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Alais S, Pasquier A, Jegado B, Journo C, Rua R, Gessain A, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Lacoste R, Turpin J, Mahieux R. STLV-1 co-infection is correlated with an increased SFV proviral load in the peripheral blood of SFV/STLV-1 naturally infected non-human primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006812. [PMID: 30273350 PMCID: PMC6181429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian T-Leukemia Virus type 1 and Simian Foamy Virus infect non-human primates. While STLV-1, as HTLV-1, causes Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma, SFV infection is asymptomatic. Both retroviruses can be transmitted from NHPs to humans through bites that allow contact between infected saliva and recipient blood. Because both viruses infect CD4+ T-cells, they might interfere with each other replication, and this might impact viral transmission. Impact of STLV-1 co-infection on SFV replication was analyzed in 18 SFV-positive/STLV-1-negative and 18 naturally SFV/STLV-1 co-infected Papio anubis. Even if 9 animals were found STLV-1-positive in saliva, STLV-1 PVL was much higher in the blood. SFV proviruses were detected in the saliva of all animals. Interestingly, SFV proviral load was much higher in the blood of STLV-1/SFV co-infected animals, compared to STLV-1-negative animals. Given that soluble Tax protein can enter uninfected cells, we tested its effect on foamy virus promoter and we show that Tax protein can transactivate the foamy LTR. This demonstrates that true STLV-1 co-infection or Tax only has an impact on SFV replication and may influence the ability of the virus to be zoonotically transmitted as well as its ability to promote hematological abnormalities. Foamy viruses infect a lot of mammalian hosts including non-human primates (NHP) and humans. Foamy infection is not associated with disease, although a recent report described hematological abnormalities in infected humans. Some NHP species are also naturally infected with another retrovirus i.e. Simian T lymphotropic virus type 1, while humans are infected with the Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 counterpart. Both viruses cause leukemia. Here we report that natural foamy/STLV-1 co-infection is associated with a higher foamy virus proviral load in blood. Co-infected animals might therefore present a higher risk of developing hematological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Brice Jegado
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Réjane Rua
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Tobaly-Tapiero
- INSERM U944-CNRS Université Paris Diderot, UMR7212-IUH-Hôpital St-Louis, Dynamic of Retroviruses and Retrotransposons Group, Paris, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Turpin
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Calattini S, Wanert F, Thierry B, Schmitt C, Bassot S, Saib A, Herrenschmidt N, Gessain A. Modes of transmission and genetic diversity of foamy viruses in a Macaca tonkeana colony. Retrovirology 2006; 3:23. [PMID: 16608518 PMCID: PMC1533860 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses are exogenous complex retroviruses that are highly endemic in several animal species, including monkeys and apes, where they cause persistent infection. Simian foamy viral (SFV) infection has been reported in few persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) in zoos, primate centers and laboratories, and recently in few hunters from central Africa. Most of the epidemiological works performed among NHP populations concern cross-sectional studies without long-term follow-up. Therefore, the exact timing and the modes of transmission of SFVs remain not well known, although sexual and oral transmissions have been suspected. We have conducted a longitudinal study in a free-breeding colony of Macaca tonkeana in order (1) to determine the prevalence of the infection by foamy viruses, (2) to characterize molecularly the viruses infecting such animals, (3) to study their genetic variability overtime by long-term follow-up of several DNA samples in a series of specific animals, and (4) to get new insights concerning the timing and the modes of SFVs primary infection in these monkeys by combining serology and molecular means, as well as studies of familial structures and long-term behavioral observations. RESULTS/CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that this colony was highly endemic for SFVs, with a clear increase of seroprevalence with age. Only 4.7% of immatures, and 43,7% of sub-adults were found seropositive, while 89.5% of adults exhibited antibodies directed against SFV. We further showed that 6 different strains of foamy viruses (exhibiting a very low intra-strain and overtime genetic variability in the integrase gene) are circulating within this group. This suggests a possible infection by different strains within an animal. Lastly, we provide strong evidence that foamy viruses are mostly acquired through severe bites, mainly in sub-adults or young adults. Most cases of seroconversion occur after 7 years of age; from this age individuals competed for access to sexual partners, thus increasing the likelihood of being wounded. Furthermore, all the serological and molecular data, obtained in this free-breeding colony, argue against a significant transmission of SFVs from mother or father to infants as well as between siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calattini
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fanélie Wanert
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Thierry
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Platte-forme de Microscopie Electronique, Insitut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Bassot
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ali Saib
- CNRS UMR7151, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Herrenschmidt
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Vartanian JP, Pineau P, Henry M, Hamilton WD, Muller MN, Wrangham RW, Wain-Hobson S. Identification of a hepatitis B virus genome in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) from East Africa indicates a wide geographical dispersion among equatorial African primates. J Virol 2002; 76:11155-8. [PMID: 12368360 PMCID: PMC136620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.21.11155-11158.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAs from four wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) from eastern Africa were screened for 14 DNA viruses and retroviruses. Between two and three viruses were found in each animal. An entire hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome was amplified and sequenced from samples taken from one animal. This indicates that HBV is distributed across the entire range of chimpanzee habitats.
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Abstract
We have cloned proviral DNA of simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1) from linear unintegrated DNA (pSFV-1). Transfection of pSFV-1 induces cytopathology in several cell lines with supernatants from the transfected cell culture containing infectious viral particles. Electron microscopy of the transfected cells revealed foamy virus particles. Deletion analysis of pSFV-1 indicated that the transcriptional transactivator (tas) gene located between env and the long terminal repeat is critical for virus replication, whereas the second open reading frame (ORF-2) in this region is dispensable. Although the tas and ORF-2 regions of foamy viruses have significantly diverged, the results presented here suggested that the gene products have similar functions. Recombinant pSFV-1 containing the cat gene was able to transduce the heterologous gene, indicating the utility of SFV-1 as a vector. An infectious clone of SFV-1 which is distantly related to the human foamy virus will provide a means to understand the biology of this unique group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mergia
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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