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Handedness Does Not Impact Inhibitory Control, but Movement Execution and Reactive Inhibition Are More under a Left-Hemisphere Control. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between handedness, laterality, and inhibitory control is a valuable benchmark for testing the hypothesis of the right-hemispheric specialization of inhibition. According to this theory, and given that to stop a limb movement, it is sufficient to alter the activity of the contralateral hemisphere, then suppressing a left arm movement should be faster than suppressing a right-arm movement. This is because, in the latter case, inhibitory commands produced in the right hemisphere should be sent to the other hemisphere. Further, as lateralization of cognitive functions in left-handers is less pronounced than in right-handers, in the former, the inhibitory control should rely on both hemispheres. We tested these predictions on a medium-large sample of left- and right-handers (n = 52). Each participant completed two sessions of the reaching versions of the stop-signal task, one using the right arm and one using the left arm. We found that reactive and proactive inhibition do not differ according to handedness. However, we found a significant advantage of the right versus the left arm in canceling movements outright. By contrast, there were no differences in proactive inhibition. As we also found that participants performed movements faster with the right than with the left arm, we interpret our results in light of the dominant role of the left hemisphere in some aspects of motor control.
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Transcranial static magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex can facilitate the contralateral cortical excitability in human. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5370. [PMID: 33686102 PMCID: PMC7940605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) has been focused as a new non-invasive brain stimulation, which can suppress the human cortical excitability just below the magnet. However, the non-regional effects of tSMS via brain network have been rarely studied so far. We investigated whether tSMS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate the right M1 in healthy subjects, based on the hypothesis that the functional suppression of M1 can cause the paradoxical functional facilitation of the contralateral M1 via the reduction of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the bilateral M1. This study was double-blind crossover trial. We measured the corticospinal excitability in both M1 and IHI from the left to right M1 by recording motor evoked potentials from first dorsal interosseous muscles using single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after the tSMS intervention for 30 min. We found that the corticospinal excitability of the left M1 decreased, while that of the right M1 increased after tSMS. Moreover, the evaluation of IHI revealed the reduced inhibition from the left to the right M1. Our findings provide new insights on the mechanistic understanding of neuromodulatory effects of tSMS in human.
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Cabibel V, Hordacre B, Perrey S. Implication of the ipsilateral motor network in unilateral voluntary muscle contraction: the cross-activation phenomenon. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2090-2098. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00064.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary force production requires that the brain produces and transmits a motor command to the muscles. It is widely acknowledged that motor commands are executed from the primary motor cortex (M1) located in the contralateral hemisphere. However, involvement of M1 located in the ipsilateral hemisphere during moderate to high levels of unilateral muscle contractions (>30% of the maximum) has been disclosed in recent years. This phenomenon has been termed cross-activation. The activation of the ipsilateral M1 relies on complex inhibitory and excitatory interhemispheric interactions mediated via the corpus callosum and modulated according to the contraction level. The regulatory mechanisms underlying these interhemispheric interactions, especially excitatory ones, remain vague, and contradictions exist in the literature. In addition, very little is known regarding the possibility that other pathways could also mediate the cross-activation. In the present review, we will therefore summarize the concept of cross-activation during unilateral voluntary muscle contraction and explore the associated mechanisms and other nervous system pathways underpinning this response. A broader knowledge of these mechanisms would consequently allow a better comprehension of the motor system as a whole, as distant brain networks working together to produce the motor command.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cabibel
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- Innovation, IMPlementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
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Muraoka T, Kurtzer I. Spinal Circuits Mediate a Stretch Reflex Between the Upper Limbs in Humans. Neuroscience 2020; 431:115-127. [PMID: 32062020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inter-limb reflexes play an important role in coordinating behaviors involving different limbs. Previous studies have demonstrated that human elbow muscles express an inter-limb stretch reflex at long-latency (50-100 ms), a timing consistent with a trans-cortical linkage. Here we probe for inter-limb stretch reflexes in the shoulder muscles of human participants. Unexpected torque pulses displaced one or both shoulders while participants adopted a steady posture against background torques. The results demonstrated inter-limb stretch reflexes occurring at short-latency for both shoulder extensors and flexors; the rapid timing (36-50 ms) must involve a spinal linkage for the two arms. Inter-limb stretch reflexes were also observed at long-latency yet they were opposite to the preceding short-latency; when the short-latency stretch reflex was excitatory then the long-latency stretch reflex was inhibitory and vice versa. Comparing the responses to contralateral arm displacement to those during simultaneous displacement of both arms revealed that inhibitory inter-limb stretch reflexes are independent of within-limb stretch reflexes, but that excitatory inter-limb stretch reflexes are suppressed by within-limb stretch reflexes. Our results provide the first demonstration of short-latency inter-limb stretch reflexes in the upper limb of humans and reveal interacting spinal circuits for within-limb and inter-limb stretch reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Muraoka
- College of Economics, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology - College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA.
| | - Isaac Kurtzer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology - College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Li Y, Li Y, Omire-Mayor D, Bo B, Li H, Tong S. Cortical functional reorganization in response to intact forelimb stimulation from acute to chronic stage in rodent amputation model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:21-24. [PMID: 30440331 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity after amputation is related to the short-term unmasking of latent synapses as well as the long-term reorganization due to the sprouting new synaptic connections. The cortical functional reorganization has been reported along the intact somatosensory pathway after unilateral deafferentation. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) change serves as an important biomarker of the functional reorganization of brain. Using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) technology, we performed a longitudinal study to unveil the cortical functional reorganization after forelimb amputation in rodent model, particularly along the intact somatosensory pathway. Our results showed that the CBF response to electrical stimulation of the intact forepaw increased significantly at 9 hours after amputation in acute stage. While in chronic stage (>14 days), the CBF response showed a pattern similar to the control group. The results showed the dynamic brain functional response along the intact somatosensory pathway at different stages after amputation and indicated that cortical functional reorganization occurred within the acute stage. Our work provided additional insights in understanding the inter-hemispheric functional changes from acute to chronic stages of amputation.
