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Rossetti ML, Almeida da Silva PE, Salvato RS, Reis AJ, Schiefelbein SH, von Groll A, Barcellos RB, Maschmann R, Esteves LS, Spies F, Trespach RR, Dalla Costa ER, Neubauer de Amorim HL. A highly rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain emerging in Southern Brazil. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 125:102015. [PMID: 33137698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we described phenotypical, molecular and epidemiological features of a highly rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain emerging in Southern Brazil, that carries an uncommon insertion of 12 nucleotides at the codon 435 in the rpoB gene. Employing a whole-genome sequencing-based study on drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, we identified this emergent strain in 16 (9.19%) from 174 rifampicin-resistant clinical strains, all of them belonging to LAM RD115 sublineage. Nine of these 16 strains were available to minimum inhibitory concentration determination and for all of them was found a high rifampicin-resistance level (≥to 32 mg/L). This high resistance level could be explained by structural changes into the RIF binding site of RNA polymerase caused by the insertions, and consequent low-affinity interaction with rifampicin complex confirmed through protein modeling and molecular docking simulations. Epidemiological investigation showed that most of the individuals (56.25%) infected by the studied strains were prison inmate individuals or that spent some time in prison. The phylogenomic approach revealed that strains carrying on insertion belonged to same genomic cluster, evidencing a communal transmission chain involving inmate individuals and community. We stress the importance of tuberculosis genomic surveillance and introduction of measures to interrupt Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission chain in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Rossetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica (NUPEMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Júlia Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica (NUPEMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sun Hee Schiefelbein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrea von Groll
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Regina Bones Barcellos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Maschmann
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Souza Esteves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Spies
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rubia Raubach Trespach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elis Regina Dalla Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Hanh BTB, Park JW, Kim TH, Kim JS, Yang CS, Jang K, Cui J, Oh DC, Jang J. Rifamycin O, An Alternative Anti- Mycobacterium abscessus Agent. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071597. [PMID: 32244387 PMCID: PMC7181020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is the most difficult-to-treat nontuberculous mycobacteria because of its resistance to many antibiotics. In this study, we screened the Korea Chemical Bank library for a bioluminescent reporter assay to identify molecules capable of acting against M. abscessus. On application of the assay, rifamycin O showed excellent in vitro activity with a narrow range of the minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of the bacterium (MIC90 = 4.0-6.2 μM); its in vivo efficacy in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model was comparable to that of rifabutin at 25 μM. Furthermore, rifamycin O did not show significant toxicity in cells and the zebrafish model. These results are the first in vivo indication that rifamycin O may be a drug candidate for treating M. abscessus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi Bich Hanh
- Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.T.B.H.); (T.H.K.)
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea;
- Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.T.B.H.); (T.H.K.)
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (C.-S.Y.)
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (C.-S.Y.)
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Jinsheng Cui
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Jichan Jang
- Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.T.B.H.); (T.H.K.)
