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Kannan S, Lock I, Ozenberger BB, Jones KB. Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:474-493. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Kannan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ian Lock
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
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2
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Ommer J, Selfe JL, Wachtel M, O'Brien EM, Laubscher D, Roemmele M, Kasper S, Delattre O, Surdez D, Petts G, Kelsey A, Shipley J, Schäfer BW. Aurora A Kinase Inhibition Destabilizes PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN and Synergizes with Navitoclax to Induce Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Death. Cancer Res 2019; 80:832-842. [PMID: 31888889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinically aggressive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) subtype is characterized by expression of the oncogenic fusion protein PAX3-FOXO1, which is critical for tumorigenesis and cell survival. Here, we studied the mechanism of cell death induced by loss of PAX3-FOXO1 expression and identified a novel pharmacologic combination therapy that interferes with PAX3-FOXO1 biology at different levels. Depletion of PAX3-FOXO1 in fusion-positive (FP)-RMS cells induced intrinsic apoptosis in a NOXA-dependent manner. This was pharmacologically mimicked by the BH3 mimetic navitoclax, identified as top compound in a screen from 208 targeted compounds. In a parallel approach, and to identify drugs that alter the stability of PAX3-FOXO1 protein, the same drug library was screened and fusion protein levels were directly measured as a read-out. This revealed that inhibition of Aurora kinase A most efficiently negatively affected PAX3-FOXO1 protein levels. Interestingly, this occurred through a novel specific phosphorylation event in and binding to the fusion protein. Aurora kinase A inhibition also destabilized MYCN, which is both a functionally important oncogene and transcriptional target of PAX3-FOXO1. Combined treatment with an Aurora kinase A inhibitor and navitoclax in FP-RMS cell lines and patient-derived xenografts synergistically induced cell death and significantly slowed tumor growth. These studies identify a novel functional interaction of Aurora kinase A with both PAX3-FOXO1 and its effector MYCN, and reveal new opportunities for targeted combination treatment of FP-RMS. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that Aurora kinase A and Bcl-2 family proteins are potential targets for FP-RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ommer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleanor M O'Brien
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Laubscher
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Roemmele
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kasper
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delattre
- France INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- France INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gemma Petts
- Department of Diagnostic Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Diagnostic Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Hu Q, Yuan Y, Wang C. Structural and functional studies of FKHR-PAX3, a reciprocal fusion gene of the t(2;13) chromosomal translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68065. [PMID: 23799156 PMCID: PMC3683129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer of skeletal muscle. More than 70% of ARMS tumors carry balanced t(2;13) chromosomal translocation that leads to the production of two novel fusion genes, PAX3-FKHR and FKHR-PAX3. While the PAX3-FKHR gene has been intensely studied, the reciprocal FKHR-PAX3 gene has rarely been described. We report here the cloning and functional characterization of the FKHR-PAX3 gene as the first step towards a better understanding of its potential impact on ARMS biology. From RH30 ARMS cells, we detected and isolated three versions of FKHR-PAX3 cDNAs whose C-terminal sequences corresponded to PAX3c, PAX3d, and PAX3e isoforms. Unlike the nuclear-specific localization of PAX3-FKHR, the reciprocal FKHR-PAX3 proteins stayed predominantly in the cytoplasm. FKHR-PAX3 potently inhibited myogenesis in both non-transformed myoblast cells and ARMS cells. We showed that FKHR-PAX3 was not a classic oncogene but could act as a facilitator in oncogenic pathways by stabilizing PAX3-FKHR expression, enhancing cell proliferation, clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and matrix adhesion in vitro, and accelerating the onset of tumor formation in xenograft mouse model in vivo. In addition to these pro-oncogenic behaviors, FKHR-PAX3 also negatively affected cell migration and invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Taken together, these functional characteristics suggested that FKHR-PAX3 might have a critical role in the early stage of ARMS development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Neoplasms/genetics
- Muscle Neoplasms/metabolism
- Muscle Neoplasms/pathology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/secondary
- Transcriptional Activation
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiande Hu
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yewen Yuan
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chiayeng Wang
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), an aggressive malignant neoplasm that shows features of skeletal muscle, is the most common soft tissue tumor of childhood. In children, the major subtypes are embryonal and alveolar. Although localized disease responds to a multimodal treatment, the prognosis for patients with high-risk features and metastasis remains dismal. Several in vivo models of RMS have been developed in mouse, human xenografts, zebrafish, and Drosophila to better understand the underlying mechanisms governing malignancy. The findings so far have indicated the potential role of skeletal muscle precursor cells in malignant transformation. To better understand histogenesis and different aspects of tumorigenesis in RMS, we have previously developed a robust zebrafish model of kRAS-induced RMS, which shares morphologic and immunophenotypic features with the human counterpart. Cross-species mircroarray comparisons confirm that conserved genetic pathways drive RMS growth. The ease for ex vivo manipulation allows the development of different transgenic and co-injection strategies to induce tumor formation in zebrafish. In contrast to other vertebrate model systems, the tumor onset in zebrafish is short, allowing for efficient study of different tumor processes including tumor growth, self-renewal, and maintenance.
