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Andreychuk YV, Zadorsky SP, Zhuk AS, Stepchenkova EI, Inge-Vechtomov SG. Relationship between Type I and Type II Template Processes: Amyloids and Genome Stability. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Koleck TA, Bender CM, Sereika SM, Brufsky AM, Lembersky BC, McAuliffe PF, Puhalla SL, Rastogi P, Conley YP. Polymorphisms in DNA repair and oxidative stress genes associated with pre-treatment cognitive function in breast cancer survivors: an exploratory study. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:422. [PMID: 27099827 PMCID: PMC4826652 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this exploratory candidate gene association study was to examine relationships between polymorphisms in oxidative stress and DNA repair genes and pre-adjuvant therapy cognitive function (CF) in postmenopausal women diagnosed with early stage-breast cancer. METHODS Using a neuropsychological test battery, CF was assessed in 138 women diagnosed with breast cancer prior to initiation of adjuvant therapy and 81 age- and education-matched controls and summarized across eight composites. Participants were genotyped for 39 functional or tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of select oxidative stress (CAT, GPX1, SEPP1, SOD1, and SOD2) and DNA repair (ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC5, and PARP1) genes. Multiple linear regression was used to determine if the presence or absence of one or more minor alleles account for variability in CF composite scores. Based on regression findings from the analysis of individual SNPs, weighted multi-gene, multi-polymorphism genetic risk scores (GRSs) were calculated to evaluate the collective effect of possession of multiple protective and/or risk alleles. RESULTS Each CF composite was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with one or more oxidative stress and DNA repair gene polymorphisms evaluated either by SNP main effects and/or SNP-by-prescribed breast cancer treatment group interactions. Each computed GRS was found to be significantly (p < 0.001) related to its corresponding CF composite. All associations were positive suggesting that as overall genetic protection increases, CF composite score increases (indicating better performance). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that genetic variation in the oxidative stress and DNA repair pathways may play an important role in pre-adjuvant therapy CF in breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Koleck
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Catherine M Bender
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Susan M Sereika
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA ; Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA ; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Barry C Lembersky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Priscilla F McAuliffe
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA ; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA ; Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Shannon L Puhalla
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Priya Rastogi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA ; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Mariucci G, Villarini M, Moretti M, Taha E, Conte C, Minelli A, Aristei C, Ambrosini MV. Brain DNA damage and 70-kDa heat shock protein expression in CD1 mice exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:701-10. [DOI: 10.3109/09553001003789588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lovell MA, Markesbery WR. Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7497-504. [PMID: 17947327 PMCID: PMC2190704 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for oxidative DNA damage in aging and several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Attack of DNA by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydroxyl radicals, can lead to strand breaks, DNA–DNA and DNA–protein cross-linking, and formation of at least 20 modified bases adducts. In addition, α,β-unsaturated aldehydic by-products of lipid peroxidation including 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein can interact with DNA bases leading to the formation of bulky exocyclic adducts. Modification of DNA bases by direct interaction with ROS or aldehydes can lead to mutations and altered protein synthesis. Several studies of DNA base adducts in late-stage AD (LAD) brain show elevations of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG), 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OHA), 5-hydroxycytosine (5-OHC), and 5-hydroxyuracil, a chemical degradation product of cytosine, in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from vulnerable regions of LAD brain compared to age-matched normal control subjects. Previous studies also show elevations of acrolein/guanine adducts in the hippocampus of LAD subjects compared to age-matched controls. In addition, studies of base excision repair show a decline in repair of 8-OHG in vulnerable regions of LAD brain. Our recent studies show elevated 8-OHG, 8-OHA, and 5,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine in both nuclear and mtDNA isolated from vulnerable brain regions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment, the earliest clinical manifestation of AD, suggesting that oxidative DNA damage is an early event in AD and is not merely a secondary phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Weissman L, de Souza-Pinto NC, Stevnsner T, Bohr VA. DNA repair, mitochondria, and neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1318-29. [PMID: 17092652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage is thought to be particularly deleterious in post-mitotic cells, which cannot be replaced through cell division. