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Zhang Q, Cao H. Expression of chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus chitosanase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by CRISPR-Cas9 tools. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:20. [PMID: 38647990 PMCID: PMC10992968 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) find numerous applications due to their exceptional properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan by chitosanase is considered an advantageous route for COS production. Heterologous expression of chitosanase holds significant promise, yet studies using commonly employed Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris strains encounter challenges in subsequent handling and industrial scalability. In this investigation, we opted for using the safe yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GRAS), obviating the need for methanol induction, resulting in successful expression. Ultimately, utilizing the GTR-CRISPR editing system, shake flask enzyme activity reached 2 U/ml. The optimal chitosanase activity was achieved at 55℃ and pH 5, with favorable stability between 30 and 50 °C. Following a 2-h catalytic reaction, the product primarily consisted of chitobiose to chitotetraose, predominantly at the chitotriose position, with a slight increase in chitobiose content observed during the later stages of enzymatic hydrolysis. The results affirm the feasibility of heterologous chitosanase expression through Saccharomyces cerevisiae, underscoring its significant industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Song YS, Seo DJ, Jung WJ. Characterization and antifungal activity of chitosanase produced by Pedobacter sp. PR-M6. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:277-283. [PMID: 30825501 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the temperature requirements of chitosanase activity, as well as the degradation patterns generated by enzyme-induced chitosan oligomer hydrolysis, Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 was inoculated onto 0.5% colloidal chitosan medium agar plates. Cell growth was higher at 30 °C than at 20 °C during the initial 2 days of incubation. The protein content rapidly increased on day 1 at both temperatures and then it slowly increased at 20 °C and slowly decreased at 30 °C during the following 5 days of incubation. In order to characterize the electrophoretic pattern, Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 was cultured in 1% powder chitosan medium at 20 °C and 30 °C for 5 days after incubation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Four bands were visible, corresponding to ct1 (25 kDa), ct2 (17 kDa), ct3 (15 kDa), and ct4 (14 kDa), at both 20 °C and 30 °C. The optimal conditions for the activity of chitosanase produced from Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 were 60 °C and 1.81 enzyme units/mg protein. Two major isozyme bands (ct3 and ct4) exhibited their strongest chitosanase activity at 50 °C in SDS-PAGE gel. The reaction products generated from (GlcN)2-(GlcN)5 substrates at 60 °C after a 1 h incubation were investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Low-molecular weight chitosan and oligochitosan (LCOC) and soluble chitosan showed antifungal activity against A. brassicicola, B. cinerea, F. solani, and R. solani. LCOC exhibited higher antifungal activity than soluble chitosan. Moreover, LCOC treatments (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) inhibited conidia germination in A. brassicicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Song
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Seo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Cloning, purification and characterization of a novel GH46 family chitosanase, Csn-CAP, from Staphylococcus capitis. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Seki K, Nishiyama Y, Mitsutomi M. Characterization of a novel exo-chitosanase, an exo-chitobiohydrolase, from Gongronella butleri. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:425-429. [PMID: 30316700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An exo-chitosanase was purified from the culture filtrate of Gongronella butleri NBRC105989 to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by column chromatography using CM-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-100. The enzyme comprised a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 47,000 according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 4.0, and was stable between pH 5.0 and 11.0. It was most active at 45°C, but was stable at temperatures below 30°C. The enzyme hydrolyzed soluble chitosan and glucosamine (GlcN) oligomers larger than tetramers, but did not hydrolyze N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers. To clarify the mode of action of the enzyme, we used thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate the products resulting from the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan and N1-acetylchitohexaose [(GlcN)5-GlcNAc] with a GlcNAc residue at the reducing end. The results indicated that the enzyme is a novel exo-type chitosanase, exo-chitobiohydrolase, that releases (GlcN)2 from the non-reducing ends of chitosan molecules. Analyses of the hydrolysis products of partially N-acetylated chitooligosaccharides revealed that the enzyme cleaves both GlcN-GlcNAc and GlcNAc-GlcN bonds in addition to GlcN-GlcN bonds in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Seki
