells seems to be a more reliable test to verify pathogenicity. Although four strains seemed to be able to invade HeLa cells when assayed by light microscopy, electron microscopy studies demonstrated that these strains were not invasive. MLEE, RFLP and ERIC-PCR were able to group the isolates differently into main clusters that were not correlated with the presence of pathogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brasil.
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Zhang L, Foxman B, Tallman P, Cladera E, Le Bouguenec C, Marrs CF. Distribution of drb genes coding for Dr binding adhesins among uropathogenic and fecal Escherichia coli isolates and identification of new subtypes. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2011-8. [PMID: 9169726 PMCID: PMC175278 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2011-2018.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dr family of related adherence structures, some fimbriated and others afimbriated, bind to decay-accelerating factor molecules on human cells. Dr is associated with recurring urinary tract infection (UTI), but the distribution of Dr subtypes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli causing UTI among otherwise healthy women has yet to be described. A total of 787 UTI and fecal E. coli isolates from college women were screened for the presence of Dr sequences (drb). Fifteen percent of UTI strains were drb positive, compared to 5% of fecal strains. The adhesin (E gene) subtype of each drb-positive strain was determined by type-specific PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis. Among 78 drb-positive strains, we found 14 (18%) afaE1, 1 (1.3%) afaE2, 1 (1.3%) afaE3, 9 (12%) draE, 9 (12%) draE-afaE3 hybrid, 1 (1.3%) daaE, 32 (41%) afaE5, 4 (5.1%) F131 E gene-like, and 7 untypeable strains. All untypeable E genes were cloned and sequenced, revealing four additional new classes of E genes, including two similar to the previously identified nonfimbrial E series. While a great range of diversity exists among the E genes, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated that all of these drb operons share a highly conserved gene structure. The most common subtype, afaE5, occurred three times as often among UTI than fecal strains. Over half of the drb-positive strains and 80% of those positive for afaE5 have the same virulence signature (positive for aer, kpsMT, ompT, and fim), suggesting an association of this profile with UTI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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4
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Ofek I, Goldhar J, Sharon N. Anti-Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 408:179-83. [PMID: 8895790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0415-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Ofek
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Goldhar J. Nonfimbrial adhesins of Escherichia coli. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 408:63-72. [PMID: 8895778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0415-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Goldhar
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Johnson JR, Skubitz KM, Nowicki BJ, Jacques-Palaz K, Rakita RM. Nonlethal adherence to human neutrophils mediated by Dr antigen-specific adhesins of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1995; 63:309-16. [PMID: 7806371 PMCID: PMC172993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.1.309-316.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains express a variety of adhesins, including members of the Dr adhesin family such as the Dr hemagglutinin, AFAI, and AFAIII. Certain E. coli adhesins (e.g., type 1 and S fimbriae) are known to mediate adherence to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The receptor on erythrocytes for Dr family adhesins, decay accelerating factor, is also present on PMNs. To determine whether Dr family adhesins mediate adherence to PMNs and to characterize the specificity and consequences of such adherence, we studied agglutination of PMNs and adherence to PMNs by recombinant E. coli strains expressing various mannose-resistant or mannose-sensitive adhesins, in the presence or absence of inhibitors of adherence. Dr family adhesins, like type 1 fimbriae, mediated concentration-dependent adherence to PMNs. Adherence to PMNs was mannose sensitive for type 1 fimbriae but mannose resistant for Dr family adhesins. Chloramphenicol inhibited PMN adherence for the Dr hemagglutinin with the same potency as that with which it inhibited hemagglutination, but it was inactive against PMN adherence and hemagglutination mediated by other members of the Dr adhesin family. In contrast to PMN adherence mediated by type 1 fimbriae, adherence mediated by the Dr hemagglutinin did not lead to significantly increased bacterial killing. These data suggest that Dr family adhesins mediate a novel pattern of adherence to PMNs, probably by recognizing decay accelerating factor, with minimal consequent bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Le Bouguenec C, Garcia MI, Ouin V, Desperrier JM, Gounon P, Labigne A. Characterization of plasmid-borne afa-3 gene clusters encoding afimbrial adhesins expressed by Escherichia coli strains associated with intestinal or urinary tract infections. Infect Immun 1993; 61:5106-14. [PMID: 7901162 PMCID: PMC281289 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.12.5106-5114.