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Gan Y, Li XR, Chen DJ, Wu JH. Association between polymorphisms of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln genes and prognosis of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5721-4. [PMID: 23317245 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted this study to detect associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln genotypes and survival of colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy. We included 289 Chinese patients with advanced colorectal cancer, who had received 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy as first-line treatment from January 2005 to January 2007. All patients were followed up till Nov. 2011. Genotyping for XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms was based upon duplex polymerase-chain-reaction with the PCR-RFLP method. In our study, we found the XRCC1 399 Gln/Gln genotype to confer significantly higher rates of response to chemotherapy when compared to the Arg/Arg genotype [OR (95% CI)=2.56(1.57-2.55)]. patients with the XPD 751 Gln/Gln genotype had significantly higher rates of response to chemotherapy [OR (95% CI)=1.54(0.87-2.65)] and those with the XRCC1 399 Gln/Gln genotype had a longer average survival time and significantly lower risk of death than did those with the Arg/Arg genotype [HR (95% CI)=0.66(0.36-0.95)]. Similarly, those carrying the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype had 0.51-fold the risk of death of those with XPD 751Lys/Lys [HR (95% CI)=0.51(0.33-0.94)]. In conclusion, it is suggested that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms should be routinely assessed to determine colorectal patients who are more likely to benefit from 5-FU/oxalipatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gan
- Department of General Surgery, 3rd Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Balboa E, Duran G, Lamas MJ, Gomez-Caamaño A, Celeiro-Muñoz C, Lopez R, Carracedo A, Barros F. Pharmacogenetic analysis in neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer: high incidence of somatic mutations and their relation with response. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:747-61. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The identification of predictive markers of response to chemoradiotherapy treatment remains a promising approach for patient management in order to obtain the best response with minor side effects. Initially, we investigated whether the analysis of several markers previously studied and others not yet evaluated could predict response to 5-fluorouracil- and capecitabine-based neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods & materials: We studied germline and tumoral samples of 65 stage II/III rectal patients. A panel of pharmacogenetic markers was genotyped in paired peripheral blood samples and rectal cancer tumors. Results: Our results seem to confirm the previously described association of thymidylate synthase and the prediction of chemoradiotherapy response in rectal cancer. However, it failed to confirm the clinical utility proposed for XRCC1, ERCC1, ERCC2, MTHFR and EGFR polymorphisms in blood/germline samples. Subsequently, with the aim of improving prediction of individual response and assessing the role of studied polymorphisms in response to treatment, we determined if changes in tumor response to these markers could predict clinical outcome. We found a high degree of changes between germline and tumor samples, mainly somatic mutations without microsatellite instability, and a minor frequency of loss-of-heterozygosity events. In tumoral samples, XRCC1 appeared to be significantly associated (p = 0.006) with downstaging of the tumor (odds ratio: 7.93; 95% CI: 1.03–60.83), but the increasing of TYMS low-expression alleles contradict the previous results observed in germline samples. Conclusion: The detection of somatic mutations in rectal cancer tumors led us to re-evaluate the utility of the tests performed in blood samples for these polymorphisms in rectal cancer. Furthermore, studies aimed at assessing the influence of pharmacogenetic markers in treatment response performed in blood samples should take into account the particular pattern of hypermutability present in each tumor type. We hypothesize that different patterns of hypermutability present in each tumor type would be related to the different results in association studies related to response to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balboa
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Goretti Duran
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Lamas
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Caamaño
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catuxa Celeiro-Muñoz
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Lopez
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Barros
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Cho YH, Kim YJ, An YS, Woo HD, Choi SY, Kang CM, Chung HW. Micronucleus-centromere assay and DNA repair gene polymorphism in lymphocytes of industrial radiographers. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 680:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lai JI, Tzeng CH, Chen PM, Lin JK, Lin TC, Chen WS, Jiang JK, Wang HS, Wang WS. Very low prevalence of XPD K751Q polymorphism and its association with XPD expression and outcomes of FOLFOX-4 treatment in Asian patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1261-6. [PMID: 19432884 PMCID: PMC11159978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) participates in DNA unwinding during nucleotide excision repair, which may alter the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy. We analyzed the influence of codon 751 Lys-->Gln polymorphism of XPD on its protein expression levels, clinico-pathological features, and outcome of 188 Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) that had been treated with first-line Oxaliplatin + Leucovorin + 5-Fluorouracil (FOLFOX-4) chemotherapy. The results showed that in comparison with Caucasian populations, a remarkably lower prevalence of Lys/Gln genotype was noted (16%, n = 30). No between-group difference in XPD protein expression of patients with or without this polymorphism was noted (56.5%vs 59.7%; P = 0.783). Patients with Gln751 allele have a significantly lower response to FOLFOX-4 treatment (36.7%vs 58.2%, P = 0.03), and shorter progression-free (7 vs 11 months; P < 0.01) and overall (14 vs 22 months; P < 0.01) survivals. The incidence of grade 3/4 oxaliplatin-neuropathies was very similar in both groups (13.3%vs 16.5%; P = 0.67). By adjusted analysis, this polymorphism was further identified as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.03). These data suggest that Asian populations have a significantly lower prevalence of codon 751 Lys/Gln polymorphism in XPD, which could be a key determinant for good response to oxaliplatin-based treatment and favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-I Lai
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang-Claude J, Popanda O, Tan XL, Kropp S, Helmbold I, von Fournier D, Haase W, Sautter-Bihl ML, Wenz F, Schmezer P, Ambrosone CB. Association between polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes, XRCC1, APE1, and XPD and acute side effects of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4802-9. [PMID: 16000577 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several DNA repair gene polymorphisms have been described, which affect DNA repair capacity and modulate cancer susceptibility. We evaluated the association of six polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes: XRCC1 (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, and Arg399Gln), APE1 (Asp148Glu), and XPD (Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn), with the risk of acute skin reactions following radiotherapy. DESIGN We conducted a prospective study of 446 female patients with breast cancer who received radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery. Individual genetic polymorphisms were determined using melting point analysis of sequence-specific hybridization probes. The development of acute skin reactions (moist desquamation) associated with DNA repair gene polymorphisms was modeled using Cox proportional hazards, accounting for cumulative biologically effective radiation dose. RESULTS Overall, the development of acute toxicity, which presented in 77 patients, was not associated with the genetic variants studied, although the hazard ratios (HR) were generally below 1. Risks were however differential by body mass index. Among normal-weight patients only, both carriers of the APE1 148Glu and the XRCC1 399Gln alleles had decreased risk of acute skin reactions after radiotherapy (HR, 0.49 and 0.51, respectively). The results for XRCC1 were confirmed by haplotype analysis. When considering joint effects, we observed that compared with homozygote carriers of the wild-type allele in both genes, the risk was most strongly reduced in carriers of both APE1 148Glu and XRCC1 399Gln alleles with normal weight [HR, 0.19; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.06-0.56] but not in those with overweight (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.56-3.45; Pinteraction = 0.009). CONCLUSION The XRCC1 399Gln or APE1 148Glu alleles may be protective against the development of acute side effects after radiotherapy in patients with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Polanska J, Pietrowska M, Palyvoda O, Jaworska J, Butkiewicz D, Hancock R. Influence of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XPD, XRCC1 and MGMT on DNA damage induced by gamma radiation and its repair in lymphocytes in vitro. Radiat Res 2005; 164:132-40. [PMID: 16038584 DOI: 10.1667/rr3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) were quantified by single-cell gel electrophoresis and micronucleated and apoptotic cells were quantified by microscopic assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes after irradiation on ice with 2 Gy of 60Co gamma radiation, and their association with polymorphisms of genes that encode proteins of different DNA repair pathways and influence cancer risk (XPD codon 312Asp --> Asn and 751Lys --> Gln, XRCC1 399Arg --> Gln, and MGMT 84Leu --> Phe) was studied. In unirradiated lymphocytes, SSBs were significantly more frequent in individuals older than the median age (52 years) (P = 0.015; n = 81), and the frequency of apoptotic or micronucleated cells was higher in individuals with alleles coding for Asn at XPD 312 or Gln at 751 (P = 0.030 or 0.023 ANOVA, respectively; n = 54). The only polymorphism associated with the background SSB level was MGMT 84Phe (P = 0.04, ANOVA; n = 66). After irradiation, SSB levels and repair parameters did not differ significantly with age or smoking habit. The SSB level varied more than twofold and the repair rate and level of unrepaired SSBs more than 10-fold between individuals. The presence of variant alleles coding for Asn at XPD 312 was associated with more radiation-induced SSBs (P = 0.014) and fewer unrepaired SSBs (P = 0.008), and the phenotype (> median induced SSBs/< median unrepaired SSBs) was seen in the majority of XPD 312Asn/Asn homozygotes; the odds ratio for variant homozygotes to show this phenotype was 5.2 (95% confidence interval 1.4-19.9). The hypothesis is discussed that XPD could participate in repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. While it cannot be excluded that the effects observed are due to cosegregating polymorphisms or that the responses of lymphocytes are not typical of other cell types, the results suggest that polymorphism of DNA repair genes, particularly XPD, is one factor implicated in the variability of responses to ionizing radiation between different individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Radiobiology, Center of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Gliwice, Poland