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yasue Nishiyama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Mitsutomi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Sun H, Mao X, Guo N, Zhao L, Cao R, Liu Q. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Chitosanase from Paenibacillus dendritiformis by Phylogeny-Based Enzymatic Product Specificity Prediction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4645-4651. [PMID: 29687713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the process of genome mining for novel chitosanases by phylogeny-based enzymatic product specificity prediction, a gene named Csn-PD from Paenibacillus dendritiformis was discovered. The enzyme was classified as a member of the GH46 family of glycoside hydrolase based on sequence alignment, and it was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant chitosanase was purified, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Csn-PD displayed maximal activity toward colloidal chitosan at pH 7.0 and 45 °C, respectively. A combination of thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry results showed that Csn-PD exhibited an endotype cleavage pattern and hydrolyzed chitosan to yield (GlcN)2 as the major product. The unique enzymatic properties of this chitosanase may make it a good candidate for (GlcN)2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China
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Weikert T, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hellmann MJ, Moerschbacher BM. Reassessment of chitosanase substrate specificities and classification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29167423 PMCID: PMC5700058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosanases can be used to produce partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) for different applications, provided they are thoroughly characterized. However, recent studies indicate that the established classification system for chitosanases is too simplistic. Here, we apply a highly sensitive method for quantitatively sequencing paCOS to reassess the substrate specificities of the best-characterized class I–III chitosanases. The enzymes’ abilities to cleave bonds at GlcNAc residues positioned at subsite (−1) or (+1), on which the classification system is based, vary especially when the substrates have different fractions of acetylation (FA). Conflicts with the recent classification are observed at higher FA, which were not investigated in prior specificity determinations. Initial analyses of pectin-degrading enzymes reveal that classifications of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes should also be critically reassessed. Based on our results, we tentatively suggest a chitosanase classification system which is based on specificities and preferences of subsites (−2) to (+2). Chitosanases are classified according to their specificity in cleaving bonds at GlcNAc residues but the current system may be too simplistic. Here, the authors use quantitative mass spectrometry to revisit chitosanase specificity and propose additional determinants for their classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Margareta J Hellmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Enhancement of chitosanase secretion by Bacillus subtilis for production of chitosan oligosaccharides. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Characterization of an alkalophilic extracellular chitosanase from Bacillus cereus GU-02. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:684-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Characterization of a Chitosanase fromAspergillus fumigatusATCC13073. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1523-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Classification of chitosanases by hydrolytic specificity toward N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1932-7. [PMID: 23047111 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolytic specificities of chitosanases were determined using N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose [(GlcN)₂-GlcNAc-(GlcN)₂-GlcNAc]. The results for the hydrolytic specificities of chitosanases belonging to subclasses I, II, and III toward chitohexaose and N¹,N⁴-diacetylchitohexaose agreed with previous results obtained by analysis of the hydrolysis products of partially N-acetylated chitosan. N¹,N⁴-Diacetylchitohexaose is a useful substrate to determine the hydrolytic specificity of chitosanase. On the other hand, chitosanases from Amycolatopsis sp. CsO-2 and Pseudomonas sp. A-01 showed broad cleavage specificity. They cleaved both the GlcNAc-GlcN and the GlcN-GlcNAc bonds in addition to the GlcN-GlcN bond in the substrate. Thus, both enzymes were new chitosanases. The chitosanases were divided into four subclasses according to their specificity for hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic linkages in partially N-acetylated chitosan.