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates the importance of DNA damage responses for neuronal survival. Here, we summarize current literature on DNA damage responses in the mammalian CNS in aging and neurodegeneration. Base excision repair (BER) is the main pathway for the removal of small DNA base modifications, such as alkylation, deamination and oxidation, which are generated as by-products of normal metabolism and accumulate with age in various experimental models. Using neuronal cell cultures, human brain tissue and animal models, we and others have shown an active BER pathway functioning in the brain, both in the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. Mitochondrial DNA repair may play a more essential role in neuronal cells because these cells depend largely on intact mitochondrial function for energy metabolism. We have characterized several BER enzymes in mammalian mitochondria and have shown that BER activities change with age in mitochondria from different brain regions. Together, the results reviewed here advocate that mitochondrial DNA damage response plays an important role in aging and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weissman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Aging, IRP, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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6
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Silva JM, Garcia JM, Dominguez G, Silva J, Rodriguez R, Portero JL, Corbacho C, Provencio M, España P, Bonilla F. DNA damage after chemotherapy correlates with tumor response and survival in small cell lung cancer patients. Mutat Res 2000; 456:65-71. [PMID: 11087897 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the induction of chemotherapy (CT) DNA damage and its correlation with tumor response and patient survival, we undertook the present study in 20 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. All patients underwent the same treatment based on CT courses of carboplatin and etoposide. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after CT and every 12 weeks during follow-up. Nuclear DNA damage was determined through the variations in three mitochondrial pseudogene mutations in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They were detected by mutation-specific PCR and assessed by a semiquantitative method. The relative level of mutation rose after chemotherapy in all cases. Among the 11 patients (55%) with higher relative levels of mutations, 9 (82%) of them achieved a complete response. In contrast, of the 9 patients (45%) with lower relative levels of mutations, only 2 (18%) achieved a complete response, displaying a statistically significant difference (P=0.02). The overall survival for patients with marked genomic damage was 18 months (range 10-24), and for patients with low degree of DNA damage, it was 12 months (range 5-15) (P=0.002). Genomic damage detected after chemotherapy treatment correlates positively with tumor response and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Lovell MA, Xie C, Markesbery WR. Decreased base excision repair and increased helicase activity in Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res 2000; 855:116-23. [PMID: 10650137 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show an increase in DNA oxidation in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and decreased levels of the free repair product in CSF in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is a study of the activity of the base excision repair enzyme, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (responsible for the excision of 8-oxoguanine), and DNA helicase activity in nuclear protein samples from four brain regions of 10 AD and eight age-matched control subjects. Statistically significant (p<0.05) decreases in 8-oxoguanine glycosylase activity were observed in the nuclear fraction of AD hippocampal and parahippocampal gyri (HPG), superior and middle temporal gyri (SMTG), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). DNA helicase activity was elevated in all nuclear samples except the IPL with statistically significant elevations in the HPG and CER. Statistically significant depletion of helicase activity was observed in the nuclear fraction in AD IPL. Our results demonstrate that the repair capabilities for 8-oxoguanine are decreased in AD. The modest increase in DNA helicase activity in some brain regions in AD may interfere with base excision repair mechanisms. Overall, the decreased repair of DNA damage could be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lovell
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 101 Sanders-Brown Building, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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Deng G, Su JH, Ivins KJ, Van Houten B, Cotman CW. Bcl-2 facilitates recovery from DNA damage after oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:309-18. [PMID: 10486199 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major factor affecting the brain during aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons can be protected from oxidative stress, therefore, is critical for the prevention and treatment of such degeneration. Previous studies have shown that bcl-2 expression is increased in neurons with DNA damage in AD and bcl-2 has an antioxidant effect. The goal of this study is to document the effects of oxidative insults on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in PC12 cells and determine the extent to which bcl-2 prevents damage or facilitates repair. Using extralong PCR to amplify nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, the time course of DNA damage and repair was determined. Within minutes after exposure of cells to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, significant mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage was evident. Mitochondrial DNA was damaged to a greater degree than nuclear DNA. Expression of bcl-2 in PC12 cells inhibited nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside)- and peroxynitrite-induced cell death. Although oxidative insults caused both genomic and mitochondrial DNA damage in cells expressing bcl-2, recovery from DNA damage was accelerated in these cells. These results suggest that neuronal up-regulation of bcl-2 may facilitate DNA repair after oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deng