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(0)55-772-1368
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Zhang Q, Wan B, Zhou A, Ni J, Xu Z, Li S, Tao J, Yao Y. Whole genome analysis of an MDR Beijing/W strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with large genomic deletions associated with resistance to isoniazid. Gene 2016; 582:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Café Oliveira LN, Muniz-Sobrinho JDS, Viana-Magno LA, Oliveira Melo SC, Macho A, Rios-Santos F. Detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Brazil using a multimarker genetic assay for katG and rpoB genes. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:166-72. [PMID: 26874220 PMCID: PMC9427640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) is a serious world health problem that limits public actions to control tuberculosis, because the most used anti-tuberculosis first-line drugs fail to stop mycobacterium spread. Consequently, a quick detection through molecular diagnosis is essential to reduce morbidity and medical costs. Despite the availability of several molecular-based commercial-kits to diagnose multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, their diagnostic value might diverge worldwide since Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic variability differs according to geographic location. Here, we studied the predictive value of four common mycobacterial mutations in strains isolated from endemic areas of Brazil. Mutations were found at the frequency of 41.9% for katG, 25.6% for inhA, and 69.8% for rpoB genes in multidrug-resistant strains. Multimarker analysis revealed that combination of only two mutations ("katG/S315T+rpoB/S531L") was a better surrogate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis than single-marker analysis (86% sensitivity vs. 62.8%). Prediction of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was not improved by adding a third or fourth mutation in the model. Therefore, rather than using diagnostic kits detecting several mutations, we propose a simple dual-marker panel to detect multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, with 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In conclusion, this approach (previous genetic study+analysis of only prevalent markers) would considerably decrease the processing costs while retaining diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luita Nice Café Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular (LAFEM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Jairo da Silva Muniz-Sobrinho
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular (LAFEM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alexandre Viana-Magno
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (INCT-MM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia, Mestrado em Tecnologia da Informação Aplicada a Biologia Computacional, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Macho
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rios-Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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Belardinelli JM, Morbidoni HR. Recycling and refurbishing old antitubercular drugs: the encouraging case of inhibitors of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:429-40. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Interaction of CarD with RNA polymerase mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis viability, rifampin resistance, and pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5621-31. [PMID: 22904282 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00879-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection continues to cause substantial human suffering. New chemotherapeutic strategies, which require insight into the pathways essential for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, are imperative. We previously reported that depletion of the CarD protein in mycobacteria compromises viability, resistance to oxidative stress and fluoroquinolones, and pathogenesis. CarD associates with the RNA polymerase (RNAP), but it has been unknown which of the diverse functions of CarD are mediated through the RNAP; this question must be answered to understand the CarD mechanism of action. Herein, we describe the interaction between the M. tuberculosis CarD and the RNAP β subunit and identify point mutations that weaken this interaction. The characterization of mycobacterial strains with attenuated CarD/RNAP β interactions demonstrates that the CarD/RNAP β association is required for viability and resistance to oxidative stress but not for fluoroquinolone resistance. Weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction also increases the sensitivity of mycobacteria to rifampin and streptomycin. Surprisingly, depletion of the CarD protein did not affect sensitivity to rifampin. These findings define the CarD/RNAP interaction as a new target for chemotherapeutic intervention that could also improve the efficacy of rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. In addition, our data demonstrate that weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction does not completely phenocopy the depletion of CarD and support the existence of functions for CarD independent of direct RNAP binding.
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Rifamycin antibiotics—new compounds and synthetic methods. Part 3: Study of the reaction of 3-formylrifamycin SV with primary amines and ketones. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Analysis of gene mutations associated with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:37. [PMID: 22325147 PMCID: PMC3378438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of drug resistance is one of the most important threats to tuberculosis control programs. This study was aimed to analyze the frequency of gene mutations associated with resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ethambutol (EMB) among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Northwest Ethiopia, and to assess the performance of the GenoType® MTBDRplus and GenoType® MTBDRsl assays as compared to the BacT/ALERT 3D system. Methods Two hundred sixty Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from smear positive tuberculosis patients diagnosed between March 2009 and July 2009 were included in this study. Drug susceptibility tests were performed in the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Leipzig, Germany. Results Of 260 isolates, mutations conferring resistance to INH, RMP, or EMB were detected in 35, 15, and 8 isolates, respectively, while multidrug resistance (MDR) was present in 13 of the isolates. Of 35 INH resistant strains, 33 had mutations in the katG gene at Ser315Thr 1 and two strains had mutation in the inhA gene at C15T. Among 15 RMP resistant isolates, 11 had rpoB gene mutation at Ser531Leu, one at His526Asp, and three strains had mutations only at the wild type probes. Of 8 EMB resistant strains, two had mutations in the embB gene at Met306Ile, one at Met306Val, and five strains had mutations only at the wild type probes. The GenoType® MTBDRplus assay had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 99% for INH resistance, and 100% sensitivity and specificity to detect RMP resistance and MDR. The GenoType® MTBDRsl assay had a sensitivity of 42% and specificity of 100% for EMB resistance. Conclusion The dominance of single gene mutations associated with the resistance to INH and RMP was observed in the codon 315 of the katG gene and codon 531 of the rpoB gene, respectively. The GenoType® MTBDRplus assay is a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis of resistance to INH, RMP and MDR. However, the GenoType® MTBDRsl assay shows limitations in detecting resistance to EMB.