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Sadetzki S, Flint-Richter P, Starinsky S, Novikov I, Lerman Y, Goldman B, Friedman E. Genotyping of patients with sporadic and radiation-associated meningiomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:969-76. [PMID: 15824172 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is the most established risk factor for meningioma formation. Our aim was to evaluate the main effect of selected candidate genes on the development of meningioma and their possible interaction with ionizing radiation in the causation of this tumor. The total study population included 440 cases and controls: 150 meningioma patients who were irradiated for tinea capitis in childhood, 129 individuals who were similarly irradiated but did not develop meningioma, 69 meningioma patients with no previous history of irradiation, and 92 asymptomatic population controls. DNA from peripheral blood samples was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 12 genes: NF2, XRCC1, XRCC3, XRCC5, ERCC2, Ki-ras, p16, cyclin D1, PTEN, E-cadherin, TGFB1, and TGFBR2. SNP analysis was done using the MassArray system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA) and computerized analysis by SpectroTYPER. Logistic regressions were applied to evaluate main effect of each gene on meningioma formation and interaction between gene and radiation. Intragenic SNPs in the Ki-ras and ERCC2 genes were associated with meningioma risk (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.92 and odds ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.84, respectively). A significant interaction was found between radiation and cyclin D1 and p16 SNPs (P for interaction = 0.005 and 0.057, respectively). Our findings suggest that Ki-ras and ERCC2 SNPs are possible markers for meningioma formation, whereas cyclin D1 and p16 SNPs may be markers of genes that have an inverse effect on the risk to develop meningioma in irradiated and nonirradiated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 52621.
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8
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Angelini S, Kumar R, Carbone F, Maffei F, Forti GC, Violante FS, Lodi V, Curti S, Hemminki K, Hrelia P. Micronuclei in humans induced by exposure to low level of ionizing radiation: influence of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. Mutat Res 2005; 570:105-17. [PMID: 15680408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the risks deriving from protracted exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation has remarkable societal importance in view of the large number of work settings in which sources of IR are encountered. To address this question, we studied the frequency of micronuclei (MN), which is an indicator of DNA damage, in a population exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation and in matched controls. In both exposed population and controls, the possible influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in XRCC1, XRCC3 and XPD genes on the frequency of micronuclei was also evaluated. We also considered the effects of confounding factors, like smoking status, age and gender. The results indicated that MN frequency was significantly higher in the exposed workers than in the controls [8.62+/-2.80 versus 6.86+/-2.65; P=0.019]. Radiological workers with variant alleles for XRCC1 or XRCC3 polymorphisms or wild-type alleles for XPD exon 23 or 10 polymorphisms showed a significantly higher MN frequency than controls with the same genotypes. Smoking status did not affect micronuclei frequency either in exposed workers or controls, while age was associated with increased MN frequency in the exposed only. In the combined population, gender but not age exerted an influence on the yield of MN, being higher in females than in males. Even though there is a limitation in this study due to the small number of subjects, these results suggest that even exposures to low level of ionizing radiation could have genotoxic effects and that XRCC3, XRCC1 and XPD polymorphisms might contribute to the increased genetic damage in susceptible individuals occupationally exposed to chronic low levels of ionizing radiation. For a clear conclusion on the induction of DNA damage caused by protracted exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and the possible influence of genetic polymorphism in DNA repair genes larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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9