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
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Watanabe T, Sukegawa J, Sukegawa I, Tomita S, Iijima K, Oguchi S, Suzuki T, Nairn AC, Greengard P. A 127-kDa protein (UV-DDB) binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 1999; 72:549-56. [PMID: 9930726 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein with a short cytoplasmic domain of 47 amino acids. It is hoped that identification of proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic domain will provide new insights into the physiological function of APP and, in turn, into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To identify proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of APP, we employed affinity chromatography using an immobilized synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 645-694 of APP695 and identified a protein of approximately 130 kDa in rat brain cytosol. Amino acid sequencing of the protein revealed the protein to be a rat homologue of monkey UV-DDB (UV-damaged DNA-binding protein, calculated molecular mass of 127 kDa). UV-DDB/p127 co-immunoprecipitated with APP using an anti-APP antibody from PC12 cell lysates. APP also co-immunoprecipitated with UV-DDB/p127 using an anti-UV-DDB/p127 antibody. These results indicate that UV-DDB/p127, which is present in the cytosolic fraction, forms a complex with APP through its cytoplasmic domain. In vitro binding experiments using a glutathione S-transferase-APP cytoplasmic domain fusion protein and several mutants indicated that the YENPTY motif within the APP cytoplasmic domain, which is important in the internalization of APP and amyloid beta protein secretion, may be involved in the interaction between UV-DDB/p127 and APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Itzhaki RF. The aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 4:55-91. [PMID: 9439744 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0709-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R F Itzhaki
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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11
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12
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Lai H, Singh NP. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1996; 69:513-21. [PMID: 8627134 DOI: 10.1080/095530096145814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of acute (2-h) exposure to pulsed (2-micros pulse width, 500 pulses s(-1)) and continuous wave 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA strand breaks in brain cells of rat. The spatial averaged power density of the radiation was 2mW/cm2, which produced a whole-body average-specific absorption rate of 1.2W/kg. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual brain cells were measured at 4h post-exposure using a microgel electrophoresis assay. An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation, No significant difference was observed between the effects of the two forms of radiation. We speculate that these effects could result from a direct effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy on DNA molecules and/or impairment of DNA-damage repair mechanisms in brain cells. Our data further support the results of earlier in vitro and in vivo studies showing effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lai
- Bioelectromagetics Research Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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13
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Abstract
The primary focus of this review is on correlations found between DNA damage, repair, and aging. New techniques for the measurement of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual genes, in individual DNA strands and in individual nucleotides will allow us to gain information regarding the nature of these correlations. Fine structure studies of DNA damage and repair in specific regions, including active genes, telomeres, and mitochondria have begun. Considerable intragenomic DNA repair heterogeneity has been found, and there have been indications of relationships between aging and repair in specific regions. More studies are necessary, however, particularly studies of the repair of endogenous damage. It is emphasized that the information obtained must be viewed from a perspective that takes into account the total responses of the cell to damaging events and the inter-relationships that exist between DNA repair and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institutes on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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14