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Chalah MA, Palm U, Lefaucheur JP, Créange A, Ayache SS. Interhermispheric inhibition predicts anxiety levels in multiple sclerosis: A corticospinal excitability study. Brain Res 2018; 1699:186-194. [PMID: 30172702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety stand among the most frequent and debilitating complaints in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Understanding their neurophysiological correlates might improve their management. To date, no single study has addressed this issue. METHOD Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed to obtain the following corticospinal excitability measures: resting motor threshold, short-interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation, cortical silent period and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI). Anxiety and depression scores were the primary outcomes in the univariate analysis. When obtaining significant associations between anxiety/depression and TMS measures, a multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise linear regression with anxiety and depression scores employed separately as dependent variables and TMS measures, clinical and sociodemographic data as independent variables. Due to the small sample size and the large number of studied variables, only variables with p values <0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS Fifty patients completed the study (n = 24 women). Their mean age was 51.82 ± 12.72 years. Mean depression score was 6.08 ± 3.66. Mean anxiety score was 5.82 ± 3.42. A significant association was found between anxiety and IHI (p < 0.05), fatigue (p < 0.05), depression (p < 0.05), and female gender (p < 0.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis was performed and IHI values explained 9.10% of variance in anxiety levels (standardized β: 0.31; p < 0.01) when controlling for remaining variables. As for depression, it did not significantly correlate with any TMS measures. CONCLUSION The results highlight the relationship between anxiety and callosal transfer as reflected by IHI values. The current findings are consistent with previous works assessing healthy participants and patients with social anxiety disorders. Compared to MS patients with aberrant callosal transfer (suggested by low IHI values), those exhibiting a relatively more efficient one (reflected by high IHI values) seem to have higher anxiety scores, a finding that merits further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A Chalah
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Alain Créange
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Samar S Ayache
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France; Neurology Division, Lebanese American University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Jean-Charles L, Nepveu JF, Deffeyes JE, Elgbeili G, Dancause N, Barthélemy D. Interhemispheric interactions between trunk muscle representations of the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1488-1500. [PMID: 28615339 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00778.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral arm movements require trunk stabilization through bilateral contraction of axial muscles. Interhemispheric interactions between primary motor cortices (M1) could enable such coordinated contractions, but these mechanisms are largely unknown. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we characterized interhemispheric interactions between M1 representations of the trunk-stabilizing muscles erector spinae at the first lumbar vertebra (ES L1) during a right isometric shoulder flexion. These interactions were compared with those of the anterior deltoid (AD), the main agonist in this task, and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). TMS over the right M1 elicited ipsilateral silent periods (iSP) in all three muscles on the right side. In ES L1, but not in AD or FDI, ipsilateral motor evoked potential (iMEP) could precede the iSP or replace it. iMEP amplitude was not significantly different whether ES L1 was used to stabilize the trunk or was voluntarily contracted. TMS at the cervicomedullary junction showed that the size of cervicomedullary evoked potential was unchanged during the iSP but increased during iMEP, suggesting that the iSP, but not the iMEP, is due to intracortical mechanisms. Using a dual-coil paradigm with two coils over the left and right M1, interhemispheric inhibition could be evoked at interstimulus intervals of 6 ms in ES L1 and 8 ms in AD and FDI. Together, these results suggest that interhemispheric inhibition is dominant when axial muscles are involved in a stabilizing task. The ipsilateral facilitation could be evoked by ipsilateral or subcortical pathways and could be used depending on the role axial muscles play in the task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms involved in the bilateral coordination of axial muscles during unilateral arm movement are poorly understood. We thus investigated the nature of interhemispheric interactions in axial muscles during arm motor tasks in healthy subjects. By combining different methodologies, we showed that trunk muscles receive both inhibitory and facilitatory cortical outputs during activation of arm muscles. We propose that inhibition may be conveyed mainly through interhemispheric mechanisms and facilitation by subcortical mechanisms or ipsilateral pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loyda Jean-Charles
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, site de l'Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Nepveu
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, site de l'Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan E Deffeyes
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, site de l'Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Recherche en Schizophrénie et troubles neurodéveloppementaux, Institut universitaire en santé mentale Douglas, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorothy Barthélemy
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, site de l'Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; .,Ecole de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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8
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Abe M. Neurophysiological correlates of motor deficits in patients in Benign Epilepsy with Centro-Temporal Spikes. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:991-992. [PMID: 26525364 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Abe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Japan
