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Rasimas JJ, Kar SR, Pegg AE, Fried MG. Interactions of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) with short single-stranded DNAs. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:3357-66. [PMID: 17138560 PMCID: PMC1941669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) repairs O6-alkylguanine and O4-alkylthymine adducts in single-stranded and duplex DNAs. Here we characterize the binding of AGT to single-stranded DNAs ranging in length from 5 to 78 nucleotides (nt). Binding is moderately cooperative (37.9 +/- 3.0
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Rasimas
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 and
| | - Sambit R. Kar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center
for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Anthony E. Pegg
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 and
| | - Michael G. Fried
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center
for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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2
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Rademakers S, Volker M, Hoogstraten D, Nigg AL, Moné MJ, Van Zeeland AA, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Houtsmuller AB, Vermeulen W. Xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein loads as a separate factor onto DNA lesions. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:5755-67. [PMID: 12897146 PMCID: PMC166334 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.16.5755-5767.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the main DNA repair pathway in mammals for removal of UV-induced lesions. NER involves the concerted action of more than 25 polypeptides in a coordinated fashion. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA) has been suggested to function as a central organizer and damage verifier in NER. How XPA reaches DNA lesions and how the protein is distributed in time and space in living cells are unknown. Here we studied XPA in vivo by using a cell line stably expressing physiological levels of functional XPA fused to green fluorescent protein and by applying quantitative fluorescence microscopy. The majority of XPA moves rapidly through the nucleoplasm with a diffusion rate different from those of other NER factors tested, arguing against a preassembled XPA-containing NER complex. DNA damage induced a transient ( approximately 5-min) immobilization of maximally 30% of XPA. Immobilization depends on XPC, indicating that XPA is not the initial lesion recognition protein in vivo. Moreover, loading of replication protein A on NER lesions was not dependent on XPA. Thus, XPA participates in NER by incorporation of free diffusing molecules in XPC-dependent NER-DNA complexes. This study supports a model for a rapid consecutive assembly of free NER factors, and a relatively slow simultaneous disassembly, after repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Rademakers
- Center for Biomedical Genetics, Medical Genetic Center-Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Janićijević A, Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Hanaoka F, Wijgers N, Djurica M, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Wyman C. DNA bending by the human damage recognition complex XPC-HR23B. DNA Repair (Amst) 2003; 2:325-36. [PMID: 12547395 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-7864(02)00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome integrity is maintained, despite constant assault on DNA, due to the action of a variety of DNA repair pathways. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) protects the genome from the deleterious effects of UV irradiation as well as other agents that induce chemical changes in DNA bases. The mechanistic steps required for eukaryotic NER involve the concerted action of at least six proteins or protein complexes. The specificity to incise only the DNA strand including the damage at defined positions is determined by the coordinated assembly of active protein complexes onto damaged DNA. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of the NER reactions and the origin of this specificity and control we analyzed the architecture of functional NER complexes at nanometer resolution by scanning force microscopy (SFM). In the initial step of damage recognition by XPC-HR23B we observe a protein induced change in DNA conformation. XPC-HR23B induces a bend in DNA upon binding and this is stabilized at the site of damage. We discuss the importance of the XPC-HR23B-induced distortion as an architectural feature that can be exploited for subsequent assembly of an active NER complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Janićijević
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Segers-Nolten GMJ, Wyman C, Wijgers N, Vermeulen W, Lenferink ATM, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Greve J, Otto C. Scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy for single molecule analysis of nucleotide excision repair complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:4720-7. [PMID: 12409463 PMCID: PMC135816 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2002] [Revised: 09/12/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy to observe and analyze individual DNA- protein complexes formed between human nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins and model DNA substrates. For this purpose human XPA protein was fused to EGFP, purified and shown to be functional. Binding of EGFP-labeled XPA protein to a Cy3.5-labeled DNA substrate, in the presence and absence of RPA, was assessed quantitatively by simultaneous excitation and emission detection of both fluorophores. Co-localization of Cy3.5 and EGFP signals within one diffraction limited spot indicated complexes of XPA with DNA. Measurements were performed on samples in a 1% agarose matrix in conditions that are compatible with protein activity and where reactions can be studied under equilibrium conditions. In these samples DNA alone was freely diffusing and protein-bound DNA was immobile, whereby they could be discriminated resulting in quantitative data on DNA binding. On the single molecule level approximately 10% of XPA co-localized with DNA; this increased to 32% in the presence of RPA. These results, especially the enhanced binding of XPA in the presence of RPA, are similar to those obtained in bulk experiments, validating the utility of scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy for investigating functional interactions at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M J Segers-Nolten