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Application of genotype MTBDRplus in rapid detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex as well as its resistance to isoniazid and rifampin in a high volume laboratory in Southern China. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2185-92. [PMID: 20852939 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The alarmingly worsening epidemics of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) call urgent need for a simple method for the rapid detection of drug-resistant TB in clinical settings. In an attempt to establish a rapid procedure for laboratory diagnosis of TB and investigate the local TB epidemiology, molecular line probe assay of the Genotype MTBDRplus was used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and detect mutations conferring resistance to two most active first-line drugs against TB: Rifampin and Isoniazid. 96 acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear- positive sputums and 18 PCR-positive non-sputum specimens have been determined for the MTBC and resistance to Rifampin and Isoniazid. The MTBC detection rates in two sources of specimens were 93.8% (90/96) and 77.8% (14/18) respectively. The overall drug resistance (Rifampin or Isoniazid) occurred in 34.6% (36/104). Resistance to rifampin (RMP) was 28.8% (30/104) and 25% (26/104) was to Isoniazid (INH), in which high level drug resistance accounted for 88.5% (23/26) and low level drug resistance accounted for 7.7% (2/26). Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistant to both RMP and INH, was found in 19.2% (20/104) of clinical samples, which was double that of official statistics. In addition, 63.3% (19/30) RMP-resistant mutations were identified in the region of RopB 530-533 and 57.9% (11/19) were the S531L mutation. 84.6% (22/26) of resistance to INH was mediated by Kat S315T1 mutations which conferred the high-level resistance to INH. The Genotype MTBDRplus line probe assay is a suitable and applicable method for establishing the rapidness in detection of drug-resistant TB in clinical laboratory. It will be a valuable addition to the conventional TB diagnostic approaches.
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Malshetty V, Kurthkoti K, China A, Mallick B, Yamunadevi S, Sang PB, Srinivasan N, Nagaraja V, Varshney U. Novel insertion and deletion mutants of RpoB that render Mycobacterium smegmatis RNA polymerase resistant to rifampicin-mediated inhibition of transcription. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:1565-1573. [PMID: 20150242 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.036970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The startling increase in the occurrence of rifampicin (Rif) resistance in the clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide is posing a serious concern to tuberculosis management. The majority of Rif resistance in bacteria arises from mutations in the RpoB subunit of the RNA polymerase. We isolated M. smegmatis strains harbouring either an insertion (6 aa) or a deletion (10 aa) in their RpoB proteins. Although these strains showed a compromised fitness for growth in 7H9 Middlebrook medium, their resistance to Rif was remarkably high. The attenuated growth of the strains correlated with decreased specific activities of the RNA polymerases from the mutants. While the RNA polymerases from the parent or a mutant strain (harbouring a frequently occurring mutation, H442Y, in RpoB) were susceptible to Rif-mediated inhibition of transcription from calf thymus DNA, those from the insertion and deletion mutants were essentially refractory to such inhibition. Three-dimensional structure modelling revealed that the RpoB amino acids that interact with Rif are either deleted or unable to interact with Rif due to their unsuitable spatial positioning in these mutants. We discuss possible uses of the RpoB mutants in studying transcriptional regulation in mycobacteria and as potential targets for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Malshetty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Krishna Kurthkoti
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arnab China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Bratati Mallick
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Subburaj Yamunadevi
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pau Biak Sang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India.,Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Umesh Varshney