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Klein PA, Duque J, Labruna L, Ivry RB. Comparison of the two cerebral hemispheres in inhibitory processes operative during movement preparation. Neuroimage 2015; 125:220-232. [PMID: 26458519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies suggest that in right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere plays a dominant role in praxis, relative to the right hemisphere. However hemispheric asymmetries assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has not shown consistent differences in corticospinal (CS) excitability of the two hemispheres during movements. In the current study, we systematically explored hemispheric asymmetries in inhibitory processes that are manifest during movement preparation and initiation. Single-pulse TMS was applied over the left or right primary motor cortex (M1LEFT and M1RIGHT, respectively) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral hand while participants performed a two-choice reaction time task requiring a cued movement of the left or right index finger. In Experiments 1 and 2, TMS probes were obtained during a delay period following the presentation of the preparatory cue that provided partial or full information about the required response. MEPs were suppressed relative to baseline regardless of whether they were elicited in a cued or uncued hand. Importantly, the magnitude of these inhibitory changes in CS excitability was similar when TMS was applied over M1LEFT or M1RIGHT, irrespective of the amount of information carried by the preparatory cue. In Experiment 3, there was no preparatory cue and TMS was applied at various time points after the imperative signal. When CS excitability was probed in the cued effector, MEPs were initially inhibited and then rose across the reaction time interval. This function was similar for M1LEFT and M1RIGHT TMS. When CS excitability was probed in the uncued effector, MEPs remained inhibited throughout the RT interval. However, MEPs in right FDI became more inhibited during selection and initiation of a left hand movement, whereas MEPs in left FDI remained relatively invariant across RT interval for the right hand. In addition to these task-specific effects, there was a global difference in CS excitability across experiments between the two hemispheres. When the intensity of stimulation was set to 115% of the resting threshold, MEPs were larger when the TMS probe was applied over the M1LEFT than over M1RIGHT. In summary, while the latter result suggests that M1LEFT is more excitable than M1RIGHT, the recruitment of preparatory inhibitory mechanisms is similar within the two cerebral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, Cognition and Actions Lab, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Cognition and Actions Lab, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA
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Diffusion imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation assessment of transcallosal pathways in chronic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1959-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zénon A, Klein PA, Alamia A, Boursoit F, Wilhelm E, Duque J. Increased Reliance on Value-based Decision Processes Following Motor Cortex Disruption. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:957-64. [PMID: 26279406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During motor decision making, the neural activity in primary motor cortex (M1) encodes dynamically the competition occurring between potential action plans. A common view is that M1 represents the unfolding of the outcome of a decision process taking place upstream. Yet, M1 could also be directly involved in the decision process. OBJECTIVE Here we tested this hypothesis by assessing the effect of M1 disruption on a motor decision-making task. METHODS We applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to inhibit either left or right M1 in different groups of subjects and included a third control group with no stimulation. Following cTBS, participants performed a task that required them to choose between two finger key-presses with the right hand according to both perceptual and value-based information. Effects were assessed by means of generalized linear mixed models and computational simulations. RESULTS In all three groups, subjects relied both on perceptual (P < 0.0001) and value-based information (P = 0.003) to reach a decision. Yet, left M1 disruption led to an increased reliance on value-based information (P = 0.03). This result was confirmed by a computational model showing an increased weight of the valued-based process on the right hand finger choices following left M1 cTBS (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results indicate that M1 is involved in motor decision making, possibly by weighting the final integration of multiple sources of evidence driving motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zénon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Andrea Alamia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Boursoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tsutsumi R, Hanajima R, Terao Y, Shirota Y, Ohminami S, Shimizu T, Tanaka N, Ugawa Y. Effects of the motor cortical quadripulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (QPS) on the contralateral motor cortex and interhemispheric interactions. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:26-35. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00515.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corpus callosum connects the bilateral primary motor cortices (M1s) and plays an important role in motor control. Using the paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm, we can measure interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) and interhemispheric facilitation (IHF) as indexes of the interhemispheric interactions in humans. We investigated how quadripulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (QPS), one form of repetitive TMS (rTMS), on M1 affects the contralateral M1 and the interhemispheric interactions. QPS is able to induce bidirectional plastic changes in M1 depending on the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of TMS pulses: long-term potentiation (LTP)-like effect by QPS-5 protocol, and long-term depression-like effect by QPS-50, whose numbers indicate the ISI (ms). Twelve healthy subjects were enrolled. We applied QPS over the left M1 and recorded several parameters before and 30 min after QPS. QPS-5, which increased motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by left M1 activation, also increased MEPs induced by right M1 activation. Meanwhile, QPS-50, which decreased MEPs elicited by left M1 activation, did not induce any significant changes in MEPs elicited by right M1 activation. None of the resting motor threshold, active motor threshold, short-interval intracortical inhibition, long-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and short-interval intracortical inhibition in right M1 were affected by QPS. IHI and IHF from left to right M1 significantly increased after left M1 QPS-5. The degree of left first dorsal interosseous MEP amplitude change by QPS-5 significantly correlated with the degree of IHF change. We suppose that the LTP-like effect on the contralateral M1 may be produced by some interhemispheric interactions through the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shinya Ohminami
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Gallea C, Popa T, Hubsch C, Valabregue R, Brochard V, Kundu P, Schmitt B, Bardinet E, Bertasi E, Flamand-Roze C, Alexandre N, Delmaire C, Méneret A, Depienne C, Poupon C, Hertz-Pannier L, Cincotta M, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S, Meunier S, Roze E. RAD51 deficiency disrupts the corticospinal lateralization of motor control. Brain 2013; 136:3333-46. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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14