- Department of Applied Physics, Biophysical Technology Group, Biomedical Technology Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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5
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Cleaver JE, States JC. The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cells: the XPA damage binding protein. Biochem J 1997; 328 ( Pt 1):1-12. [PMID: 9359827 PMCID: PMC1218880 DOI: 10.1042/bj3280001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of human and other eukaryotic cells to recognize a disparate variety of damaged sites in DNA, and selectively excise and repair them, resides in a deceptively small simple protein, a 38-42 kDa zinc-finger binding protein, XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A), that has no inherent catalytic properties. One key to its damage-recognition ability resides in a DNA-binding domain which combines a zinc finger and a single-strand binding region which may infiltrate small single-stranded regions caused by helix-destabilizing lesions. Another is the augmentation of its binding capacity by interactions with other single-stranded binding proteins and helicases which co-operate in the binding and are unloaded at the binding site to facilitate further unwinding of the DNA and subsequent catalysis. The properties of these reactions suggest there must be considerable conformational changes in XPA and associated proteins to provide a flexible fit to a wide variety of damaged structures in the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cleaver
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0750, USA
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6
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Kuraoka I, Morita EH, Saijo M, Matsuda T, Morikawa K, Shirakawa M, Tanaka K. Identification of a damaged-DNA binding domain of the XPA protein. Mutat Res 1996; 362:87-95. [PMID: 8538652 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(95)00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A) protein is a zinc metalloprotein consisting of 273 amino acids which binds preferentially to UV- or chemical carcinogen-damaged DNA, suggesting that it is involved in the recognition of several types of DNA damage during nucleotide excision repair processes. Here we identify a DNA binding domain of the XPA protein. The region of the XPA protein responsible for preferential binding to DNA damaged by UV or cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) is contained within a truncated derivative of the XPA protein, MF122, consisting of 122 amino acids and containing a C4 type zinc finger motif. CD (circular dichroism) measurements of the MF122 protein showed that it has a helix-rich secondary structure, suggesting that it is a discretely folded, functional mini-domain. The MF122 protein should be useful for structural investigation of the XPA protein and of its interaction with damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kuraoka
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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7
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Ma L, Hoeijmakers JH, van der Eb AJ. Mammalian nucleotide excision repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1242:137-63. [PMID: 7492568 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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8
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van Vuuren AJ, Appeldoorn E, Odijk H, Humbert S, Moncollin V, Eker AP, Jaspers NG, Egly JM, Hoeijmakers JH. Partial characterization of the DNA repair protein complex, containing the ERCC1, ERCC4, ERCC11 and XPF correcting activities. Mutat Res 1995; 337:25-39. [PMID: 7596355 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(95)00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein ERCC1 is part of a functional complex, which harbors in addition the repair correcting activities of ERCC4, ERCC11 and human XPF. ERCC1 is not associated with a defect in any of the known human NER disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome or trichothiodystrophy. Here we report the partial purification and characterization of the ERCC1 complex. Immunoprecipitation studies tentatively identified a subunit in the complex with an apparent MW of approximately 120 kDa. The complex has affinity for DNA, but no clear preference for ss, ds or UV-damaged DNA substrates. The size of the entire complex determined by non-denaturing gradient gels (approximately 280 kDa) is considerably larger than previously found using size separation on glycerol gradients (approximately 120 kDa). Stable associations of the ERCC1 complex with other known repair factors (XPA, XPC, XPG and TFIIH complex) could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J van Vuuren
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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10
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Asahina H, Kuraoka I, Shirakawa M, Morita EH, Miura N, Miyamoto I, Ohtsuka E, Okada Y, Tanaka K. The XPA protein is a zinc metalloprotein with an ability to recognize various kinds of DNA damage. Mutat Res 1994; 315:229-37. [PMID: 7526200 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(94)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A) gene encodes a protein of 273 amino acids with a zinc finger motif. The human XPA cDNA was placed in an Escherichia coli expression vector for the synthesis of the recombinant XPA protein. The molecular weight of the wild-type protein was about 40 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Microinjection of the wild-type protein specifically restored the defect of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in XP-A cells. Thus, the bacterially expressed XPA protein retains biochemical properties identical to those of natural sources. The wild-type protein binds preferentially to UV-, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin)- or osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-damaged DNA as assayed by retention on nitrocellulose filters. In addition, the data from atomic absorption and UV-CD spectra revealed that the wild-type protein is a zinc metalloprotein with secondary structure. Furthermore, the mutant protein, of which the cysteine-103 residue in the zinc finger motif was replaced with serine, has a vastly different protein conformation resulting in a loss of XP-A correcting and DNA-binding activities. These findings indicate that the XPA protein is a zinc-binding protein with affinity for various DNA damages, and a cysteine residue in the C4-type zinc finger motif is indispensable for normal protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Asahina
