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Abstract
Various three-dimensional human skin models, in which the epidermis exhibits in vivo-like morphological and functional characteristics, have recently been developed. Such models are currently being used to study the development and physiology of the skin, the processes involved in wound healing, and the reactivity of skin to environmental and chemical insults. Since these models reproduce to a large extent the barrier function properties of normal human skin, they can be used for screening potential skin irritants. These substances can be applied topically and their irritant potential can be evaluated using various endpoints, such as the induction of tissue damage or the release of various pro-inflammatory mediators. Studies with human skin equivalents can therefore contribute to our knowledge of the basic biochemical mechanisms underlying irritant reactions, and can be used to understand the structural features of molecules which may be responsible for eliciting an irritant reaction. In addition”, the generation of epidermal equivalents populated with melanocytes, as well as keratinocytes, makes it possible to study the regulation of melanogenesis, melanocyte–keratinocyte interactions, and how these are affected by UV irradiation. Such a model can also be used for testing the phototoxic or photoprotective potentials of various compounds and sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Shibata M, Tsuda T, Itagaki H, Kato S, Kobayashi T, Ichikawa H, Morikawa Y. Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-8 Release by Human Keratinocyte Cell Culture Treated with Surfactants. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of four cosmetic surfactants on interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-8 release from human keratinocytes were studied to investigate the feasibility of using these effects for the prediction of the irritation potential of chemicals. After exposure of cells to surfactants, the amounts of IL-1α and IL-8 released into culture medium were measured by ELISA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity assay. Cytokine release was increased 7–15 times by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), laurtrimonium chloride, cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB) and Oleth-5 at cytotoxic concentrations. IL-8 release was increased 3–4 times by SLS, CPB and Oleth-5 at subcytotoxic concentrations. After exposure to SLS, IL-1α was released within 1 hour, suggesting that IL-1α release is associated with membrane damage, whereas IL-8 release continued for 24 hours, suggesting that IL-8 was produced within the cells. Cytotoxicity tests and IL-8 release assays were also performed on seven other surfactants. The results show that moderate irritants CPB and PEG-4 dioleate, which have weak cytotoxic effects, significantly increased IL-8 release from human keratinocytes. It is suggested that measurement of IL-8 release is useful for predicting the irritation potential of chemicals which cannot be detected by using the NRU cytotoxicity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Shibata
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Takanari Tsuda
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kato
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kobayashi
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ichikawa
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morikawa
- Shiseido Safety and Analytical Research Center, 1050 Nippa-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan
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van de Sandt J, Roguet R, Cohen C, Esdaile D, Ponec M, Corsini E, Barker C, Fusenig N, Liebsch M, Benford D, de Brugerolle de Fraissinette A, Fartasch M. The Use of Human Keratinocytes and Human Skin Models for Predicting Skin Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:723-43. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes van de Sandt
- Toxicology Division, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Roguet
- Life Sciences Research, L'Oréal Advanced Research, Central Department of Products Safety, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Catherine Cohen
- Life Sciences Research, L'Oréal Advanced Research, Central Department of Products Safety, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - David Esdaile
- Rhône-Poulenc, BP 153, 355 Rue Dostoievski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carol Barker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Norbert Fusenig
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Tumorzellregulation, Abteilung Differenzierung und Carcinogenese, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Diane Benford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
| | | | - Manigé Fartasch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Hantmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Welss T, Basketter DA, Schröder KR. In vitro skin irritation: facts and future. State of the art review of mechanisms and models. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:231-43. [PMID: 15046769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the main target tissue for exogenous noxes, protecting us from harmful environmental hazards, UV-irradiation and endogenous water loss. It is composed of three layers, whereas the outermost epidermis is a squamous epithelium that mainly consists of keratinocytes. These cells execute a terminal differentiation, which finally results in the assembly of the stratum corneum. This layer, consisting of cornified keratinocytes, is an effective barrier against a vast number of substances. Apart of this, keratinocytes play crucial roles in the immune surveillance and the initiation, modulation and regulation of inflammation in the epidermis. Regarding cutaneous inflammatory reactions, skin irritation is one of the most common adverse effect in humans. For reasons of human safety assessment new chemicals are still evaluated for irritant potentials by application to animals followed by visible changes such as erythema and oedema. Testing for skin irritation in animals potentially cause them pain and discomfort. Furthermore, the results are not always predictive for those found in humans. In order to replace animal testing and to improve the prediction of irritants, the cosmetic and toiletry industry, in Europe represented by Colipa, develops and uses several alternative in vitro test systems. In this respect, the use of in vitro reconstructed organotypic skin equivalents are mostly favored, because of their increasingly close resemblance to human skin. Due to ethical and scientific questions and on account of the 7th amendment of the European Council Directive 76/768/EEC, the authors see the requirement to drive the development of alternative tests for irritants. Therefore, this article centres on cosmetic ingredients and provides the readership an overview of the state of art of cellular mechanisms of skin irritation and summarizes the results of the commonly used skin equivalents to evaluate irritation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welss