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Tsutsumi R, Shirota Y, Ohminami S, Terao Y, Ugawa Y, Hanajima R. Conditioning intensity-dependent interaction between short-latency interhemispheric inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:1130-7. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00300.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sensory and transcallosal inputs into the motor cortex may be important in motor performance, but it has not been well studied, especially in humans. The aim of this study was to reveal this relationship by investigating the interaction between short-latency interhemispheric inhibition (SIHI) and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) in humans with transcranial magnetic stimulation. SIHI is the inhibition of the primary motor cortex (M1) elicited by contralateral M1 stimulation given ∼10 ms before, and it reflects transcallosal inhibition. SAI is the inhibition of M1 elicited by contralateral median nerve stimulation preceding M1 stimulation by ∼20 ms. In this investigation, we studied the intensity dependence of SIHI and SAI and the interaction between SIHI and SAI in various conditioning intensities. Subjects were 11 normal volunteers. The degree of effects was evaluated by comparing motor evoked potential sizes recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle between a certain condition and control condition. Both SIHI and SAI were potentiated by increment of the conditioning stimulus intensity and saturated at 1.4 times resting motor threshold for SIHI and 3 times sensory threshold for SAI. No significant interaction was observed when either of their intensities was subthreshold for the inhibition on its own. Only when both intensities were strong enough for their inhibition did the presence of one inhibition lessen the other one. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that interneurons mediating SIHI and SAI have mutual, direct, and inhibitory interaction in a conditioning intensity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shinya Ohminami
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
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Dimitriou M, Franklin DW, Wolpert DM. Task-dependent coordination of rapid bimanual motor responses. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:890-901. [PMID: 22072514 PMCID: PMC3289469 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00787.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal feedback control postulates that feedback responses depend on the task relevance of any perturbations. We test this prediction in a bimanual task, conceptually similar to balancing a laden tray, in which each hand could be perturbed up or down. Single-limb mechanical perturbations produced long-latency reflex responses ("rapid motor responses") in the contralateral limb of appropriate direction and magnitude to maintain the tray horizontal. During bimanual perturbations, rapid motor responses modulated appropriately depending on the extent to which perturbations affected tray orientation. Specifically, despite receiving the same mechanical perturbation causing muscle stretch, the strongest responses were produced when the contralateral arm was perturbed in the opposite direction (large tray tilt) rather than in the same direction or not perturbed at all. Rapid responses from shortening extensors depended on a nonlinear summation of the sensory information from the arms, with the response to a bimanual same-direction perturbation (orientation maintained) being less than the sum of the component unimanual perturbations (task relevant). We conclude that task-dependent tuning of reflexes can be modulated online within a single trial based on a complex interaction across the arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dimitriou
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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16
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van den Berg FE, Swinnen SP, Wenderoth N. Involvement of the primary motor cortex in controlling movements executed with the ipsilateral hand differs between left- and right-handers. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3456-69. [PMID: 21452954 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Unimanual motor tasks, specifically movements that are complex or require high forces, activate not only the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) but evoke also ipsilateral M1 activity. This involvement of ipsilateral M1 is asymmetric, such that the left M1 is more involved in motor control with the left hand than the right M1 in movements with the right hand. This suggests that the left hemisphere is specialized for movement control of either hand, although previous experiments tested mostly right-handed participants. In contrast, research on hemispheric asymmetries of ipsilateral M1 involvement in left-handed participants is relatively scarce. In the present study, left- and right-handed participants performed complex unimanual movements, whereas TMS was used to disrupt the activity of ipsilateral M1 in accordance with a "virtual lesion" approach. For right-handed participants, more disruptions were induced when TMS was applied over the dominant (left) M1. For left-handed participants, two subgroups could be distinguished, such that one group showed more disruptions when TMS was applied over the nondominant (left) M1, whereas the other subgroup showed more disruptions when the dominant (right) M1 was stimulated. This indicates that functional asymmetries of M1 involvement during ipsilateral movements are influenced by both hand dominance as well as left hemisphere specialization. We propose that the functional asymmetries in ipsilateral M1 involvement during unimanual movements are primarily attributable to asymmetries in the higher-order areas, although the contribution of transcallosal pathways and ipsilateral projections cannot be completely ruled out.
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17
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van den Berg FE, Swinnen SP, Wenderoth N. Excitability of the motor cortex ipsilateral to the moving body side depends on spatio-temporal task complexity and hemispheric specialization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17742. [PMID: 21408031 PMCID: PMC3052419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral movements are mainly controlled by the contralateral hemisphere, even though the primary motor cortex ipsilateral (M1ipsi) to the moving body side can undergo task-related changes of activity as well. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate whether representations of the wrist flexor (FCR) and extensor (ECR) in M1ipsi would be modulated when unilateral rhythmical wrist movements were executed in isolation or in the context of a simple or difficult hand-foot coordination pattern, and whether this modulation would differ for the left versus right hemisphere. We found that M1ipsi facilitation of the resting ECR and FCR mirrored the activation of the moving wrist such that facilitation was higher when the homologous muscle was activated during the cyclical movement. We showed that this ipsilateral facilitation increased significantly when the wrist movements were performed in the context of demanding hand-foot coordination tasks whereas foot movements alone influenced the hand representation of M1ipsi only slightly. Our data revealed a clear hemispheric asymmetry such that MEP responses were significantly larger when elicited in the left M1ipsi than in the right. In experiment 2, we tested whether the modulations of M1ipsi facilitation, caused by performing different coordination tasks with the left versus right body sides, could be explained by changes in short intracortical inhibition (SICI). We found that SICI was increasingly reduced for a complex coordination pattern as compared to rest, but only in the right M1ipsi. We argue that our results might reflect the stronger involvement of the left versus right hemisphere in performing demanding motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke E. van den Berg
- Motor Control Laboratory, Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Motor Control Laboratory, Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Motor Control Laboratory, Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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18
