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Barannikov R, Kočí E, Bezdička P, Kobera L, Mahun A, Rohlíček J, Plocek J, Švarcová S. Long-chain mercury carboxylates relevant to saponification in oil and tempera paintings: XRPD and ssNMR complementary study of their crystal structures. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4019-4032. [PMID: 35174830 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04160f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Saponification, resulting from pigment-binder interactions, is one of the most endangering phenomena affecting the appearance and stability of painted works of art. The crystallization of metal carboxylates (soaps) in paint layers is recently assumed as the most critical point for the development of undesirable changes induced by saponification, however, the factors triggering it are not fully understood. The red pigment cinnabar (HgS) has been suspected of contributing to saponification, however, the paucity of reliable reference structural data limited the experimental research of its effect at the molecular level. Within this study we synthesized mercury(II) carboxylates of the formula Hg(C16)x(C18)2-x (x = 0.0; 0.2; 0.5; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.0) where C16 and C18 are hexadecanoate (palmitate) and octadecanoate (stearate), respectively, and characterize them by combination of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and 13C and 199Hg solid state NMR (ssNMR). For a more detailed interpretation of their structural and thermal behavior, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used. The crystal structure of the studied mercury carboxylates was described on the basis of complementary ssNMR and XRPD measurements, Rietveld refinement and DFT calculations. All the subjected compounds crystallize in a monoclinic lattice of the C2/c symmetry. Mercury atoms are arranged in a slightly distorted square antiprismatic geometry and are monodentatically bonded to carboxylate anions. The structural disorder at the aliphatic end of the stearic acid chains was detected in the mixed carboxylates. Within the paper, the structural (dis)similarity with the corresponding lead carboxylates is discussed. The synthesized and characterized mercury carboxylates were applied to describe neo-formed mercury soaps in a model experiment simulating an egg-based paint system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Barannikov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic. .,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kočí
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bezdička
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Rohlíček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Plocek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Švarcová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
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Safin DA, Holmberg RJ, Burgess KMN, Robeyns K, Bryce DL, Murugesu M. Hybrid Material Constructed from Hg(NCS)2and 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyrimidyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPymT): Coordination of TPymT in a 2,2′-Bipyridine-Like Mode. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MacGregor AW, O'Dell LA, Schurko RW. New methods for the acquisition of ultra-wideline solid-state NMR spectra of spin-1/2 nuclides. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 208:103-113. [PMID: 21130011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Wideband Uniform Rate Smooth Truncation - Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill (WURST-CPMG) pulse sequence was recently introduced as a new method of acquiring ultra-wideline solid-state NMR (SSNMR) patterns of quadrupolar nuclei (Chem. Phys. Lett. 464 (2008) 97). Herein, we describe the application of the WURST-CPMG pulse sequence to stationary samples (i.e., non-spinning or "static" samples) of various spin-1/2 nuclides ((119)Sn, (207)Pb, (199)Hg and (195)Pt) in order to examine its effectiveness for acquiring ultra-wideline SSNMR patterns. WURST-CPMG is compared to the CPMG and Cross Polarization (CP)-CPMG pulse sequences in select cases ((119)Sn and (207)Pb, respectively), and its usefulness in obtaining ultra-wideline SSNMR spectra in a piecewise fashion is explored. In addition, a preliminary investigation of pulses generated using optimal control theory (OCT) for the purpose of wideline excitation is presented; spectra acquired using these pulses are compared with standard, rectangular pulses of similar pulse powers. Both methods show much promise for acquiring high quality wideline patterns dominated by chemical shift anisotropy, with minimal distortions and significantly reduced experimental times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W MacGregor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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Taylor R, Carver CT, Larsen RE, Dmitrenko O, Bai S, Dybowski C. Revisiting HgCl2: A solution- and solid-state 199Hg NMR and ZORA–DFT computational study. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Di Michele A, Diodati P, Morresi A, Sassi P. Mercury acetate produced by metallic mercury subjected to acoustic cavitation in a solution of acetic acid in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:141-144. [PMID: 18565782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mercury acetate (MA) can be obtained by metallic mercury immersed in a mixture of deionised, bidistillated water (dbw) and acetic acid. We show that MA crystallization time is drastically reduced if the previous mixtures are subjected to acoustic cavitation. The largest quantity of crystals is obtained by a concentration of acetic acid of about 7% in volume. NMR analysis of identical mixtures in the presence of mercury, performed as soon as possible after cavitation, showed the largest quantity of mercury acetate molecules, for the same concentration of acetic acid of 7% in volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Michele
- CNISM, Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, 1 06100 Perugia, Italy