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The afa gene clusters encode afimbrial adhesins (AFA) that are expressed by uropathogenic and diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli strains and belong to a family of hemagglutinins recognizing the Dr blood group antigen as a receptor. This family so far includes AFA-I and AFA-III as well as the Dr and F1845 adhesins (B. Nowicki, A. Labigne, S. Moseley, R. Hull, S. Hull, and J. Moulds, Infect. Immun. 58:279-281, 1990). Reported in this work is the genetic organization of the afa-3 gene cluster cloned from a uropathogenic E. coli strain (A30) which expressed a subtype of AFA designated AFA-III. The amino acid sequence of AFA-III was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the afaE3 gene and was found to be highly homologous to that of the Dr adhesin (98.1% identity). A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect the presence of afa-3 gene clusters in E. coli strains. Study of the genetic support of the afa-3 gene clusters in the strains which showed positive amplification revealed that they were always located on large, 100-kb plasmids whether the strains originated from patients with cystitis or with diarrhea. Moreover, the cloned afa-3 gene clusters from A30 and from the diarrhea-associated strain AL845 appeared to be carried by 9-kb plasmid regions which displayed a similar genetic organization. Chloramphenicol was reported to be a potent inhibitor of receptor binding by the Dr adhesin (Nowicki et al., Infect. Immun. 58:279-281, 1990). AFA-III expressed by strains AL845 and AL847 appeared to mediate, like the Dr adhesin, chloramphenicol-sensitive hemagglutination, whereas AFA-III produced by A30 conferred chloramphenicol-resistant adherence. A comparison of the sequences of these four proteins indicated that the amino acid at position 52 of the processed AFA could be part of the receptor-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Le Bouguenec
- Unité des Entérobactéries, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U199, Paris, France
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Ahrens R, Ott M, Ritter A, Hoschützky H, Bühler T, Lottspeich F, Boulnois GJ, Jann K, Hacker J. Genetic analysis of the gene cluster encoding nonfimbrial adhesin I from an Escherichia coli uropathogen. Infect Immun 1993; 61:2505-12. [PMID: 8099066 PMCID: PMC280876 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2505-2512.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomally encoded nonfimbrial adhesion I (NFA-I) from Escherichia coli urinary tract isolate 827 (O83:K1:H4) mediates agglutination of human erythrocytes. Subclones were constructed from an NFA-I-expressing recombinant E. coli K-12 clone, derived from a genomic library of E. coli 827. Minicell analysis and nucleotide sequencing revealed that proteins of 30.5, 9, 80, 15, and 19 kDa encoded on a stretch of approximately 6 kb are involved in the expression of NFA-I. NFA-I exhibits a polymeric structure, which disintegrates with elevated temperature into a 19-kDa monomer but with some relatively stable dimers. By using gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies directed against NFA-I in electron microscopy, the adhesin could be localized on the outer surface of the recombinant E. coli K-12 bacteria. The nucleotide sequence of the nfaA gene encoding the monomeric structural subunit of the adhesin was determined. An open reading frame of 184 amino acids encoding the NfaA precursor, which is processed to the mature protein, was found; it consisted of 156 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 16,000. Peptide sequencing of the NFA-I subunit protein confirmed that this open reading frame corresponds to the NfaA coding locus. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame termed NfaE, located at the proximal part of the DNA stretch responsible for NFA-I expression, was elaborated. NfaE consists of 247 amino acids, including a presumptive 29-amino-acid signal peptide, leading to a molecular weight of 24,000 for the mature protein. The nfaE sequence shares homology with the 27-kDa CS3 protein, which is involved in the assembly of CS3 fibrillae, and might encode the 30.5-kDa protein, detected in minicells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahrens
- Max-Planck Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg