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Wang SL, Tseng WN, Liang TW. Biodegradation of shellfish wastes and production of chitosanases by a squid pen-assimilating bacterium, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TKU024. Biodegradation 2011; 22:939-48. [PMID: 21225318 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two chitosanases (CHSA1 and CHSA2) were purified from the culture supernatant of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TKU024 with squid pen as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of CHSA1 and CHSA2 determined by SDS-PAGE were approximately 27 and 66 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of CHSA1 and CHSA2 were (pH 6, 50°C, pH 4-10, <90°C) and (pH 7, 60°C, pH 6-11, <70°C), respectively. CHSA1 and CHSA2 had broad pH and thermal stability. CHSA1 and CHSA2 were both inhibited by EDTA and were inhibited completely by 5 mM Mn(2+). CHSA1 and CHSA2 degraded chitosan with DD ranging from 60 to 98%, and also degraded some chitin. The most susceptible substrate was 60% deacetylated chitosan. Furthermore, TKU024 culture supernatant (1.5% SPP) incubated for 5 days has the most reducing sugars (0.63 mg/ml). With this method, we have shown that shellfish wastes may have a great potential for the production of bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Sciences Development Center, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Isolation, characterization and heterologous expression of a novel chitosanase from Janthinobacterium sp. strain 4239. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:5. [PMID: 20096097 PMCID: PMC2835661 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) hydrolyze the polysaccharide chitosan, which is composed of partially acetylated beta-(1,4)-linked glucosamine residues. In nature, chitosanases are produced by a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as by fungi, probably with the primary role of degrading chitosan from fungal and yeast cell walls for carbon metabolism. Chitosanases may also be utilized in eukaryotic cell manipulation for intracellular delivery of molecules formulated with chitosan as well as for transformation of filamentous fungi by temporal modification of the cell wall structures.However, the chitosanases used so far in transformation and transfection experiments show optimal activity at high temperature, which is incompatible with most transfection and transformation protocols. Thus, there is a need for chitosanases, which display activity at lower temperatures. RESULTS This paper describes the isolation of a chitosanase-producing, cold-active bacterium affiliated to the genus Janthinobacterium. The 876 bp chitosanase gene from the Janthinobacterium strain was isolated and characterized. The chitosanase was related to the Glycosyl Hydrolase family 46 chitosanases with Streptomyces chitosanase as the closest related (64% amino acid sequence identity). The chitosanase was expressed recombinantly as a periplasmic enzyme in Escherichia coli in amounts about 500 fold greater than in the native Janthinobacterium strain. Determination of temperature and pH optimum showed that the native and the recombinant chitosanase have maximal activity at pH 5-7 and at 45 degrees C, but with 30-70% of the maximum activity at 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A novel chitosanase enzyme and its corresponding gene was isolated from Janthinobacterium and produced recombinantly in E. coli as a periplasmic enzyme. The Janthinobacterium chitosanase displayed reasonable activity at 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C, temperatures that are preferred in transfection and transformation experiments.
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13
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Wang SL, Chen TR, Liang TW, Wu PC. Conversion and degradation of shellfish wastes by Bacillus cereus TKU018 fermentation for the production of chitosanases and bioactive materials. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Saito A, Ooya T, Miyatsuchi D, Fuchigami H, Terakado K, Nakayama SY, Watanabe T, Nagata Y, Ando A. Molecular characterization and antifungal activity of a family 46 chitosanase fromAmycolatopsissp. CsO-2. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 293:79-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Raafat D, Sahl HG. Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential--a critical literature survey. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 2:186-201. [PMID: 21261913 PMCID: PMC3815839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, an aminopolysaccharide biopolymer, has a unique chemical structure as a linear polycation with a high charge density, reactive hydroxyl and amino groups as well as extensive hydrogen bonding. It displays excellent biocompatibility, physical stability and processability. The term 'chitosan' describes a heterogeneous group of polymers combining a group of physicochemical and biological characteristics, which allow for a wide scope of applications that are both fascinating and as yet uncharted. The increased awareness of the potentials and industrial value of this biopolymer lead to its utilization in many applications of technical interest, and increasingly in the biomedical arena. Although not primarily used as an antimicrobial agent, its utility as an ingredient in both food and pharmaceutical formulations lately gained more interest, when a scientific understanding of at least some of the pharmacological activities of this versatile carbohydrate began to evolve. However, understanding the various factors that affect its antimicrobial activity has become a key issue for a better usage and a more efficient optimization of chitosan formulations. Moreover, the use of chitosan in antimicrobial systems should be based on sufficient knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its antimicrobial mode of action, which in turn would help to arrive at an appreciation of its entire antimicrobial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Raafat