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5
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Abstract
The diagnosis of paediatric solid tumours is often based on small tissue needle biopsies in which many different entities demonstrate a "small round cell tumour" phenotype and in which there may be insufficient tissue to allow the interpretation of diagnostic architectural features, which may be present in larger specimens. Therefore, the extensive use of a panel of immunohistochemical markers is part of the routine handling and investigation of such biopsies to reach a definite diagnosis. However, in some cases the morphological and routine immunohistochemical findings may be insufficient for a precise diagnosis or they may be difficult to interpret in the given clinical context. Although many paediatric tumours exhibit characteristic chromosomal translocations with resultant specific fusion transcripts, these require molecular methods for their detection, usually on fresh tissue samples, which may not always be available. As more immunohistochemical markers become available, more precise diagnosis on such small biopsies may be possible. This review examines the use of the immunohistochemical markers, MyoD1 and myogenin, in the diagnosis of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma, including its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Sebire
- Department of Histopathology, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London GU21 2FB, UK.
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6
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Fernández JE, Prados J, Melquizo C, Arena N, Malavasi F, Alvarez L, Aránega A. Characterization of a new human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, RMS-GR. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:525-32. [PMID: 9685856 PMCID: PMC5921857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb03293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A human tumor cell line designated RMS-GR was established from an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The monolayer cells were polygonal, round or spindle-shaped. The RMS-GR cell line became stable with a doubling time of 42 h. Tumorigenicity of the cells was confirmed by heterotransplantion into nude mice. Electron microscopic images showed typical cytoplasmic inclusion of aggregated intermediate filaments and myofibril-like thin filaments. The expression of desmin, vimentin, actin and human myoglobin was recognized by cytofluorometric analyses, and a large fraction of CK-MM and small fractions of CK-BB and MCK-1 isoenzymes were found. Chromosomal analysis showed that the modal chromosome number was consistently near triploid with structural abnormalities mostly involving chromosomes 1, 3 and 8, and additional unidentified markers. No alteration of chromosome 2 was observed. The RMS-GR cell line may provide a system to identify genes which are involved in the pathogenic mechanism of rhabdomyosarcomas, and to investigate the modulation of myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fernández
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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7
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Barr FG, Nauta LE, Hollows JC. Structural analysis of PAX3 genomic rearrangements in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 102:32-9. [PMID: 9530337 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the pediatric cancer alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, the (2;13)(q35;q14) translocation juxtaposes PAX3 and FKHR to produce a chimeric PAX3-FKHR gene. With the use of Southern blot methodology, genomic rearrangements of PAX3 intron 7 were detected in 23 of 23 fusion-positive alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and were not detected in 19 fusion-negative embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Rearrangements corresponding to the reciprocal FKHR-PAX3 fusion were detected in 21 of 23 PAX3-FKHR-positive cases, though FKHR-PAX3 transcripts were detected in only 15 of 23 cases. Mapping experiments demonstrated that breakpoints occurred throughout this 17.5 kb PAX3 intron and, in 12 of 23 cases, breakpoints clustered within a 4.5-kb region at the 3' end of the intron. Chromatin analysis revealed a prominent DNase I hypersensitive site at the 5' end of the intron but did not indicate any other DNA-protein interactions that might have affected the breakpoint distribution. Sequence analysis identified AT-rich regions within the 3' cluster, as well as alternating purine-pyrimidine and homopyrimidine elements at the borders of this cluster. These finding suggest that translocation breakpoints are constrained to PAX3 intron 7 primarily by functional boundaries related to the flanking exons and may be secondarily affected by sequence features within this intron.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Barr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6082, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pappo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2729, USA
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9
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Barr FG. Fusions involving paired box and fork head family transcription factors in the pediatric cancer alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997; 220:113-29. [PMID: 9103678 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60479-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
MESH Headings
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/ultrastructure
- DNA/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Humans
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- PAX7 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6082, USA
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10