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Demko BA, Wasylishen RE. A solid-state NMR investigation of single-source precursors for group 12 metal selenides; M[N(iPr2PSe)2]2(M = Zn, Cd, Hg). Dalton Trans 2008:481-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b712011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Draper ND, Batchelor RJ, Aguiar PM, Kroeker S, Leznoff DB. Factors Affecting the Solid-State Structure and Dimensionality of Mercury Cyanide/Chloride Double Salts, and NMR Characterization of Coordination Geometries. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:6557-67. [PMID: 15476352 DOI: 10.1021/ic049792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the reaction of organic monocationic chlorides or coordinatively saturated metal-ligand complex chlorides with linear, neutral Hg(CN)(2) building blocks, the Lewis-acidic Hg(CN)(2) moieties accept the chloride ligands to form mercury cyanide/chloride double salt anions that in several cases form infinite 1-D and 2-D arrays. Thus, [PPN][Hg(CN)(2)Cl].H(2)O (1), [(n)Bu(4)N][Hg(CN)(2)Cl].0.5 H(2)O (2), and [Ni(terpy)(2)][Hg(CN)(2)Cl](2) (4) contain [Hg(CN)(2)Cl](2)(2-) anionic dimers ([PPN]Cl = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium chloride, [(n)Bu(4)N]Cl = tetrabutylammonium chloride, terpy = 2,2':6',6' '-terpyridine). [Cu(en)(2)][Hg(CN)(2)Cl](2) (5) is composed of alternating 1-D chloride-bridged [Hg(CN)(2)Cl](n)(n-) ladders and cationic columns of [Cu(en)(2)](2+) (en = ethylenediamine). When [Co(en)(3)]Cl(3) is reacted with 3 equiv of Hg(CN)(2), 1-D [[Hg(CN)(2)](2)Cl](n)(n-) ribbons and [Hg(CN)(2)Cl(2)](2-) moieties are formed; both form hydrogen bonds to [Co(en)(3)](3+) cations, yielding [Co(en)(3)][Hg(CN)(2)Cl(2)][[Hg(CN)(2)](2)Cl] (6). In [Co(NH(3))(6)](2)[Hg(CN)(2)](5)Cl(6).2H(2)O (7), [Co(NH(3))(6)](3+) cations and water molecules are sandwiched between chloride-bridged 2-D anionic [[Hg(CN)(2)](5)Cl(6)](n)(6n-) layers, which contain square cavities. The presence (or absence), number, and profile of hydrogen bond donor sites of the transition metal amine ligands were observed to strongly influence the structural motif and dimensionality adopted by the anionic double salt complex anions, while cation shape and cation charge had little effect. (199)Hg chemical shift tensors and (1)J((13)C,(199)Hg) values measured in selected compounds reveal that the NMR properties are dominated by the Hg(CN)(2) moiety, with little influence from the chloride bonding characteristics. delta(iso)((13)CN) values in the isolated dimers are remarkably sensitive to the local geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Draper
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Hung I, Rossini AJ, Schurko RW. Application of the Carr−Purcell Meiboom−Gill Pulse Sequence for the Acquisition of Solid-State NMR Spectra of Spin-1/2Nuclei. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0401123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Siegel R, Nakashima TT, Wasylishen RE. Application of Multiple-Pulse Experiments to Characterize Broad NMR Chemical-Shift Powder Patterns from Spin-1/2 Nuclei in the Solid State. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renée Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Thomas T. Nakashima
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Roderick E. Wasylishen
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Grutzner JB, Stewart KW, Wasylishen RE, Lumsden MD, Dybowski C, Beckmann PA. A new mechanism for spin--lattice relaxation of heavy nuclei in the solid state: 207Pb relaxation in lead nitrate. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7094-100. [PMID: 11459488 DOI: 10.1021/ja0040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, for 207Pb in solid lead nitrate has been undertaken in an effort to understand the mechanism of relaxation. The results show that the 207Pb T1 is independent of magnetic field strength and inversely proportional to the square of the temperature. These are signatures of relaxation by a spin-phonon Raman scattering mechanism. Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in solid lead salts is more efficient for sites with smaller magnetic shielding anisotropy. A coupling mechanism is proposed whereby phonons create a local magnetic field by modulating the valence electron shell motion relative to the nuclear/electron core. Literature data suggest that spin-phonon scattering is a common relaxation pathway for other spin-1/2 heavy nuclei in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Grutzner
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
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Bowmaker GA, Harris RK, Apperley DC. Solid-State (199)Hg MAS NMR and Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of Dimercury(I) Compounds. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:4956-4962. [PMID: 11671237 DOI: 10.1021/ic9905648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state (199)Hg MAS NMR spectra of Hg(2)X(2) (X = Cl, SCN, NCO, CH(3)CO(2), CF(3)CO(2)) have been measured, and the infrared and Raman spectra of these compounds have been recorded and analyzed to further characterize them and to assist in the interpretation of the NMR data. Spinning-sideband analysis has been used to determine the (199)Hg shielding anisotropy and asymmetry parameters Deltasigma and eta from the solid-state (199)Hg MAS NMR spectra. In contrast to the case of the corresponding mercury(II) compounds, the shielding anisotropy is found to be relatively insensitive to the nature of the X group. This is consistent with the view that the electronic environment of the Hg atom in the mercury(I) compounds is dominated by the Hg-Hg bond. The changes in the (199)Hg shielding parameters from the mercury(II) to the corresponding mercury(I) compounds, as well as the changes in these parameters in the mercury(I) compounds with changes in X, can be interpreted in terms of variations in the local paramagnetic contribution to the shielding tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A. Bowmaker
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, and University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Kroeker S, Wasylishen RE, Hanna JV. The Structure of Solid Copper(I) Cyanide: A Multinuclear Magnetic and Quadrupole Resonance Study. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983253p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kroeker
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada, and CSIRO North Ryde NMR Laboratory, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113, Australia
| | - Roderick E. Wasylishen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada, and CSIRO North Ryde NMR Laboratory, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113, Australia
| | - John V. Hanna
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada, and CSIRO North Ryde NMR Laboratory, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113, Australia
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Bowmaker GA, Churakov AV, Harris RK, Howard JAK, Apperley DC. Solid-State 199Hg MAS NMR Studies of Mercury(II) Thiocyanate Complexes and Related Compounds. Crystal Structure of Hg(SeCN)2. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham A. Bowmaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Robin K. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. K. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Apperley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Bowmaker GA, Churakov AV, Harris RK, Oh SW. Vibrational spectroscopy and solid-state MAS NMR studies of mercury(II) acetate complexes [Hg(X)OAc]. J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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