- VTB-Skin Biochemistry, Henkel KGaA, Building Z33, Henkelstrasse 67, D-40191, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Yang EK, Yoon HH, Lee DH, Park JK. Assessment of toxic potential of industrial chemicals using a cultured human bioartificial skin model: production of interleukin 1alpha and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. SKIN PHARMACOLOGY AND APPLIED SKIN PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 13:246-57. [PMID: 10940814 DOI: 10.1159/000029930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assays using artificial skin are proposed as alternative methods for in vitro tests to minimize animals used in ocular and dermal irritation testing. The responses of the artificial skins were studied to a well-characterized chemical irritant, such as toluene, glutaraldehyde and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and a nonirritant, such as polyethylene glycol. The evaluation of irritating and nonirritating test chemicals was also compared with responses seen in human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes grown in monolayer culture. The responses monitored included the MTT mitochondrial functionality assay. In order to better understand the local mechanisms involved in skin damage and repair, the productions of several mitogenic proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 15-HETE were investigated. Dose-dependent increases in the levels of IL-1alpha and HETEs were observed in the underlying medium of the skin systems exposed to two skin irritants, glutaraldehyde and SLS. The results of the present study show that both human artificial skins can be used as efficient testing models for the evaluation of skin toxicity in vitro and for screening the contact skin irritancy in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Yang
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
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6
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IL-1α and IL-1ra secretion from epidermal equivalents and the prediction of the irritation potential of mild soap and surfactant-based consumer products. Toxicol In Vitro 1999; 13:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(98)00088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Müller-Decker K, Heinzelmann T, Fürstenberger G, Kecskes A, Lehmann WD, Marks F. Arachidonic acid metabolism in primary irritant dermatitis produced by patch testing of human skin with surfactants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 153:59-67. [PMID: 9875300 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A clinical study was performed to determine the effects of patch testing human skin with four industrially used surfactants on erythema formation, transepidermal water loss, and the contents in suction blister fluids of primary proinflammatory mediators including arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and IL-1 alpha, which were analyzed by quantitative gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and by an enzyme-immunoassay, respectively. Benzalkonium chloride (BKCI) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) elicited erythema and caused increased transepidermal water loss, indicating a disturbance of the epidermal barrier. Triethanolamine (TEA) and Tween 80 did not evoke these gross symptoms of inflammation. Suction blister fluids collected after a 24-h application of BKCl, SLS, and Tween 80 contained significantly increased amounts of individual eicosanoids whereas TEA induced no response. The induced eicosanoid profile was characteristic for each compound, pointing to different cell types of skin to be involved in their production. The elevation of prostaglandin and LTB4 contents correlated with the induction of erythema and the impairment of the epidermal barrier as shown for BKCl and SLS and preceded the maximum of erythema formation. IL-1 alpha contents did not correlate with these gross symptoms of inflammation. The results of this in vivo study support those of a previous study using human keratinocytes in culture indicating the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins to be an early event involved in the interaction of keratinocytes with surfactants. Moreover, the in vivo data with human skin underscore the mechanistic relationship to the in vitro model and support the concept that arachidonic acid and eicosanoid release from keratinocytes can be used as a marker of primary skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller-Decker
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Department Biochemistry of Tissue Specific Regulation, Berlin, Germany
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Parnigotto PP, Bassani V, Montesi F, Conconi MT. Bovine corneal stroma and epithelium reconstructed in vitro: characterisation and response to surfactants. Eye (Lond) 1998; 12 ( Pt 2):304-10. [PMID: 9683960 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1998.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to define safety profiles and proper handling procedures for new industrial products, it is essential to determine their potential for ocular irritation. The Draize test is normally employed but it involves using rabbits. There is today a great need for all researchers to limit the use of animals for laboratory experiments and to encourage the development and adoption of alternative in vitro methods to evaluate the potential toxicity of new products. This study proposes a three-dimensional model of bovine corneal stroma and epithelium that is not only easy to reproduce but may also be used in the toxicological field as an alternative to animal experimentation. The data presented here show that this model allows the growth of epithelium similar in features to in vivo epithelium. Basal cells are cube-shaped, whereas superficial areas are horizontally longer; desmosomes and 64 kDa keratin, as a marker for differentiation of corneal epithelial cells, are both expressed; the basal lamina is synthesised also. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out on the model to evaluate the toxicity of some surfactants: benzalkonium chloride, Triton X-100, sodium dodecylsulphate and Tween 20. Since the in vitro data fit very well the results of the Draize test in vivo as reported in the literature, the three-dimensional culture may be used to predict the potential cytotoxicity of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Parnigotto
- Interdepartmental Centre for Study of Keratinocytes: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Applications, University of Padua, Italy