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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11
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DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum group C and complementing factor from HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Wood RD. Studying nucleotide excision repair of mammalian DNA in a cell-free system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 726:274-9; discussion 279-80. [PMID: 8092683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Wood
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, United Kingdom
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13
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Park CH, Sancar A. Formation of a ternary complex by human XPA, ERCC1, and ERCC4(XPF) excision repair proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:5017-21. [PMID: 8197175 PMCID: PMC43921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.11.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A) protein, XPA, has recently been expressed in Escherichia coli in a soluble and fully functional form. An affinity column was prepared by linking the XPA protein to a solid support. When HeLa cell-free extract capable of excision repair was applied to the column, > 99.9% of the proteins were in the flow-through. However, the flow-through fraction lacked excision activity. The activity was restored by adding the high salt (1 M KCl) eluate of the column to the flow-through fraction. The XPA protein-bound fraction was tested for specific proteins by an in vitro complementation assay with a panel of cell-free extracts from DNA repair-deficient human and rodent cell lines. The XPA-bound fraction complemented cell-free extracts of excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC-1), ERCC-4 (XP-F), and XP-A mutants. We conclude that the XPA damage recognition protein makes a ternary complex with the ERCC1/ERCC4(XPF) heterodimer with a potential nuclease function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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14
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Keeney S, Eker AP, Brody T, Vermeulen W, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH, Linn S. Correction of the DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum group E by injection of a DNA damage-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4053-6. [PMID: 8171034 PMCID: PMC43721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from a subset of patients with the DNA-repair-defective disease xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E (XP-E) are known to lack a DNA damage-binding (DDB) activity. Purified human DDB protein was injected into XP-E cells to test whether the DNA-repair defect in these cells is caused by a defect in DDB activity. Injected DDB protein stimulated DNA repair to normal levels in those strains that lack the DDB activity but did not stimulate repair in cells from other xeroderma pigmentosum groups or in XP-E cells that contain the activity. These results provide direct evidence that defective DDB activity causes the repair defect in a subset of XP-E patients, which in turn establishes a role for this activity in nucleotide-excision repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keeney
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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15
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Hoeijmakers JH. Human nucleotide excision repair syndromes: molecular clues to unexpected intricacies. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:1912-21. [PMID: 7734202 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00381-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Hoeijmakers
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Okuno Y, Tateishi S, Yamaizumi M. Complementation of xeroderma pigmentosum cells by microinjection of mRNA fractionated under denaturing conditions: an estimation of sizes of XP-E and XP-G mRNA. Mutat Res 1994; 314:11-9. [PMID: 7504187 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(94)90056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Excision repair deficiencies in groups A and G xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells are transiently complemented after microinjection of HeLa poly(A)+RNA, but those in groups D and F are not complemented (Legerski et al., 1984). We tested XP cells belonging to the seven complementation groups, A-G, and Cockayne's syndrome (CS) cells belonging to the two complementation groups, A and B, for transient correction by microinjection of total poly(A)+RNA from HeLa cells. Among the XP cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was increased only in XP-A cells by microinjection of total poly(A)+RNA. However, UDS was increased in XP-E and XP-G cells as well as in XP-A cells by microinjection of concentrated poly(A)+RNA fractionated on a 5-25% sucrose density gradient containing methylmercuric hydroxide. The sizes of XP-E and XP-G mRNA were estimated to be 1.5-2.7 kb and 2.0-3.8 kb, respectively, by comparison to internal marker RNAs including 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, HPRT mRNA and XPAC mRNA. RNA synthesis recovery after UV exposure in CS cells was not increased by microinjection of either total poly(A)+RNA or fractionated RNA. These results provide estimates of the sizes of XP-E and XP-G proteins and will facilitate molecular cloning of DNA repair genes, especially of XP-E and XP-G genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okuno
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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17
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Park CH, Sancar A. Reconstitution of mammalian excision repair activity with mutant cell-free extracts and XPAC and ERCC1 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:5110-6. [PMID: 8255764 PMCID: PMC310624 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.22.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair in humans involves the coordinated actions of 8-10 proteins. To understand the roles of each of these proteins in excision it is necessary to develop an in vitro excision repair system reconstituted entirely from purified proteins. Towards this goal we have expressed in E. coli two of the 8 genes known to be essential for the excision reaction. XPAC and ERCC1 were expressed as fusion proteins with the Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP) and purified to > 80% homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The purified proteins either as fusions or after cleavage from the MBP were able to complement the CFE of cells with mutations in the corresponding genes in an excision assay with thymine dimer containing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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18
