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Canal-Raffin M, L'Azou B, Martinez B, Sellier E, Fawaz F, Robinson P, Ohayon-Courtès C, Baldi I, Cambar J, Molimard M, Moore N, Brochard P. Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WG(R) and Myco 500(R), two commercial forms of folpet. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007; 4:8. [PMID: 17883864 PMCID: PMC2211752 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides, in particular folpet, have been found in rural and urban air in France in the past few years. Folpet is a contact fungicide and has been widely used for the past 50 years in vineyards in France. Slightly water-soluble and mostly present as particles in the environment, it has been measured at average concentration of 40.1 mug/m3 during its spraying, 0.16-1.2 mug/m3 in rural air and around 0.01 mug/m3 in urban air, potentially exposing both the workers and the general population. However, no study on its penetration by inhalation and on its respiratory toxicity has been published. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of folpet particles (morphology, granulometry, stability) in its commercial forms under their typical application conditions. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of these particles and the generation of reactive oxygen species were assessed in vitro on respiratory cells. RESULTS Granulometry of two commercial forms of folpet (Folpan 80WG(R) and Myco 500(R)) under their typical application conditions showed that the majority of the particles (>75%) had a size under 5 mum, and therefore could be inhaled by humans. These particles were relatively stable over time: more than 75% of folpet remained in the particle suspension after 30 days under the typical application conditions. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) on human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) was found to be between 2.89 and 5.11 mug/cm2 for folpet commercial products after 24 h of exposure. Folpet degradation products and vehicles of Folpan 80 WG(R) did not show any cytotoxicity at tested concentrations. At non-cytotoxic and subtoxic concentrations, Folpan 80 WG(R) was found to increase DCFH-DA fluorescence. CONCLUSION These results show that the particles of commercial forms of folpet are relatively stable over time. Particles could be easily inhaled by humans, could reach the conducting airways and are cytotoxic to respiratory cells in vitro. Folpet particles may mediate its toxicity directly or indirectly through ROS-mediated alterations. These data constitute the first step towards the risk assessment of folpet particles by inhalation for human health. This work confirms the need for further studies on the effect of environmental pesticides on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Canal-Raffin
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatrice L'Azou
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatrice Martinez
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabeth Sellier
- Centre de Ressource en Microscopie Electronique et Microanalyse, Université Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fawaz Fawaz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie (EA 3677), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philip Robinson
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Celine Ohayon-Courtès
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Cambar
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Molimard
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Département de Pharmacologie (INSERM U657), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Brochard
- Laboratoire Santé-Travail-Environnement (EA 3672), Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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