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India.,Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Zenkin N, Kulbachinskiy A, Bass I, Nikiforov V. Different rifampin sensitivities of Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerases are not explained by the difference in the beta-subunit rifampin regions I and II. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1587-90. [PMID: 15793146 PMCID: PMC1068591 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1587-1590.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase is 1,000-fold more sensitive to rifampin than Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Chimeric E. coli RNA polymerase in which the beta-subunit segment encompassing rifampin regions I and II (amino acids [aa] 463 through 590) was replaced with the corresponding region from M. tuberculosis (aa 382 through 509) did not show an increased sensitivity to the antibiotic. Thus, the difference in amino acid sequence between the rifampin regions I and II of the two species does not account for the difference in rifampin sensitivity of the two polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zenkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
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Abstract
Treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis has to be lengthy, since populations of this bacillus differ in metabolic activity, and it has to consist of various associated drugs, since spontaneous chromosome mutations can give rise to drug resistance. The multiresistant phenotype emerges with sequential acquisition of mutations in several loci of separate genes. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance permits the development of molecular techniques for the early detection of resistant strains, thereby making proper control possible. Tuberculosis treatment includes isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide during the first two months and isoniazid and rifampicin to complete six months of treatment. In specific situations, a fourth drug is added, ethambutol for adults and streptomycin for children in whom visual acuity cannot be monitored. This review describes the characteristics, activity, resistance mechanisms and side effects associated with the various antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Coll
- Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Departamento de Genética y Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. España.
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Reverchon E, De Marco I, Della Porta G. Rifampicin microparticles production by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. Int J Pharm 2002; 243:83-91. [PMID: 12176297 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Semi-continuous supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation has been used to produce Rifampicin micro- and nanoparticles with controlled particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD). SAS experiments were performed using different liquid solvents. The best micronization results have been obtained using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); using this solvent and operating at 40 degrees C, we obtained nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 0.4 to 1 microm at a pressure of 120 bar or more, and microparticles with mean diameters ranging from 2.5 to 5 microm at pressures between 90 and 110 bar. The morphology of Rifampicin precipitates was different too. Nanoparticles connected in small aggregates were obtained at pressures higher than 120 bar, whereas, spherical single microparticles were obtained operating at lower pressures. We also investigated the effect of the concentration of Rifampicin in the liquid solution on particles diameter: we observed that, increasing the liquid concentration, the mean PS increased and the PSD enlarged. XRD and HPLC analysis on treated Rifampicin showed that particles are amorphous and no degradation occurred as a consequence of supercritical processing. We attempted an explanation of the different morphologies observed considering the modification of the high pressure vapor-liquid equilibria of the ternary system Rifampicin-DMSO-CO(2) with respect to the behavior of the binary system DMSO-CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Reverchon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fiscano (SA), Italy.