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Nelson AJ, Hoque T, Gunraj C, Ni Z, Chen R. Bi-directional interhemispheric inhibition during unimanual sustained contractions. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:31. [PMID: 19344522 PMCID: PMC2669479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction between homologous muscle representations in the right and left primary motor cortex was studied using a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol known to evoke interhemispheric inhibition (IHI). The timecourse and magnitude of IHI was studied in fifteen healthy right-handed adults at several interstimulus intervals between the conditioning stimulus and test stimulus (6, 8, 10, 12, 30, 40, 50 ms). IHI was studied in the motor dominant to non-dominant direction and vice versa while the right or left hand was at rest, performing isometric contraction of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, and isometric contraction of the FDI muscle in the context of holding a pen. Results Compared with rest, IHI was reduced at all ISIs during contraction of either type (with or without the context of pen). IHI was reduced bi-directionally without evidence of hemispheric dominance. Further, contraction of the hand contralateral to the conditioning and test pulse yielded similar reductions in IHI. Conclusion These data provide evidence for bi-directional reduction of IHI during unimanual contractions. During unimanual, sustained contractions of the hand, the contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortices demonstrate reduced inhibition. The data suggest that unimanual movement decreases inhibition bi-directionally across motor hemispheres and offer one explanation for the observation of ipsilateral M1 activity during hand movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee J Nelson
- Division of Neurology and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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19
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Walsh RR, Small SL, Chen EE, Solodkin A. Network activation during bimanual movements in humans. Neuroimage 2008; 43:540-53. [PMID: 18718872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of movement between the upper limbs is a function highly distributed across the animal kingdom. How the central nervous system generates such bilateral, synchronous movements, and how this differs from the generation of unilateral movements, remain uncertain. Electrophysiologic and functional imaging studies support that the activity of many brain regions during bimanual and unimanual movement is quite similar. Thus, the same brain regions (and indeed the same neurons) respond similarly during unimanual and bimanual movements as measured by electrophysiological responses. How then are different motor behaviors generated? To address this question, we studied unimanual and bimanual movements using fMRI and constructed networks of activation using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Our results suggest that (1) the dominant hemisphere appears to initiate activity responsible for bimanual movement; (2) activation during bimanual movement does not reflect the sum of right and left unimanual activation; (3) production of unimanual movement involves a network that is distinct from, and not a mirror of, the network for contralateral unimanual movement; and (4) using SEM, it is possible to obtain robust group networks representative of a population and to identify individual networks which can be used to detect subtle differences both between subjects as well as within a single subject over time. In summary, these results highlight a differential role for the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres during bimanual movements, further elaborating the concept of handedness and dominance. This knowledge increases our understanding of cortical motor physiology in health and after neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Walsh
- Brain Research Imaging Center, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Duque J, Murase N, Celnik P, Hummel F, Harris-Love M, Mazzocchio R, Olivier E, Cohen LG. Intermanual Differences in movement-related interhemispheric inhibition. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19:204-13. [PMID: 17280510 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between motor cortical areas is thought to play a critical role in motor control and could influence manual dexterity. The purpose of this study was to investigate IHI preceding movements of the dominant and nondominant hands of healthy volunteers. Movement-related IHI was studied by means of a double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol in right-handed individuals in a simple reaction time paradigm. IHI targeting the motor cortex contralateral (IHI(c)) and ipsilateral (IHI(i)) to each moving finger was determined. IHI(c) was comparable after the go signal, a long time preceding movement onset, in both hands. Closer to movement onset, IHI(c) reversed into facilitation for the right dominant hand but remained inhibitory for left nondominant hand movements. IHI(i) displayed a nearly constant inhibition with a trough early in the premovement period in both hands. In conclusion, our results unveil a more important modulation of interhemispheric interactions during generation of dominant than nondominant hand movements. This modulation essentially consisted of a shift from a balanced IHI at rest to an IHI predominantly directed toward the ipsilateral primary motor cortex at movement onset. Such a mechanism might release muscles from inhibition in the contralateral primary motor cortex while preventing the occurrence of the mirror activity in ipsilateral primary motor cortex and could therefore contribute to intermanual differences in dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duque
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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21
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Hughes CM, Franz EA. Experience-Dependent Effects in Unimanual and Bimanual Reaction Time Tasks in Musicians. J Mot Behav 2007; 39:3-8. [PMID: 17251166 DOI: 10.3200/jmbr.39.1.3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Engaging in musical training has been shown to result in long-term cognitive benefits. The authors examined whether basic cognitive-motor processes differ in people with extensive musical training and in nonmusicians. Musicians (n = 20) and nonmusicians (n = 20) performed a simple reaction time (RT) task under unimanual and bimanual conditions. Musicians' RTs were faster overall than were those of nonmusicians, and those who began their musical training at an earlier age (around age 7-8 years, on average) exhibited a larger bimanual cost than did those who began later (around 12 years, on average). The authors conclude that experience-dependent changes associated with musical training can result in greater efficacy of interhemispheric connections if those changes occur during certain critical periods of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hughes