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Gao XA, Ju WT, Jung WJ, Park RD. Purification and characterization of chitosanase from Bacillus cereus D-11. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Kuo C, Chen C, Chiang BH. Process Characteristics of Hydrolysis of Chitosan in a Continuous Enzymatic Membrane Reactor. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb13638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Yun C, Amakata D, Matsuo Y, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M. New chitosan-degrading strains that produce chitosanases similar to ChoA of Mitsuaria chitosanitabida. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5138-44. [PMID: 16151097 PMCID: PMC1214613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5138-5144.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The betaproteobacterium Mitsuaria chitosanitabida (formerly Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus) 3001 produces a chitosanase (ChoA) that is classified in glycosyl hydrolase family 80. While many chitosanase genes have been isolated from various bacteria to date, they show limited homology to the M. chitosanitabida 3001 chitosanase gene (choA). To investigate the phylogenetic distribution of chitosanases analogous to ChoA in nature, we identified 67 chitosan-degrading strains by screening and investigated their physiological and biological characteristics. We then searched for similarities to ChoA by Western blotting and Southern hybridization and selected 11 strains whose chitosanases showed the most similarity to ChoA. PCR amplification and sequencing of the chitosanase genes from these strains revealed high deduced amino acid sequence similarities to ChoA ranging from 77% to 99%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the 11 selected strains indicated that they are widely distributed in the beta and gamma subclasses of Proteobacteria and the Flavobacterium group. These observations suggest that the ChoA-like chitosanases that belong to family 80 occur widely in a broad variety of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChoongSoo Yun
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Chiang CL, Chang CT, Sung HY. Purification and properties of chitosanase from a mutant of Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Suhartono MT, Chasanah E, Pyun YR. Biotechnology of Chitosanolytic Enzymes. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2002.7.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Park JK, Shimono K, Ochiai N, Shigeru K, Kurita M, Ohta Y, Tanaka K, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M. Purification, characterization, and gene analysis of a chitosanase (ChoA) from Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus 3001. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6642-9. [PMID: 10542164 PMCID: PMC94127 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.21.6642-6649.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/1999] [Accepted: 08/18/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular chitosanase (34,000 M(r)) produced by a novel gram-negative bacterium Matsuebacter chitosanotabidus 3001 was purified. The optimal pH of this chitosanase was 4.0, and the optimal temperature was between 30 and 40 degrees C. The purified chitosanase was most active on 90% deacetylated colloidal chitosan and glycol chitosan, both of which were hydrolyzed in an endosplitting manner, but this did not hydrolyze chitin, cellulose, or their derivatives. Among potential inhibitors, the purified chitosanase was only inhibited by Ag(+). Internal amino acid sequences of the purified chitosanase were obtained. A PCR fragment corresponding to one of these amino acid sequences was then used to screen a genomic library for the entire choA gene encoding chitosanase. Sequencing of the choA gene revealed an open reading frame encoding a 391-amino-acid protein. The N-terminal amino acid sequence had an excretion signal, but the sequence did not show any significant homology to other proteins, including known chitosanases. The 80-amino-acid excretion signal of ChoA fused to green fluorescent protein was functional in Escherichia coli. Taken together, these results suggest that we have identified a novel, previously unreported chitosanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Park
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Saito J, Kita A, Higuchi Y, Nagata Y, Ando A, Miki K. Crystal structure of chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 at 1.6-A resolution and its substrate recognition mechanism. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30818-25. [PMID: 10521473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 is a 29-kDa extracellular protein composed of 259 amino acids. The crystal structure of chitosanase from B. circulans MH-K1 has been determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction method and refined to crystallographic R = 19.2% (R(free) = 23.5%) for the diffraction data at 1.6-A resolution collected by synchrotron radiation. The enzyme has two globular upper and lower domains, which generate the active site cleft for the substrate binding. The overall molecular folding is similar to chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174, although there is only 20% identity at the amino acid sequence level between both chitosanases. However, there are three regions in which the topology is remarkably different. In addition, the disulfide bridge between Cys(50) and Cys(124) joins the beta1 strand and the alpha7 helix, which is not conserved among other chitosanases. The orientation of two backbone helices, which connect the two domains, is also different and is responsible for the differences in size and shape of the active site cleft in these two chitosanases. This structural difference in the active site cleft is the reason why the enzymes specifically recognize different substrates and catalyze different types of chitosan degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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