Assignment of 35 single-copy and 17 repetitive sequence DNA probes to human chromosome 3: high-resolution physical mapping of 7 DNA probes by in situ hybridization

Construction of human chromosome-3-specific radiation hybrids and characterization by Alu-PCR

Using a modification of the procedure developed by Cox et al. [Genomics 4 (1989) 397-407], we isolated and characterized 60 radiation hybrids (RH) prepared by fusing an X-ray-irradiated Chinese hamster-human chromosome 3 (Chr 3) cell line (Q314-2) with a UrdA Chinese hamster mutant cell line. The RH were screened for human DNA content by PCR amplification using primers directed to the human Alu repeat sequences. Over 80% (50/60) were scored as positive for the retention of human DNA. Of them, 18 were characterized with Chr-3-specific single-copy DNA probes of known map location. These experiments demonstrated that the RH analyzed contained distinct subregions of human Chr 3. The RH that we have produced constitute a bank of cellular clones containing small segments of Chr 3. In the accompanying paper [Atchison et al., Gene 151 (1994) 325-328], we present the construction of rare-restriction-site linking libraries and the sequence tagged site characterization of in situ localized clones.

Construction of rare restriction site (NotI, SacII and ClaI) linking libraries and sequence-tagged site analysis of single-copy clones from a human chromosome-3-specific library

We have constructed rare restriction-site (NotI, SacII and ClaI) chromosome 3 (Chr 3)-specific linking libraries in a plasmid-based vector by mass transfer of a lambda phage human Chr-3-specific library (LA03NS01-ATCC57717) into pUC18. Total plasmid DNA isolated from the plasmid-based Chr-3-specific library was digested with either ClaI, NotI or SacII. Linear molecules were separated from undigested circles by pulsed-field polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Purified linear molecules were circularized with T4 DNA ligase and transformed into bacteria. The resulting clones were greatly enriched for sequences recognized by the original restriction endonuclease used for digestion (83 to 95%). These sublibraries are composed of 600 (NotI) 1000 (SacII) or 30,000 (ClaI) clones. Thus, this procedure allows for easy isolation of Chr-3-specific DNA clones containing a variety of rare restriction sites. Sequence-tagged site (STS) data are also presented for five site-specifically mapped Chr-3-specific DNA clones. These studies may facilitate the construction of region specific linking libraries for mapping of various disease-specific loci on Chr 3.

A high-resolution cytogenetic map of human chromosome 3: localization of 291 new cosmid markers by direct R-banding fluorescence in situ hybridization

We localized 291 new cosmid markers (including 65 RFLPs) on human chromosome 3 by direct R-banding fluorescence in situ hybridization. This system, which is based on fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with replicated prometaphase R-bands, allows the direct visualization of signals on R-banded prometaphases stained with propidium iodide and provides a more rapid and efficient method for genome mapping of cosmid clones. The signals of 291 markers examined here were localized preferentially to R-positive bands throughout chromosome 3. The detailed map positions of 366 clones and the characterization of 142 RFLPs, including the preliminary data reported by Yamakawa et al. (1991, Genomics 9: 536-543; and 11: 565-572), are summarized. This high-resolution cytogenetic map (average distance of 0.58 Mb), in conjunction with a genetic linkage map, can facilitate the analysis of chromosomal and molecular aberrations in genetic diseases and cancers. Furthermore, these mapping data will provide many useful landmarks for the construction of contig maps of chromosome 3.

A genetic linkage map of 41 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers for human chromosome 3

A genetic linkage map for human chromosome 3 has been constructed using 41 polymorphic DNA markers genotyped in 40 CEPH reference families. The map spans a genetic distance of 261 cM in males and 413 cM in females; the ratio of these distances (approximately 1.6 in favor of female meioses) was fairly constant across the map. Frequency of recombination was relatively uniform throughout much of the chromosome, except that in both telomeric regions recombination was more frequent than the physical distances would predict. The genetic map was basically in agreement with physical localization of 24 loci that were mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization. This map can be used for linkage studies for genetic diseases, and it will serve as a step toward a high-resolution map for human chromosome 3.

Localization of 616 human chromosome 3-specific cosmids using a somatic cell hybrid deletion mapping panel

A total of 5700 human chromosome 3-specific cosmid clones was isolated from a series of cosmid libraries constructed from somatic cell hybrids whose only human component was an entire chromosome 3 or a chromosome 3 containing an interstitial deletion removing 50% of long arm sequences. Several unique sequence chromosome 3-specific hybridization probes were isolated from each of 616 of these cosmids. These probes were then used to localize the cosmids by hybridization to a somatic cell hybrid deletion mapping panel capable of resolving chromosome 3 into nine distinct subregions. All 616 of the cosmids were localized to either the long or short arm of chromosome 3 and 63% of the short arm cosmids were more precisely localized. We have identified a total of 87 cosmids that contain fragments that are evolutionarily conserved. Fragments from these cosmids should prove useful in the identification of new chromosome 3-specific genes as well as in comparative mapping studies. The localized cosmids should provide excellent saturation of human chromosome 3 and facilitate the construction of physical and genetic linkage maps to identify various disease loci including Von Hippel Lindau disease and renal and small cell lung carcinoma.

Isolation and mapping of 75 new DNA markers on human chromosome 3

We have isolated and mapped 75 new DNA markers including 52 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on human chromosome 3. Clones were mapped by nonisotopic in situ hybridization, in which discrete fluorescent signals can be detected on prometaphase R-banded chromosomes. Thirty-seven markers were mapped to each arm of chromosome 3, and one was localized to the centromere. Five markers defined variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci. Although the 75 clones were scattered throughout the chromosome, they were concentrated in the R-positive bands. This physical map of chromosome 3 will contribute to the characterization of the chromosomal and molecular aberrations involved in renal cell carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, and other malignancies and in single-gene disorders such as von Hippel-Lindau disease and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.