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Link CJ, Robbins JH, Bohr VA. Gene specific DNA repair of damage induced in familial Alzheimer disease cells by ultraviolet irradiation or by nitrogen mustard. Mutat Res 1995; 336:115-21. [PMID: 7885382 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(94)00051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have measured gene specific DNA repair in a normal human fibroblast cell line, and in fibroblast lines from two patients with familial Alzheimer disease (AD). Cells were treated with either ultraviolet radiation (UV) or the chemotherapeutic alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard (HN2). DNA damage formation and repair were studied in the active dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene for the main lesions introduced by each of these two types of DNA damaging agents. The gene specific repair of UV induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the human DHFR gene was 86% complete in the AD cells after 24 h of repair incubation. This repair efficiency was similar to what we and others have found in normal human fibroblasts. After treatment of the AD cells with HN2, we found the frequency of HN2 induced lesions in the DHFR gene to be similar to the frequency in the transcriptionally inactive delta-globin gene. The gene specific repair of HN2 induced lesions in the DHFR gene was completed within 8-24 h in the normal fibroblast line and in the familial AD line, and the repair kinetics were similar for both cell lines. These results indicate that familial AD fibroblasts have normal gene specific repair of both UV induced and HN2 induced DNA damage in active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Link
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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15
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Ettinger S, Weksler ME, Zhou X, Blass J, Szabo P. Chromosomal fragility associated with familial Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:190-9. [PMID: 8053655 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410360211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To test whether chromosomal instability is associated with familial Alzheimer's disease, we examined breakage on X chromosomes of fibroblasts derived from patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, using gene cotransfer methodology. The X chromosome is a convenient target for analyzing DNA breakage because of its numerous markers and ease of selection in rodent-human hybrid cells. Patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, including the large Nova Scotia Alzheimer's kindred, show a significantly lower cotransfer of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene with the selected HPRT gene in hybrid cells, indicating breakage between the markers. Lower cotransfer of the more distant X-linked gene, MIC-2, was statistically significant in this kindred, but not in other patients with familial Alzheimer's disease. The distance between MIC2 and HPRT is sixfold to ninefold greater than that between HPRT and G6PD, suggesting that there may be a "hot spot" for breakage in the latter interval on the X chromosome of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease. The somatic cell hybrid model provides insights into underlying mechanisms for chromosomal breakage induced by the Alzheimer defect. A hypothesis implicating a candidate gene, C1-THF synthase, in the generation of chromosome instability in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ettinger
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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Abstract
Inherited cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) comprise only a very small proportion of the total. The remainder are of unknown etiopathogenesis, but they are very probably multifactorial in origin. This article describes studies on four possible factors: aluminum; viruses--in particular, herpes simplex type I virus (HSV1); defective DNA repair; and head trauma. Specific problems associated with aluminum, such as inadvertent contamination and its insolubility, have led to some controversy over its usage. Nonetheless, the effects of aluminum on animals and neuronal cells in culture have been studied intensively. Changes in protein structure and location in the cell are described, including the finding in this laboratory of a change in tau resembling that in AD neurofibrillary tangles, and also the lack of appreciable binding of aluminum to DNA. As for HSV1, there has previously been uncertainty about whether HSV1 DNA is present in human brain. Work in this laboratory using polymerase chain reaction has shown that HSV1 DNA is present in many normal aged brains and AD brains, but is absent in brains from younger people. Studies on DNA damage and repair in AD and normal cells are described, and finally, the possible involvement of head trauma is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Itzhaki
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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Regland B, Gottfries CG. Slowed synthesis of DNA and methionine is a pathogenetic mechanism common to dementia in Down's syndrome, AIDS and Alzheimer's disease? Med Hypotheses 1992; 38:11-9. [PMID: 1535413 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(92)90153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This is a presentation of the hypothesis of a pathogenetic mechanism common to the dementia seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's Syndrome (DS) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). As there is experimental evidence of defective DNA repair capacity in AD and DS, unrepaired damage to DNA occurs in these diseases and may lead to complete breakdown of cellular function and ultimate cell death. Cobalamin and folate are coordinated in a vulnerable key position in the synthesis of DNA and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Cobalamin/folate deficiency, a significant feature in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and in AIDS-related dementia complex, will result in concomitant slowed synthesis of DNA and SAM. The enzyme cystathionine-beta-synthetase (CBS) has been localized to the chromosome band 21q22.3. Owing to gene dosage, CBS activity is increased in trisomy 21. As a consequence, cobalamin/folate metabolism is inhibited, which leads to slowing of DNA and SAM synthesis in DS patients. Amyloidosis is a hallmark of AD and DS brain neuropathology and recent experimental findings support the view that amyloid or amyloid precursors stimulate DNA synthesis, which is in agreement with the hypothesis presented in this paper. In summary, demented patients with cobalamin/folate deficiency, trisomy 21 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection display a simultaneous downregulation of DNA and SAM synthesis, which may indicate a pathway common to the dementia seen in AD, DS and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Regland