- Action, Brain, and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Bäumer T, Bock F, Koch G, Lange R, Rothwell JC, Siebner HR, Münchau A. Magnetic stimulation of human premotor or motor cortex produces interhemispheric facilitation through distinct pathways. J Physiol 2006; 572:857-68. [PMID: 16497712 PMCID: PMC1780006 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored interhemispheric facilitation (IHF) between (a) left and right primary motor cortex (M1) and (b) left dorsal premotor (dPM) and right M1 in 20 right-handed healthy human subjects using a paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol. A conditioning TMS pulse (CP) applied to left M1 or dPM with an intensity of 80% and 60% active motor threshold (CP(80%AMT) and CP(60%AMT), respectively) was followed by a test pulse (TP) over right M1 induced by anterior-posterior- or posterior-anterior- (TP(AP), TP(PA)) directed currents in the brain at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 3-8 and 10 ms. EMG was recorded from left first dorsal interosseous muscle. In the main experimental condition IHF was evoked by CP(80%AMT) over left M1 and TPAP at ISIs of 6 and 8 ms. The same CP(80%AMT) produced IHF at an ISI of 8 ms when applied over left dPM but only with TP(PA). In addition, when CP(60%AMT) was given to M1, IHF was present at an ISI of 6 ms (but not 8 ms) when followed by TP(PA), indicating that IHF elicited over dPM was not caused by current spread of the conditioning pulse to M1. We conclude that IHF can be induced differentially by conditioning M1 and dPM using subthreshold CP. These facilitatory interactions depended on the intensity and ISI of the CP as well as the current flow direction of the TP. We suggest that not only do the CPs activate separate anatomical pathways but also that these pathways project to different populations ofinterneurons in the receiving M1. These may correspond to elements involved in the generation of I3 and I1 waves, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bäumer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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23
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Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:641-62. [PMID: 15904971 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ease with which we perform tasks such as opening the lid of a jar, in which the two hands execute quite different actions, belies the fact that there is a strong tendency for the movements of the upper limbs to be drawn systematically towards one another. Mirror movements, involuntary contractions during intended unilateral engagement of the opposite limb, are considered pathological, as they occur in association with specific disorders of the CNS. Yet they are also observed frequently in normally developing children, and motor irradiation, an increase in the excitability of the (opposite) homologous motor pathways when unimanual movements are performed, is a robust feature of the mature motor system. The systematic nature of the interactions that occur between the upper limbs has also given rise to the expectation that functional improvements in the control of a paretic limb may occur when movements are performed in a bimanual context. In spite of the ubiquitous nature of these phenomena, there is remarkably little consensus concerning the neural basis of their mediation. In the present review, consideration is given to the putative roles of uncrossed corticofugal fibers, branched bilateral corticomotoroneuronal projections, and segmental networks. The potential for bilateral interactions to occur in various brain regions including the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, non-primary motor areas, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum is also explored. This information may provide principled bases upon which to evaluate and develop task and deficit-specific programs of movement rehabilitation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Carson
- Perception and Motor Systems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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24
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Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB, Bradshaw JL, Armatas CA, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Investigating the cortical origins of motor overflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:315-27. [PMID: 15571773 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Motor overflow refers to the involuntary movements which may accompany the production of voluntary movements. While overflow is not usually seen in the normal population, it does present in children and the elderly, as well as those suffering certain neurological dysfunctions. Advancements in methodology over the last decade have allowed for more convincing conclusions regarding the cortical origins of motor overflow. However, despite significant research, the exact mechanism underlying the production of motor overflow is still unclear. This review presents a more comprehensive conceptualization of the theories of motor overflow, which have often been only vaguely defined. Further, the major findings are explored in an attempt to differentiate the competing theories of motor overflow production. This exploration is done in the context of a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, in order to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms of overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hoy
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Carson RG, Welsh TN, Pamblanco-Valero MA. Visual feedback alters the variations in corticospinal excitability that arise from rhythmic movements of the opposite limb. Exp Brain Res 2004; 161:325-34. [PMID: 15517219 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Augmented visual feedback can have a profound bearing on the stability of bimanual coordination. Indeed, this has been used to render tractable the study of patterns of coordination that cannot otherwise be produced in a stable fashion. In previous investigations (Carson et al. 1999), we have shown that rhythmic movements, brought about by the contraction of muscles on one side of the body, lead to phase-locked changes in the excitability of homologous motor pathways of the opposite limb. The present study was conducted to assess whether these changes are influenced by the presence of visual feedback of the moving limb. Eight participants performed rhythmic flexion-extension movements of the left wrist to the beat of a metronome (1.5 Hz). In 50% of trials, visual feedback of wrist displacement was provided in relation to a target amplitude, defined by the mean movement amplitude generated during the immediately preceding no feedback trial. Motor potentials (MEPs) were evoked in the quiescent muscles of the right limb by magnetic stimulation of the left motor cortex. Consistent with our previous observations, MEP amplitudes were modulated during the movement cycle of the opposite limb. The extent of this modulation was, however, smaller in the presence of visual feedback of the moving limb (FCR omega2=0.41; ECR omega2=0.29) than in trials in which there was no visual feedback (FCR omega2=0.51; ECR omega2=0.48). In addition, the relationship between the level of FCR activation and the excitability of the homologous corticospinal pathway of the opposite limb was sensitive to the vision condition; the degree of correlation between the two variables was larger when there was no visual feedback of the moving limb. The results of the present study support the view that increases in the stability of bimanual coordination brought about by augmented feedback may be mediated by changes in the crossed modulation of excitability in homologous motor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Carson