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Adhesins of uropathogenic bacteria: Properties, identification and use for new antibacterial strategies. Int Urogynecol J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goldhar J, Yavzori M, Keisari Y, Ofek I. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli mediated by mannose resistant non-fimbrial haemagglutinin (NFA-1). Microb Pathog 1991; 11:171-8. [PMID: 1686928 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(91)90047-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the interaction between a urinary isolate of E. coli carrying non-fimbrial MR adhesin (NFA-1) and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We found that the organisms attach to PMN and the attachment was dose dependent and saturable. It was inhibited by isolated NFA-1, but not by mannoside. Recombinant plasmid encoding NFA-1 adhesin conferred binding capacity on a non-adhesive strain. The attachment of the bacteria carrying NFA-1 to PMN was associated with oxidative burst and inhibited by isolated NFA-1. The data taken together suggest that NFA-1 mediates the attachment of the bacteria to PMN. The attachment is followed by ingestion and killing of the organisms, but at a slower rate than with bacteria bound via type 1 fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goldhar
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Chapter 25. Bacterial Adhesins. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are characterized by the expression of distinctive bacterial properties, products, or structures referred to as virulence factors because they help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract. Virulence factors of recognized importance in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) include adhesins (P fimbriae, certain other mannose-resistant adhesins, and type 1 fimbriae), the aerobactin system, hemolysin, K capsule, and resistance to serum killing. This review summarizes the virtual explosion of information regarding the epidemiology, biochemistry, mechanisms of action, and genetic basis of these urovirulence factors that has occurred in the past decade and identifies areas in need of further study. Virulence factor expression is more common among certain genetically related groups of E. coli which constitute virulent clones within the larger E. coli population. In general, the more virulence factors a strain expresses, the more severe an infection it is able to cause. Certain virulence factors specifically favor the development of pyelonephritis, others favor cystitis, and others favor asymptomatic bacteriuria. The currently defined virulence factors clearly contribute to the virulence of wild-type strains but are usually insufficient in themselves to transform an avirulent organism into a pathogen, demonstrating that other as-yet-undefined virulence properties await discovery. Virulence factor testing is a useful epidemiological and research tool but as yet has no defined clinical role. Immunological and biochemical anti-virulence factor interventions are effective in animal models of UTI and hold promise for the prevention of UTI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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Hacker J. Genetic determinants coding for fimbriae and adhesins of extraintestinal Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990; 151:1-27. [PMID: 1973366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74703-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hacker
- Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Würzburg, FRG
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Hoschützky H, Nimmich W, Lottspeich F, Jann K. Isolation and characterization of the non-fimbrial adhesin NFA-4 from uropathogenic Escherichia coli O7:K98:H6. Microb Pathog 1989; 6:351-9. [PMID: 2671580 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(89)90077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The non-fimbrial adhesin NFA-4 from uropathogenic Escherichia coli O7:K98:H6 mediates the agglutination of human red cells (RBC), notably of blood group MM. The adhesin can be separated from the bacteria by heat extraction and was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography in the presence of 8 M urea. NFA-4 consists of non-covalently linked 28 kDa subunits which tend to form aggregates of an apparent molecular weight in excess of 10(6) Da. The first 23 amino-terminal amino acids were sequenced, and no homology of this region was found with that of the blood group M specific non-fimbrial adhesin of an unrelated uropathogenic E. coli. It has, however, an about 70% homology to the corresponding region of the K88 antigen from animal-pathogenic enterotoxic E. coli. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against NFA-4 were prepared. One of the monoclonal antibodies strongly inhibits the hemagglutinating activity of both whole bacteria and purified NFA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoschützky
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, F.R.G
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