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Reichmuth C, Markus MA, Hillemanns M, Atkinson MJ, Unni KK, Saretzki G, Höfler H. The diagnostic potential of the chromosome translocation t(2;13) in rhabdomyosarcoma: a Pcr study of fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded tumour samples. J Pathol 1996; 180:50-7. [PMID: 8943815 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199609)180:1<50::aid-path629>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14) has been reported in alveolar paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. The rearrangement leads to the juxtaposition of the PAX-3 and FORKHEAD genes and the production of a fusion protein with putative transcriptional regulatory activity. The diagnostic potential of this translocation has been examined using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect translocations in both fresh-frozen and archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rhabdomyosarcoma. A total of 25 tumours and one cell line were examined. PAX-3-FORKHEAD chimeric mRNAs were amplified by PCR in 8 of 15 cases of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Translocations were detectable in both fresh-frozen tissues (4 of 7) and paraffin-embedded tumours (3 of 7) and in the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Our study confirms that the t(2;13) translocation is not present in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, but can be detected in nearly half of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, whether fresh-frozen or paraffin-embedded. The PCR-based t(2;13) translocation assay can aid in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, but cannot replace a careful histopathological evaluation. It may contribute in further characterizing an otherwise undifferentiated small cell tumour, where it may be indicative of clinical behaviour.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Cryopreservation
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Paraffin Embedding
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/diagnosis
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/diagnosis
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reichmuth
- GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Pathologie, Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Alers JC, van Dekken H. Interphase cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors by non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 31:1-133. [PMID: 8938812 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Alers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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13
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Biegel JA, Nycum LM, Valentine V, Barr FG, Shapiro DN. Detection of the t(2;13)(q35;q14) and PAX3-FKHR fusion in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 12:186-92. [PMID: 7536457 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies of the pediatric solid tumor alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma have demonstrated the presence of a consistent chromosomal translocation, t(2;13)(q35;q14). We recently identified PAX3 and FKHR as the genes on chromosomes 2 and 13, respectively, that are juxtaposed by this translocation. As one means of detecting the t(2;13) translocation in clinical specimens, we have developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that may be used for both interphase and metaphase cells. Translocation of the 5' region of the FKHR gene to the derivative chromosome 2, and retention of the 3' region of FKHR on the derivative chromosome 13 [(der(13)], were demonstrated in metaphase cells from a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line with a previously identified t(2;13) translocation. A 5' PAX3 cosmid probe was shown to localize to 2q35 in normal cells, and to translocate to the der(13) in the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. In order to detect the der(13) in interphase nuclei, we labeled the 3'FKHR and the 5'PAX3 cosmid probes with digoxigenin and biotin, respectively, and used these in a two-color FISH assay. The presence of the der(13) was visualized as juxtaposed or overlapping red and green signals in metaphase and interphase tumor cells. The PAX3-FKHR FISH assay was then applied to a series of cytogenetically characterized pediatric sarcoma cell lines. The presence of the der(13) was demonstrated by FISH in all cases containing a cytogenetically detectable t(2;13). The FISH assay was then applied to a series of 20 embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma samples. All 10 of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma specimens demonstrated a der(13) with the FISH assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Biegel
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Fredericks WJ, Galili N, Mukhopadhyay S, Rovera G, Bennicelli J, Barr FG, Rauscher FJ. The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein created by the t(2;13) translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas is a more potent transcriptional activator than PAX3. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:1522-35. [PMID: 7862145 PMCID: PMC230376 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.3.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas are pediatric solid tumors with a hallmark cytogenetic abnormality: translocation of chromosomes 2 and 13 [t(2;13) (q35;q14)]. The genes on each chromosome involved in this translocation have been identified as the transcription factor-encoding genes PAX3 and FKHR. The NH2-terminal paired box and homeodomain DNA-binding domains of PAX3 are fused in frame to COOH-terminal regions of the chromosome 13-derived FKHR gene, a novel member of the forkhead DNA-binding domain family. To determine the role of the fusion protein in transcriptional regulation and oncogenesis, we identified the PAX3-FKHR fusion protein and characterized its function(s) as a transcription factor relative to wild-type PAX3. Antisera specific to PAX3 and FKHR were developed and used to examine PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR expression in tumor cell lines. Sequential immunoprecipitations with anti-PAX3 and anti-FKHR sera demonstrated expression of a 97-kDa PAX3-FKHR fusion protein in the t(2;13)-positive rhabdomyosarcoma Rh30 cell line and verified that a single polypeptide contains epitopes derived from each protein. The PAX3-FKHR protein was localized to the nucleus in Rh30 cells, as was wild-type PAX3, in t(2;13)-negative A673 cells. In gel shift assays using a canonical PAX binding site (e5 sequence), we found that DNA binding of PAX3-FKHR was significantly impaired relative to that of PAX3 despite the two proteins having identical PAX DNA-binding domains. However, the PAX3-FKHR fusion protein was a much more potent transcriptional activator than PAX3 as determined by transient cotransfection assays using e5-CAT reporter plasmids. The PAX3-FKHR protein may function as an oncogenic transcription factor by enhanced activation of normal PAX3 target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fredericks
- Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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15