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Vessey CJ, Norbury CJ, Hickson ID. Genetic disorders associated with cancer predisposition and genomic instability. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 63:189-221. [PMID: 10506832 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability in its broadest sense is a feature of virtually all neoplastic cells. In addition to the mutations and/or gene amplifications that appear to be a prerequisite for the acquisition of a neoplastic phenotype, human cancers exhibit other "markers" of genomic instability--in particular, a high degree of aneuploidy. Indeed, many studies have shown that aneuploidy is an almost invariant feature of cancer cells, and it has been argued by some that the emergence of aneuploid cells is a necessary step during tumorigenesis. The functional link between genomic instability and cancer is strengthened by the existence of several "genetic instability" disorders of humans that are associated with a moderate to severe increase in the incidence of cancers. These disorders include ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome, Fanconi anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, and Nijmegen breakage syndrome, all of which are very rare and are inherited in a recessive manner. Analysis of the cells from such cancer-prone individuals is clearly a potentially fruitful approach for delineating the genetic basis for instability in the genome. It is assumed that by identifying the underlying cause of genetic instability in these disorders, one can derive valuable information not only about the basis of particular genetic diseases, but also about the underlying causes of genomic instability in sporadic cancers in the general population. In this article, we review the clinical and cellular properties of genetic instability disorders associated with cancer predisposition. In particular, we focus on the rapid advances made in our understanding of these disorders that have derived from the cloning of the genes mutated in each case. Because in many instances the affected genes have analogs in lower eukaryotic species, we shall discuss how studies in yeasts in particular have proved valuable in our understanding of human diseases and predisposition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Vessey
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom
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Sanford KK, Parshad R. The contribution of deficient DNA repair to chromosomal radiosensitivity of CHO cells after G2 irradiation. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 108:38-41. [PMID: 9973922 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared cytogenetic responses of the parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line and its DNA repair-deficient strains to irradiation during the G2 phase. Chromatid breaks were quantified in cells entering metaphase in the presence or absence of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) 0.5-1.5 hours after exposure to x-rays or UV-C. Addition of ara-C, an inhibitor of DNA repair replication, significantly increased chromatid break frequency (CBF) in the parental line, but not in the strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER). This increase (ara-C effect) was comparable to that in repair-proficient normal human lymphocytes. We conclude that CBF in cells entering metaphase in the presence of ara-C 0.5-1.5 hours after DNA damage represents a functional in vitro assay for evaluating the DNA repair capacity of mammalian cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sanford
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Parshad R, Price FM, Bohr VA, Cowans KH, Zujewski JA, Sanford KK. Deficient DNA repair capacity, a predisposing factor in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1-5. [PMID: 8679441 PMCID: PMC2074608 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with breast cancer and a family history of breast cancer and some with sporadic breast cancer are deficient in the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage compared with normal donors with no family history of breast cancer. DNA repair was measured indirectly by quantifying chromatid breaks in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blood lymphocytes after either X-irradiation or UV-C exposure, with or without post treatment with the DNA repair inhibitor, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). We have correlated chromatid breaks with unrepaired DNA strand breaks using responses to X-irradiation of cells from xeroderma pigmentosum patients with well-characterised DNA repair defects or responses of repair-deficient mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with or without transfected human DNA repair genes. Deficient DNA repair appears to be a predisposing factor in familial breast cancer and in some sporadic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Parshad
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Parshad RP, Sanford KK, Price FM, Melnick LK, Nee LE, Schapiro MB, Tarone RE, Robbins JH. Fluorescent light-induced chromatid breaks distinguish Alzheimer disease cells from normal cells in tissue culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:5146-50. [PMID: 8643543 PMCID: PMC39422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.10.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegeneration and amyloid deposition of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) also occur in familial AD and in all trisomy-21 Down syndrome (DS) patients, suggesting a common pathogenetic mechanism. We investigated whether defective processing of damaged DNA might be that mechanism, as postulated for the neurodegeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum, a disease with defective repair not only of UV radiation-induced, but also of some oxygen free radical-induced, DNA lesions. We irradiated AD and DS skin fibroblasts or blood lymphocytes with fluorescent light, which is known to cause free radical-induced DNA damage. The cells were then treated with either beta-cytosine arabinoside (araC) or caffeine, and chromatid breaks were quantified. At least 28 of 31 normal donors and 10 of 11 donors with nonamyloid neurodegenerations gave normal test results. All 12 DS, 11 sporadic AD, and 16 familial AD patients tested had abnormal araC and caffeine tests, as did XP-A cells. In one of our four AD families, an abnormal caffeine test was found in all 10 afflicted individuals (including 3 asymptomatic when their skin biopsies were obtained) and in 8 of 11 offspring at a 50% risk for AD. Our tests could prove useful in predicting inheritance of familial AD and in supporting, or rendering unlikely, the diagnosis of sporadic AD in patients suspected of having the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Parshad