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Parnigotto PP, Bernuzzo S, Bruno P, Conconi MT, Montesi F. Characterization and applications of human epidermis reconstructed in vitro on de-epidermized derma. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1998; 53:125-31. [PMID: 9604320 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(97)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years in vitro models have been developed to avoid the use of animals in cutaneous toxicological studies. Submerged human keratinocyte cultures in vitro could be so far employed as an alternative to animal testing and a good correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, these submerged cultures are lacking in the stratum corneum which acts as a barrier to chemical toxicity, so that this type of culture is far from the in vivo situation. A better alternative method seems to be the use of in vitro reconstructed skin at the air-liquid interface that closely resembles the in vivo situation. In this work, in a first step we have characterized human epidermis reconstructed in vitro on de-epidermized derma (DED) after a two-week air exposure. Human skin reconstituted in vitro on DED was histologically similar to the in vivo skin. A stratified epidermis including the stratum corneum was obtained. The presence of basal lamina as well as of various important markers for epidermal differentiation (involucrin, K10 keratin, and filaggrin) were revealed. In a second step we have tested the cytotoxic and morphological effects of four surfactants on our model. A good rank correlation has been shown to exist between the irritation potency of surfactants on our model and reported ocular irritancy in vivo. From our results, in vitro reconstituted human skin could represent an attractive model for irritancy testing and could be an in vitro replacement for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Parnigotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Italy
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10
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Lawrence J. Application of in vitro human skin models to dermal irritancy: a brief overview and future prospects. Toxicol In Vitro 1997; 11:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(97)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/1997] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Geesin JC, Brown LJ, Liu Z, Berg RA. Development of a skin model based on insoluble fibrillar collagen. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1996; 33:1-8. [PMID: 8734067 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199621)33:1<1::aid-jbm1>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible, 3-dimensional, noncontracting, crosslinked collagen matrix was adapted to promote differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. To produce the matrix, a 3% wt/wt dispersion of insoluble bovine collagen containing 5 mg polylysine/g collagen in 0.001 N HCl was blended, lyophilized, and crosslinked using a dehydrothermal technique. Matrices 4 cm2 and 3 mm thick were seeded with human dermal fibroblasts (1 x 10(5)/cm2). After 5 days in culture, the matrices were seeded with human epidermal keratinocytes (1 x 10(5)/cm2). The cultures were grown submerged for 1 week and raised to the liquid/air interface for 3 weeks to promote epidermal differentiation. Based on morphology and immunological staining with antibodies for human involucrin, keratin 1 (k1), filaggrin, and loricrin, the state of differentiation of the epidermal layer was nearly equivalent to that seen with cultures grown on contracted collagen lattices produced according to the methodology described in the literature and similar to the pattern produced in normal neonatal foreskin. These results demonstrate the usefulness of an in vitro skin model employing a crosslinked collagen matrix that permits the incorporation of additional covalently linked bioactive molecules during matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Geesin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, USA
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12
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Featherstone J, Dykes PJ, Marks R. The growth of ichthyotic epidermal cells in a 3-dimensional reconstruction of human skin, the skin equivalent. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20:313-8. [PMID: 8548989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1995.tb01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the differentiation of ichthyotic epidermis in vitro using the skin equivalent model. The morphology of these ichthyotic cultures has been investigated using histopathological and histometric techniques including epidermal and stratum corneum thickness measurements. The skin equivalents have also been investigated for the presence of markers of differentiation using immunolocalization techniques. These markers include the 65.5 and 67 kDa keratins, desmoplakin, involucrin, laminin and filaggrin. It has been shown that the ichthyotic epidermis develops a fully differentiated epidermis and stratum corneum, equivalent to those seen in normal skin equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Featherstone
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Differential effects of chemical irritants in rabbit and human skin organ cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 1995; 9:157-68. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)00201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/1994] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Dykes PJ, Black DR, York M, Dickens AD, Marks R. A stepwise procedure for evaluating irritant materials in normal volunteer subjects. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14:204-11. [PMID: 7779447 DOI: 10.1177/096032719501400209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The cutaneous response to a known irritant has been assessed in human volunteer subjects using both clinical scoring and two non-invasive instrumental methods; erythema measurement using an erythema meter and capillary blood flow using a laser Doppler device. 2. Aqueous solutions (0.5% and 1%) of sodium hydroxide were applied to back skin for 3, 15 and 60 min with assessments immediately after removal and at 1, 24 and 48 hours. 3. Increased erythema was seen with increasing duration of exposure and an increase was also seen at 1 h, 24 h and 48 h after removal of the patch. The results obtained with the erythema meter paralleled the clinical erythema scores. However, the laser Doppler device showed the greatest changes immediately after removal of the patch with subsequent readings showing a gradual decrease. 4. Statistical analysis of the data has been carried out to determine the accuracy and precision of the assessment procedures and to determine the minimum test panel size for detecting irritant reactions. 5. Comparison between back and forearm skin indicated a greater sensitivity to sodium hydroxide on the back. 6. The results of this study define an ethical approach to testing irritant materials in human subjects and provide the basis for the development of a classification system for cutaneous irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dykes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Episkin, a reconstituted human epidermis for assessing in vitro the irritancy of topically applied compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/1993] [Revised: 05/28/1993] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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PONEC MARIA. In vitro cultured human skin cells as alternatives to animals for skin irritancy screening. Int J Cosmet Sci 1992; 14:245-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1992.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Gay R, Swiderek M, Nelson D, Ernesti A. The living skin equivalent as a model in vitro for ranking the toxic potential of dermal irritants. Toxicol In Vitro 1992; 6:303-15. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(92)90020-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1991] [Revised: 02/05/1992] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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