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Sawyer JR, Crussi FG, Kletzel M. Pericentric inversion (2)(p15q35) in an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 78:214-8. [PMID: 7828156 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a 7-year-old girl with a pericentric inversion of chromosome 2, inv(2)(p15q35), in a "solid variant" of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The breakpoint in the long arm of chromosome 2 at band q35 is, at the cytogenetic level, identical to the breakpoint observed in the well-established reciprocal t(2;13)(q35;q14) associated with the alveolar subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma. In this case, however, no reciprocal translocation has occurred with chromosome 13 or any other chromosome, suggesting that the single critical breakpoint in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma may be located at 2q35.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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16
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Donner LR. Cytogenetics of tumors of soft tissue and bone. Implication for pathology. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 78:115-26. [PMID: 7828142 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathologists should be aware of the existence of diagnostically useful chromosomal rearrangements in several soft tissue and bone tumors. They include rearrangement of 8q12 in lipoblastomas, ring chromosomes in atypical lipomas, ring and giant marker chromosomes in well differentiated liposarcomas, t(12;16)(q13;p11) in myxoid liposarcomas, rearrangement of 7p21-22 in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, t(2;13)(q37;q14) in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) in synovial sarcomas, t(12;22) (q13;q13) in clear cell sarcomas, t(11;22)(q24;q12) in Ewing's sarcomas and peripheral neuroepitheliomas, and t(9;22)(q21-31;q11-12) in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Donner
- Department of Pathology, Scott & White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX 76508
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17
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Gusterson B, Shipley J, Crew J. Application of molecular genetics and cytogenetics to breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol 1994; 5 Suppl 4:17-23. [PMID: 8060893 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/5.suppl_4.s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade there have been considerable advances in understanding of the molecular events involved in the initiation and progression of a wide range of solid tumours. In many instances, cytogenetic abnormalities have been the first indication that there is a mutated gene at a particular locus. In colonic polyposis, for example, the loss of 5q material in a man with the disease indicated the importance of the region and led to the subsequent cloning of the gene. Interestingly, loss of this tumour suppressor gene is also seen in approximately 20%-50% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas, which suggests that it may be important to study these inherited syndromes to identify genes that may be more widely involved in carcinogenesis. It is also important to realize that the order in which different molecular events occur is unlikely to fit into predictable chronological patterns, and that there will be great variation in the molecular defects of tumours that otherwise appear morphologically similar and have a common pattern of clinical presentation and progression. This is because established tumours are probably composed of a number of subclones at the molecular level, and clonal selection will only take place if a particular mutation provides a selective growth advantage or it is necessary for a stage in progression, such as invasion or metastasis. Multiple sites of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) have been identified in a range of tumours, many of which may be sites of as yet unidentified tumour suppressor genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gusterson
- Section of Cell Biology and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K
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Galili N, Davis RJ, Fredericks WJ, Mukhopadhyay S, Rauscher FJ, Emanuel BS, Rovera G, Barr FG. Fusion of a fork head domain gene to PAX3 in the solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Genet 1993; 5:230-5. [PMID: 8275086 DOI: 10.1038/ng1193-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the structure and expression of the products associated with the t(2;13)(q35;q14) translocation associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The chromosome 13 gene (FKHR) is identified as a member of the fork head domain family of transcription factors characterized by a conserved DNA binding motif. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrates that a 5'PAX3-3' FKHR chimaeric transcript is expressed in all eight alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas investigated. Immunoprecipitation experiments detect the predicted fusion protein. These findings indicate that the t(2;13) generates a potentially tumorigenic fusion transcription factor consisting of intact PAX3 DNA binding domains, a truncated fork head DNA binding domain and C-terminal FKHR regions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Neoplasm
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galili
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Barr FG, Galili N, Holick J, Biegel JA, Rovera G, Emanuel BS. Rearrangement of the PAX3 paired box gene in the paediatric solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Genet 1993; 3:113-7. [PMID: 8098985 DOI: 10.1038/ng0293-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have determined that PAX3 (found previously to be mutated in Waardenburg syndrome) is the chromosome 2 locus rearranged by the t(2;13)(q35;q14) translocation of the paediatric solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The rearrangement breakpoints occur within an intron downstream of the paired box and homeodomain-encoding regions. Upstream PAX3 sequences hybridize to a novel transcript in t(2;13)-containing lines. Cloning and characterization of this novel transcript indicate that the translocation juxtaposes the PAX3 DNA binding elements with chromosome 13 sequences, suggesting formation of a hybrid transcription factor. Therefore, PAX3 gene alterations are associated with two completely unrelated human diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Chimera
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, Homeobox
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Barr
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shipley
- Section of Molecular Cytogenetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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