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Kiepiela P, Bishop K, Kormuth E, Roux L, York DF. Comparison of PCR-heteroduplex characterization by automated DNA sequencing and line probe assay for the detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 4:263-9. [PMID: 9988044 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1998.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the basis of resistance to rifampicin (RifR) has allowed molecular tests for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis to be developed. One hundred thirteen strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) were investigated for genotypic analysis of RifR by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex formation (PCR-HDF) and characterization of mutations by automated DNA sequencing of the rpoB gene. A subset of isolates (22) representative of different mutations as confirmed by sequence analysis were also evaluated by the Line Probe Assay (LiPA). In 106 of the RifR strains, 24 mutations within an 81-bp region of the rpoB gene affecting 13 amino acids were observed. Most isolates (7/8) harboring Leu533 --> Pro codon mutation required minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of < or = 8 microg/ml. There was geographic variation in the frequency of occurrence of particular rpoB mutations, with the Ser531 --> Leu/Trp codon mutation found in 59/113 of isolates. Although there are certain limitations in the use of both the rapid PCR-HDF diagnostic assay and the LiPA for the detection of rifampicin susceptibility of M. tuberculosis, these provide important and convenient tools for identifying and managing patients with MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiepiela
- Department of Virology, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Barry CE, Slayden RA, Sampson AE, Lee RE. Use of genomics and combinatorial chemistry in the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:221-31. [PMID: 10609550 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the completion of the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis comes the promise of a new generation of potent drugs to combat the emerging epidemic of multiply drug-resistant isolates. Translating this genomic information into realistic assays, valid targets, and preclinical drug candidates represents the next great hope in tuberculosis control. We propose a paradigm for exploiting the genome to inform the development of novel antituberculars, utilizing the techniques of differential gene expression as monitored by DNA microarrays coupled with the emerging discipline of combinatorial chemistry. A comparison of currently used antituberculars with the properties of other pharmaceuticals suggests that such compounds will have a defined range of physiochemical properties. In general, we can expect the next generation of antituberculars to be small, relatively hydrophilic molecules that bind tightly to specific cellular targets. Many current antimycobacterials require some form of cellular activation (e.g. the activation of isoniazid by a catalase-peroxidase). Activation corresponds to the oxidative, reductive, or hydrolytic unmasking of reactive groups, which occurs with many current antimycobacterial prodrugs. Understanding the mechanisms involved in activation of current antimycobacterial therapeutics also may facilitate the development of alternative activation strategies or of analogs that require no such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Drancourt M, Raoult D. Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene in naturally rifampin-resistant Rickettsia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2400-3. [PMID: 10508014 PMCID: PMC89490 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.10.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsiae are gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria responsible for arthropod-borne spotted fevers and typhus. Experimental studies have delineated a cluster of naturally rifampin-resistant spotted fever group species. We sequenced the 4, 122- to 4,125-bp RNA polymerase beta-subunit-encoding gene (rpoB) from typhus and spotted fever group representatives and obtained partial sequences for all naturally rifampin-resistant species. A single point mutation resulting in a phenylalanine-to-leucine change at position 973 of the Rickettsia conorii rpoB sequence and present in all the rifampin-resistant species was absent in all the rifampin-susceptible species. rpoB-based phylogenetic relationships among these rickettsial species yielded topologies which were in accordance with previously published phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drancourt
- Unité des Rickettsies CNRS UPRES-A 6020, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Hu Z, Hunziker D, Hutchinson CR, Khosla C. A host-vector system for analysis and manipulation of rifamycin polyketide biosynthesis in Amycolatopsis mediterranei. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 9):2335-2341. [PMID: 10517586 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a large family of multifunctional enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of numerous bacterial natural products such as erythromycin and rifamycin. Advanced genetic analysis of these remarkable systems is often seriously hampered by the large size (>40 kb) of PKS gene clusters, and, notwithstanding their considerable fundamental and biotechnological significance, by the lack of suitable methods for engineering non-selectable modifications in chromosomally encoded PKS genes. The development of a facile host-vector strategy for genetic engineering of the rifamycin PKS in the producing organism, Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699, is described here. The genes encoding all 10 modules of the rifamycin PKS were replaced with a hygromycin-resistance marker gene. In a similar construction, only the first six modules of the PKS were replaced. The deletion hosts retained the ability to synthesize the primer unit 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), as judged by co-synthesis experiments with a mutant strain lacking AHBA synthase activity. Suicide plasmids carrying a short fragment from the 5' flanking end of the engineered deletion, an apramycin-resistance marker gene, and suitably engineered PKS genes could be introduced via electroporation into the deletion hosts, resulting in the integration of PKS genes and biosynthesis of a reporter polyketide in quantities comparable to those produced by the wild-type organism. Since this strategy for engineering recombinant PKSs in A. mediterranei requires only a selectable single crossover and eliminates the need for tedious non-selectable double-crossover experiments, it makes rifamycin PKS an attractive target for extensive genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Hu
