1
|
Domínguez-Martín MA, López-Lozano A, Melero-Rubio Y, Gómez-Baena G, Jiménez-Estrada JA, Kukil K, Diez J, García-Fernández JM. Marine Synechococcus sp. Strain WH7803 Shows Specific Adaptative Responses to Assimilate Nanomolar Concentrations of Nitrate. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0018722. [PMID: 35852322 PMCID: PMC9430850 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Synechococcus, together with Prochlorococcus, contribute to a significant proportion of the primary production on Earth. The spatial distribution of these two groups of marine picocyanobacteria depends on different factors such as nutrient availability and temperature. Some Synechococcus ecotypes thrive in mesotrophic and moderately oligotrophic waters, where they exploit both oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen. Here, we present a comprehensive study, which includes transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the response of Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 to nanomolar concentrations of nitrate, compared to micromolar ammonium or nitrogen starvation. We found that Synechococcus has a specific response to a nanomolar nitrate concentration that differs from the response shown under nitrogen starvation or the presence of standard concentrations of either ammonium or nitrate. This fact suggests that the particular response to the uptake of nanomolar concentrations of nitrate could be an evolutionary advantage for marine Synechococcus against Prochlorococcus in the natural environment. IMPORTANCE Marine Synechococcus are a very abundant group of photosynthetic organisms on our planet. Previous studies have shown blooms of these organisms when nanomolar concentrations of nitrate become available. We have assessed the effect of nanomolar nitrate concentrations by studying the transcriptome and proteome of Synechococcus sp. WH7803, together with some physiological parameters. We found evidence that Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 does sense and react to nanomolar concentrations of nitrate, suggesting the occurrence of specific adaptive mechanisms to allow their utilization. Thus, very low concentrations of nitrate in the ocean seem to be a significant nitrogen source for marine picocyanobacteria.
Collapse
Grants
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Government of Spain (cofunded by the FEDER program, European Union)
- Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidad, Junta de Andalucia (Spain), cofunded by the FEDER program (European Union)
- Universidad de Cordoba (Spain), Programa Propio de Investigacion
- Junta de Andalucia (Spain), Programa Operativo de Empleo Juvenil, cofunded by the FEDER programme (European Union)
- Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucia (Spain), cofunded by the FEDER program (European Union)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Agustina Domínguez-Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yesica Melero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Gómez-Baena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Kateryna Kukil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Diez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Montaigu A, Sanz-Luque E, Macias MI, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Transcriptional regulation of CDP1 and CYG56 is required for proper NH4+ sensing in Chlamydomonas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1425-37. [PMID: 21127023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of inorganic nitrogen is an essential process for all plant-like organisms. In the presence of ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii preferentially assimilates ammonium and represses the nitrate assimilation pathway through an unknown mechanism that in part involves the guanylate cyclase CYG56. It is demonstrated that cells not only respond quantitatively to the NH(4)(+) signal but are also able to sense a balance between both nitrogen sources. This quantitative response was altered in a collection of mutants that were partially insensitive to NH(4)(+). In one of these mutants, reduced function of a gene named CDP1 encoding a cysteine domain-containing protein was genetically linked to NH(4)(+) insensitivity. Alteration of CYG56 or CDP1 transcription was detected in several mutants, and combined down-regulation of both genes seemed to enhance the incapacity to sense NH(4)(+) properly. These results suggest that transcriptional regulation of CYG56 and CDP1 are central and independent steps of the NH(4)(+) signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaury de Montaigu
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maldonado J, Notton B, Hewitt E. Effects of reduced dehydrogenase electron acceptors on the various nitrate dependant activities of spinach (Spinacea oleracea
L.) nitrate reductase. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
4
|