- Department of Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Uddevalla Hospital, Rosenhäll, Sweden
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18
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Ounanian A, Guilbert B, Seigneurin JM. Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cell lines from patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls. Mech Ageing Dev 1992; 63:105-16. [PMID: 1318479 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(92)90020-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of B cell lines isolated from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls were investigated after having been transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). After isolation of mononuclear blood cells and in vivo or in vitro EBV infection, 35 and 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were generated from 19 patients with AD (mean age 79.4 years) and 21 age-matched controls (mean age 80.0 years), respectively. B lymphocytes from AD patients were immortalised more easily than those from controls; the percentage of in vitro EBV infected LCLs (B95-LCLs) obtained in the AD group was significantly higher (76.2% versus 33.3% in the control group) and the mean time required for establishment was significantly lower (20.2 and 21.9 days versus 26.7 and 60.9 days in the control group). The EBV receptor and surface immunoglobulin (Ig) analyses showed no difference between the two groups. The expression of Epstein-Barr early antigens (EA) and viral capsid antigens (VCAs) revealed a tendency to higher viral replication in LCLs from AD patients; however, VCA expression remained limited to a small number of cells and did not affect overall cell growth. Finally, qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the pattern of Ig production. Whereas spontaneously established LCLs from AD patients were generally monoclonal (80% of LCLs versus 33% in the control group), B95-LCLs were all polyclonal and secreted more IgM and IgA than those from controls; the mean IgM level was significantly higher in B95-LCLs from the AD group. These results suggest that B cells derived from AD patients seemed to be less differentiated than cells from age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ounanian
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
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Boerrigter ME, van Duijn CM, Mullaart E, Eikelenboom P, van der Togt CM, Knook DL, Hofman A, Vijg J. Decreased DNA repair capacity in familial, but not in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1991; 12:367-70. [PMID: 1961372 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(91)90024-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using the alkaline filter elution technique we determined the induction and disappearance of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) in freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 43 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 48 normal, healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects following in vitro exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). The mean percentage SSB disappearance in PBL from control subjects at 1 h after ENU treatment was 41.4 +/- 2.9%; this was not significantly different from that found in samples from AD patients which had no (n = 16) or one (n = 12) first-degree relative with dementia (42.5 +/- 8.2% and 43.0 +/- 4.4%, respectively; p greater than 0.75). However, in PBL of 15 AD patients with at least two first-degree relatives with dementia the mean percentage SSB disappearance was 23.6 +/- 5.8%, which was significantly lower than that found in controls (p less than 0.01) or in the other AD patients (p less than 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Boerrigter
- Department of Molecular Biology, TNO Institute for Experimental Gerontology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Chen P, Kidson C, Lavin M. Heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease: evidence from cellular radiosensitivity and complementation of this phenotype. Mutat Res 1991; 256:21-7. [PMID: 1944384 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(91)90029-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radiosensitivity was studied in a series of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and normal controls by examining clonogenic survival and radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in lymphoblastoid cell lines. D0 values based on colony survival for AD and normals following exposure to gamma-rays were 0.86 +/- 0.04 and 1.14 +/- 0.03 Gy respectively. However, 2 of the AD cell lines had D0 values in the normal range. This increased radiosensitivity in AD cells was confirmed by an increased number of gamma-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in these cells. Cell fusion was employed to investigate the presence of different complementation groups for the radiosensitive phenotype in AD using frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations as a means of distinguishing different groups. Four complementation groups were found among 5 AD cell lines. These findings provide additional experimental evidence in support of heterogeneity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chen
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Martin GM, Schellenberg GD, Wijsman EM, Bird TD. Alzheimer's disease. Dominant susceptibility genes. Nature 1990; 347:124. [PMID: 2395467 DOI: 10.1038/347124a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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