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Characterization of a human DNA damage binding protein implicated in xeroderma pigmentosum E. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Comparative analysis of binding of human damaged DNA-binding protein (XPE) and Escherichia coli damage recognition protein (UvrA) to the major ultraviolet photoproducts: T[c,s]T, T[t,s]T, T[6-4]T, and T[Dewar]T. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Takao M, Abramic M, Moos M, Otrin VR, Wootton JC, McLenigan M, Levine AS, Protic M. A 127 kDa component of a UV-damaged DNA-binding complex, which is defective in some xeroderma pigmentosum group E patients, is homologous to a slime mold protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:4111-8. [PMID: 8371985 PMCID: PMC310015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.17.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA which encodes a approximately 127 kDa UV-damaged DNA-binding (UV-DDB) protein with high affinity for (6-4)pyrimidine dimers [Abramic', M., Levine, A.S. & Protic', M., J. Biol. Chem. 266: 22493-22500, 1991] has been isolated from a monkey cell cDNA library. The presence of this protein in complexes bound to UV-damaged DNA was confirmed by immunoblotting. The human cognate of the UV-DDB gene was localized to chromosome 11. UV-DDB mRNA was expressed in all human tissues examined, including cells from two patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (group E) that are deficient in UV-DDB activity, which suggests that the binding defect in these cells may reside in a dysfunctional UV-DDB protein. Database searches have revealed significant homology of the UV-DDB protein sequence with partial sequences of yet uncharacterized proteins from Dictyostelium discoideum (44% identity over 529 amino acids) and Oryza sativa (54% identity over 74 residues). According to our results, the UV-DDB polypeptide belongs to a highly conserved, structurally novel family of proteins that may be involved in the early steps of the UV response, e.g., DNA damage recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takao
- Section on DNA Replication, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Protić M, Levine AS. Detection of DNA damage-recognition proteins using the band-shift assay and southwestern hybridization. Electrophoresis 1993; 14:682-92. [PMID: 8404810 DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501401109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe electrophoresis and biochemical conditions that allow detection of damaged DNA-binding proteins in cell extracts. In addition, we present an overview of the damage-recognition DNA-binding proteins from eukaryotic cells and discuss their hypothetical role in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Protić
- Section on DNA Replication, Repair and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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22
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Guzder SN, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S. Yeast DNA-repair gene RAD14 encodes a zinc metalloprotein with affinity for ultraviolet-damaged DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:5433-7. [PMID: 8516285 PMCID: PMC46734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients suffer from a high incidence of skin cancers due to a defect in excision repair of UV light-damaged DNA. Of the seven XP complementation groups, A-G, group A represents a severe and frequent form of the disease. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD14 gene is a homolog of the XP-A correcting (XPAC) gene. Like XP-A cells, rad14-null mutants are defective in the incision step of excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. We have purified RAD14 protein to homogeneity from extract of a yeast strain genetically tailored to overexpress RAD14. As determined by atomic emission spectroscopy, RAD14 contains one zinc atom. We also show in vitro that RAD14 binds zinc but does not bind other divalent metal ions. In DNA mobility-shift assays, RAD14 binds specifically to UV-damaged DNA. Removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from damaged DNA by enzymatic photoreactivation has no effect on binding, strongly suggesting that RAD14 recognizes pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct sites. These findings indicate that RAD14 functions in damage recognition during excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Guzder
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627
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23
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Weeda G, Hoeijmakers JH, Bootsma D. Genes controlling nucleotide excision repair in eukaryotic cells. Bioessays 1993; 15:249-58. [PMID: 8517854 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of genetic integrity is of vital importance to all living organisms. However, DNA--the carrier of genetic information--is continuously subject to damage induced by numerous agents from the environment and endogenous cellular metabolites. To prevent the deleterious consequences of DNA injury, an intricate network of repair systems has evolved. The biological impact of these repair mechanisms is illustrated by a number of genetic diseases that are characterized by a defect in one of the repair machineries and in general predispose individuals to cancer. This article intends to review our current understanding of the complex nucleotide excision repair pathway, a universal repair system with a broad lesion specificity. Emphasis will be on the recent advances in the genetic analysis of this process in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weeda
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bootsma D. The genetic defect in DNA repair deficiency syndromes. EACR--Mühlbock Memorial Lecture, 1993. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:1482-8. [PMID: 8398280 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90026-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bootsma
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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