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Sanford KK, Parshad R, Price FM, Tarone RE, Benedict WF. Cytogenetic responses to G2 phase x-irradiation of cells from retinoblastoma patients. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 88:43-8. [PMID: 8630978 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast cell lines from 20 retinoblastoma (RB) patients with the hereditary bilateral form of disease compared with 16 lines from normal donors had a significantly higher chromatid aberration frequency (CAF), and more displaced and nondisplaced breaks per 100 metaphase cells after x-irradiation during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The mean CAF was 39 +/- 1.0, range 30-46, for cells from normal subjects, compared to a mean of 245.6, range 101-506, for cells from hereditary RB patients (p < 10(-6). Of fibroblast lines from eight patients with unilateral RB, four had a CAF comparable to that of lines from normal donors (< 60) and four had a high CAF (> 130), resembling that of hereditary forms; two of the latter four lines were from patients with familial or deletion 13 forms of RB. Furthermore, in two families, PHA-stimulated blood lymphocytes from RB patients, one bilateral and one unilateral, and from certain unaffected first-degree relatives after G2 phase X-irradiation had a high CAF (> or = 110) compared to a CAF (> or = 53) of cells from three normal donors sampled at the same time. These results were shown not to be related to differences in cell cycle progression or initial extent of chromatid damage. The results suggest that the high frequency of chromatid aberrations in the cells from hereditary RB patients results from a genetic deficiency in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sanford
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Sanford KK, Parshad R, Price FM, Tarone RE, Lehmann AR. G2 phase repair of X-ray-induced chromosomal DNA damage in trichothiodystrophy cells. Mutat Res 1995; 346:107-14. [PMID: 7885400 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(95)90058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The repair of X-ray-induced DNA damage during G2 cell-cycle phase has been examined in lines of skin fibroblasts from three patients with trichothiodystrophy (TTD), one with apparently normal and two with defective nucleotide excision repair (NER). These responses are compared with those of five lines from clinically normal controls, lines from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS), Down syndrome (DS), and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patients. Chromosomal DNA repair was measured as the chromatid aberration frequency (CAF) or total number of chromatid breaks and long gaps per 100 metaphase cells, determined 0.5-1.5 h after X-irradiation (53 rad). Chromatid breaks and gaps (as defined herein) represent unrepaired DNA strand breaks. Only one of the TTD lines, TTD 1BR, showed an abnormally high CAF. This line was shown subsequently to be of a different complementation group, representing a new nucleotide excision repair gene. An abnormally high CAF was also observed, as reported previously, in XP-C, AT and DS but not in CS skin fibroblasts. In addition, cell lines were examined for DNA incision activity by an indirect method in which chromatid aberrations were enumerated with or without ara-C, an inhibitor of repair synthesis, added after X-irradiation. All TTD lines had abnormally low incision activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sanford
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Sanford KK, Parshad R, Price FM, Tarone RE, Schapiro MB. X-ray-induced chromatid damage in cells from Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease patients in relation to DNA repair and cancer proneness. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 70:25-30. [PMID: 8221609 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Frequencies of chromatid aberrations in response to G2-phase x-irradiation were compared in PHA-stimulated blood lymphocytes from healthy control subjects, Down syndrome (DS) patients, and Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. In cells arrested with Colcemid immediately (0-30 min) after x-irradiation, DS, AD, and control cells showed similar high frequencies of chromatid breaks and gaps, representing unrepaired DNA strand breaks. Frequencies had decreased in AD and control cells arrested 30-90 min after irradiation. However, DS cells had two- to three-fold higher frequencies than AD or control cells. This result indicates deficient repair of the DNA damage in DS cells. Similar responses were obtained with lymphocytes from four of seven DS parents tested and with skin fibroblasts from DS patients compared to age-matched controls. Addition of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), an inhibitor of the repair polymerase, after x-irradiation during G2 phase increased the frequencies of chromatid breaks and gaps in lymphocytes from control and AD donors significantly more than in those from DS patients. This result indicates a deficiency in DS cells in incision at sites of x-ray-induced damage. Thus DS, like other cancer-prone genetic disorders, has a G2-phase DNA repair deficiency in strand break repair and also a second DNA repair deficiency in incision activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sanford
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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