- Perception and Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Journée HL, Polak HE, de Kleuver M, Langeloo DD, Postma AA. Improved neuromonitoring during spinal surgery using double-train transcranial electrical stimulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2004; 42:110-3. [PMID: 14977231 DOI: 10.1007/bf02351019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) have become an important technique for monitoring spinal cord function intra-operatively, but can fail in some patients. A new technique of double-train stimulation is described. A multipulse transcranial electrical stimulus is preceded by a preconditioning pulse train that leads to larger MEP responses. An MEP monitoring system was adapted for double-train transcranial stimulation (DTS). MEP responses from 160 anterior tibial muscles obtained by double-train stimulation were analysed. All patients received propofol/remifentanil/O2/N2O anaesthesia. Fifty-two (83%) out of 63 single-train tibial MEPs with response amplitudes below 100 microV were magnified to over 100 microV, with an inter-train (inter-stimulus) interval ITI = 10-35 ms. These 63 amplitudes were magnified by an overall logarithmic mean factor of 15.5. For 97 MEPs with amplitudes above 100 microV, the logarithmic mean facilitation factor was 2.4. It was concluded that double-train TES stimulation can markedly facilitate responses to a single stimulus train (STS). The facilitation appears to be most effective when the responses to STS would otherwise be small or absent. This preconditioning stimulation technique is therefore useful when an STS leads to responses that are too small for effective monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Journée
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Komssi S, Kähkönen S, Ilmoniemi RJ. The effect of stimulus intensity on brain responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 21:154-64. [PMID: 14755835 PMCID: PMC6871924 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the neuronal effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we studied how the TMS-evoked brain responses depend on stimulation intensity. We measured electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to motor-cortex TMS, estimated the intensity dependence of the overall brain response, and compared it to a theoretical model for the intensity dependence of the TMS-evoked neuronal activity. Left and right motor cortices of seven volunteers were stimulated at intensities of 60, 80, 100, and 120% of the motor threshold (MT). A figure-of-eight coil (diameter of each loop 4 cm) was used for focal stimulation. EEG was recorded with 60 scalp electrodes. The intensity of 60% of MT was sufficient to produce a distinct global mean field amplitude (GMFA) waveform in all subjects. The GMFA, reflecting the overall brain response, was composed of four peaks, appearing at 15 +/- 5 msec (Peak I), 44 +/- 10 msec (II), 102 +/- 18 msec (III), and 185 +/- 13 msec (IV). The peak amplitudes depended nonlinearly on intensity. This nonlinearity was most pronounced for Peaks I and II, whose amplitudes appeared to sample the initial part of the sigmoid-shaped curve modeling the strength of TMS-evoked neuronal activity. Although the response amplitude increased with stimulus intensity, scalp distributions of the potential were relatively similar for the four intensities. The results imply that TMS is able to evoke measurable brain activity at low stimulus intensities, probably significantly below 60% of MT. The shape of the response-stimulus intensity curve may be an indicator of the activation state of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Komssi
- BioMag Laboratory, Engineering Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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28
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Abstract
Bimanual coordination of skilled finger movements requires intense functional coupling of the motor areas of both cerebral hemispheres. This coupling can be measured non-invasively in humans with task-related coherence analysis of multi-channel surface electroencephalography. Since bimanual coordination is a high-level capability that virtually always requires training, this review is focused on changes of interhemispheric coupling associated with different stages of bimanual learning. Evidence is provided that the interaction between hemispheres is of particular importance in the early phase of command integration during acquisition of a novel bimanual task. It is proposed that the dynamic changes in interhemispheric interaction reflect the establishment of efficient bimanual 'motor routines'. The effects of callosal damage on bimanual coordination and learning are reviewed as well as functional imaging studies related to bimanual movement. There is evidence for an extended cortical network involved in bimanual motor activities which comprises the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, dorsal premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex. Current concepts about the functions of these structures in bimanual motor behavior are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University of Tuebingen Medical School, Germany
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29
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Terasaki O, Okazaki M. Transcallosal conduction time measured by visual hemifield stimulation with face images. Neuroreport 2002; 13:97-9. [PMID: 11924903 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200201210-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcallosal conduction time (TCT) in human visual system was estimated from the hemispheric difference of the peak latencies of face-evoked magnetic field (N170m) by left/right hemifield stimulation using 14 8 channel whole-head magnetometers. The estimated TCTwas 18.0 + 6.2 ms (mean +/- s.d.). Although N 170m amplitude was larger in the right hemisphere of seven of nine subjects, no hemispheric asymmetry was observed in the TCT estimate. Transcallosal visual information was likely to be transferred in the higher order (non-retinotopic) visual cortices. Hemifield stimulation with face images is a useful non-invasive method to estimate the TCT in human visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omi Terasaki
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, Ibaraki, Japan
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30
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Hanajima R, Ugawa Y, Machii K, Mochizuki H, Terao Y, Enomoto H, Furubayashi T, Shiio Y, Uesugi H, Kanazawa I. Interhemispheric facilitation of the hand motor area in humans. J Physiol 2001; 531:849-59. [PMID: 11251064 PMCID: PMC2278503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0849h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated interhemispheric interactions between the human hand motor areas using transcranial cortical magnetic and electrical stimulation. 2. A magnetic test stimulus was applied over the motor cortex contralateral to the recorded muscle (test motor cortex), and an electrical or magnetic conditioning stimulus was applied over the ipsilateral hemisphere (conditioning motor cortex). We investigated the effects of the conditioning stimulus on responses to the test stimulus. 3. Two effects were elicited at different interstimulus intervals (ISIs): early facilitation (ISI = 4-5 ms) and late inhibition (ISI > or = 11 ms). 4. The early facilitation was evoked by a magnetic or anodal electrical conditioning stimulus over the motor point in the conditioning hemisphere, which suggests that the conditioning stimulus for early facilitation directly activates corticospinal neurones. 5. The ISIs for early facilitation taken together with the time required for activation of corticospinal neurones by I3-waves in the test hemisphere are compatible with the interhemispheric conduction time through the corpus callosum. Early facilitation was observed in responses to I3-waves, but not in responses to D-waves nor to I1-waves. Based on these results, we conclude that early facilitation is mediated through the corpus callosum. 6. If the magnetic conditioning stimulus induced posteriorly directed currents, or if an anodal electrical conditioning stimulus was applied over a point 2 cm anterior to the motor point, then we observed late inhibition with no early facilitation. 7. Late inhibition was evoked in responses to both I1- and I3-waves, but was not evoked in responses to D-waves. The stronger the conditioning stimulus was, the greater was the amount of inhibition. These results are compatible with surround inhibition at the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Abstract