- Departments of Chemical Engineering1, Chemistry and Biochemistry2, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Daniel Hunziker
- Departments of Chemical Engineering1, Chemistry and Biochemistry2, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - C Richard Hutchinson
- Departments of Chemical Engineering1, Chemistry and Biochemistry2, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Departments of Chemical Engineering1, Chemistry and Biochemistry2, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The development of new chemotherapy for the treatment of tuberculosis has three major objectives: first, the development of faster-acting drugs to shorten the duration of treatment; second, the development of novel antimicrobials to counter the emergence of bacteria resistant to current therapies; and, third, the development of chemotherapeutics that specifically target dormant bacilli to treat the one-third of the world's population latently infected with tubercle bacilli. Strategies based upon optimizing the inhibition of known targets require an extensive knowledge of the detailed mechanism of action of current antimycobacterial agents. For many agents such as isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and pyrazinamide such knowledge is now available. Strategies based upon the identification of novel targets will necessitate the identification of biochemical pathways specific to mycobacteria and related organisms. Many unique metabolic processes occur during the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall components, and some attractive new targets have emerged. The development of targets specific to latency will require a detailed picture of the metabolism and biochemical pathways occurring in dormant bacilli. Recent evidence suggests that anaerobic metabolic pathways may operate in dormant bacilli, and the enzymes involved in such pathways may also provide significant new targets for intervention. The combination of the mycobacterial genome sequence that is anticipated to become available this year with an improved understanding of the unique metabolic processes that define mycobacteria as a genus offers the greatest hope for the elimination of one of mankind's oldest enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Barry
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840-2999, USA.
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Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis remains a worldwide problem. New laboratory methods have improved our ability to more rapidly identify resistant strains, but the most effective approach is to prevent the appearance of resistance by appropriate choice of antibiotics and directly-observed therapy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is treated with familiar and unique drugs; consequently, mechanisms of resistance have some unique features. All drug resistance thus far identified develops by mutational events rather than acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria. An agenda is presented for countering the appearance of further drug resistance in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Parsons
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, USA
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Zabinski RF, Blanchard JS. The Requirement for Manganese and Oxygen in the Isoniazid-Dependent Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enoyl Reductase. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9639731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger F. Zabinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John S. Blanchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Abstract
In the last few years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the mechanisms of action and resistance to antimycobacterials. To date, there is information about 11 genes involved in resistance in M. tuberculosis. This has prompted the development of novel tests for the rapid identification of resistant strains, and has provided invaluable insight into unique mycobacterial structures, which are important targets for the development of new inhibitory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telenti
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Telenti A, Honoré N, Bernasconi C, March J, Ortega A, Heym B, Takiff HE, Cole ST. Genotypic assessment of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind study at reference laboratory level. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:719-23. [PMID: 9041419 PMCID: PMC229657 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.3.719-723.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the basis of resistance to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RMP) has allowed molecular tests for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis to be developed. Consecutive isolates (n = 95) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, from a Spanish reference laboratory investigating outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, were coded and sent to two external laboratories for genotypic analysis of INH and RMP resistance by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of specific regions of four genes: part of the coding sequence of katG and the promoter regions of inhA and ahpC for INH and the RMP resistance region of rpoB. After correction for the presence of outbreak strains and multiple isolates from single patients, RMP resistance was detected successfully by PCR-SSCP in > 96% of the RMP-resistant strains. PCR-SSCP had a sensitivity of 87% for INH resistance detection, and mutations in katG, inhA, katG-inhA, ahpC, and katG-ahpC were identified in 36.8, 31.6, 2.6, 13.2, and 2.6%, respectively, of the unique strains. Specificity was 100%. Molecular detection of resistance to the two main antituberculous drugs, INH and RMP, can be accomplished accurately by using a strategy which limits analysis to four genetic regions. This may allow the expedient analysis of drug resistance by reference laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telenti
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Bern, Switzerland.
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