This paper elaborates the function of corpus callosum in the brain model that contains encoding and modulating axons: the former encode data as presynaptic axonal 'on-off' patterns, and the latter help the former convert data into long-term memory through the development of long-term potentiation and depression. It is hypothesized that callosal axons transfer data codes as interhemispheric memory. Bisection of corpus callosum cuts off interhemispheric data transfer and results in strange-hand syndrome, decreased attention and difficulties in acquiring new interdependent bimanual skills. While uniting two hemispheres for a unitary consciousness, corpus callosum contributes to two similar sets of integrated abstract memory, one in each hemisphere. Therefore, it takes bilateral cerebral lesions to manifest a failure of converting short-term memory into long-term memory. The asymmetric callosal data transfer may correlate with cerebral laterality where a cerebral function, such as language, is conducted mainly in one hemisphere for the benefit of less interhemispheric data-traffic. Complete lateralization of a cerebral function is the rare occasion when the specialized neuron groups (modules) for that function all reside in one hemisphere. It is possible that many cerebral functions including language are incompletely lateralized, and corpus callosum links the non-lateralized modules with the lateralized ones. The more the cerebral lateralization, the fewer the non-lateralized modules to be linked, and the smaller the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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Andres FG, Mima T, Schulman AE, Dichgans J, Hallett M, Gerloff C. Functional coupling of human cortical sensorimotor areas during bimanual skill acquisition. Brain 1999; 122 ( Pt 5):855-70. [PMID: 10355671 DOI: 10.1093/brain/122.5.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimanual co-ordination of skilled finger movements is a high-level capability of the human motor system and virtually always requires training. Little is known about the physiological processes underlying successful bimanual performance and skill acquisition. In the present study, we used task-related coherence (TRCoh) and task-related power (TRPow) analysis of multichannel surface EEG to investigate the functional coupling and regional activation of human sensorimotor regions during bimanual skill acquisition. We focused on changes in interhemispheric coupling associated with bimanual learning. TRCoh and TRPow were estimated during the fusion of two overlearned unimanual finger-tapping sequences into one novel bimanual sequence, before and after a 30-min training period in 18 normal volunteers. Control experiments included learning and repetition of complex and simple unimanual finger sequences. The main finding was a significant increase in interhemispheric TRCoh selectively in the early learning stage (P < 0.0001). Interhemispheric TRCoh was also present during the unimanual control tasks, but with lower magnitude, even if learning was involved. Training improved bimanual sequence performance (from 58.3+/-24.1 to 83.7+/-15.3% correct sequences). After training, interhemispheric (bimanual) TRCoh decreased again, thereby approaching levels similar to those in the unimanual controls. We propose that the initial increase in TRCoh reflects changes in interhemispheric communication that are specifically related to bimanual learning and may be relayed through the corpus callosum. The present data might also offer a neurophysiological explanation for the clinical observation that patients with lesions of the corpus callosum may show deficits in the acquisition of novel bimanual tasks but not necessarily in the execution of previously learned bimanual activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Andres
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Traversa R, Cicinelli P, Pasqualetti P, Filippi M, Rossini PM. Follow-up of interhemispheric differences of motor evoked potentials from the 'affected' and 'unaffected' hemispheres in human stroke. Brain Res 1998; 803:1-8. [PMID: 9729235 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analysed motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the hand muscles during focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCS) in both the affected (AH) and the unaffected (UH) hemispheres of 17 monohemispheric stroke patients followed-up in subacute stage. Recording sessions were performed at 2 (T1 session) and 4 (T2 session) months from acute stroke. Clinical and functional scores were evaluated. An age-sex matched group of 20 healthy subjects have been referenced. In T1, relaxed MEPs from AH were smaller than UH (p<0.001) and normals (p<0.001). In T2, an increase of AH relaxed-MEPs amplitude was observed, combined with an improvement of clinical and functional scores (p<0.001). On the other hand, the amplitude of contracted MEPs from the AH in T1 was larger than in the normal group. This parameter decreased toward normal limits in T2, provided that the amplitude of the MEPs from the AH improved, while it further increased when TCS of the AH continued to fail in eliciting MEPs. This phenomenon was statistically combined with clinical improvement of disability and neurological scores. Recovery of the excitability AH threshold with progressive 'balancing' of the UH hyperresponsiveness represents a good prognostic parameter for clinical outcome of hand motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Traversa
- IRCCS Ospedale di Riabilitazione S. Lucia, Neurofisiopatologia, via Ardeatina, 306, 00194, Rome, Italy
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34
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Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J, Aronen HJ, Näätänen R, Katila T. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport 1997; 8:3537-40. [PMID: 9427322 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199711100-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Motor and visual cortices of normal volunteers were activated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. The electrical brain activity resulting from the brief electromagnetic pulse was recorded with high-resolution electroencephalography (HR-EEG) and located using inversion algorithms. The stimulation of the left sensorimotor hand area elicited an immediate response at the stimulated site. The activation had spread to adjacent ipsilateral motor areas within 5-10 ms and to homologous regions in the opposite hemisphere within 20 ms. Similar activation patterns were generated by magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex. This new non-invasive method provides direct information about cortical reactivity and area-to-area neuronal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ilmoniemi
- BioMag Laboratory, Medical Engineering Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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