Navarro MT, Guerra E, Fernández E, Galván A. Nitrite reductase mutants as an approach to understanding nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:283-90. [PMID: 10631272 PMCID: PMC58867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.1.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/1999] [Accepted: 09/24/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We constructed mutant strains lacking the nitrite reductase (NR) gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Two types of NR mutants were obtained, which either have or lack the high-affinity nitrate transporter (Nrt2;1, Nrt2;2, and Nar2) genes. None of these mutants overexpressed nitrate assimilation gene transcripts nor NR activity in nitrogen-free medium, in contrast to NR mutants. This finding confirms the previous role proposed for NR on its own regulation (autoregulation) and on the other genes for nitrate assimilation in C. reinhardtii. In addition, the NR mutants were used to study nitrate transporters from nitrite excretion. At high CO(2), only strains carrying the above high-affinity nitrate transporter genes excreted stoichiometric amounts of nitrite from 100 microM nitrate in the medium. A double mutant, deficient in both the high-affinity nitrate transporter genes and NR, excreted nitrite at high CO(2) only when nitrate was present at mM concentrations. This suggests that there exists a low-affinity nitrate transporter that might correspond to the nitrate/nitrite transport system III. Moreover, under low CO(2) conditions, the double mutant excreted nitrite from nitrate at micromolar concentrations by a transporter with the properties of the nitrate/nitrite transport system IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Avda. San Alberto Magno, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071-Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prieto R, Dubus A, Galván A, Fernández E. Isolation and characterization of two new negative regulatory mutants for nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii obtained by insertional mutagenesis. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 251:461-71. [PMID: 8709950 DOI: 10.1007/bf02172375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA carrying either the nitrate reductase (NR) gene or the argininosuccinate lyase gene as selectable markers and the corresponding Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants as recipient strains have been used to isolate regulatory mutants for nitrate assimilation by insertional mutagenesis. Identification of putative regulatory mutants was based on their chlorate sensitivity in the presence of ammonium. Among 8975 transformants, two mutants, N1 and T1, were obtained. Genetic characterization of these mutants indicated that they carry recessive mutations at two different loci, named Nrg1 and Nrg2. The mutation in N1 was shown to be linked to the plasmid insertion. Two copies of the nitrate reductase plasmid, one of them truncated, were inserted in the N1 genome in inverse orientation. In addition to the chlorate sensitivity phenotype in the presence of ammonium, these mutants expressed NR, nitrite reductase and nitrate transport activities in ammonium-nitrate media. Kinetic constants for ammonium (I4C-methylammonium) transport, as well as enzymatic activities related to the ammonium-regulated metabolic pathway for xanthine utilization, were not affected in these strains. The data strongly suggest that Nrg1 and Nrg2 are regulatory genes which specifically mediate the negative control exerted by ammonium on the nitrate assimilation pathway in C. reinhardtii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Prieto
- Departmento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merchán F, Prieto R, Kindle KL, Llama MJ, Serra JL, Fernández E. Isolation, sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the nitrite reductase gene from the filamentous, thermophilic cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 27:1037-1042. [PMID: 7766873 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nitrite reductase (NiR) gene (nirA) has been isolated and sequenced from the filamentous, thermophilic non-N2-fixing cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. Putative promoter-like and Shine-Dalgarno sequences appear at the 5' end of the 1533 bp long nir-coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence of NiR from P. laminosum corresponds to a 56 kDa polypeptide, a size identical to the molecular mass previously determined for the pure enzyme, and shows a high identity with amino acid sequences from ferredoxin-dependent NiR. This cyanobacterial NiR gene has been efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha from the E. coli lac promoter and probably from the P. laminosum NiR promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Merchán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCarty GW, Bremner JM. Effects of Mn2+ and Mg2+ on assimilation of NO3- and NH4+ by soil microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:9403-7. [PMID: 8415713 PMCID: PMC47576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.20.9403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that Mn2+ and Mg2+ can influence the activity of glutamine synthetase in various organisms, there is little information concerning the effects of these cations on the activity of this enzyme in soil microorganisms or on ability of these microorganisms to assimilate NO3- and NH4+. We studied the effects of different concentrations of Mn2+ and Mg2+ on assimilatory NO3- reduction and NH4+ assimilation in cultures of two microorganisms commonly found in soil [Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and Azotobacter chroococcum (ATCC 9043)] and in an enrichment culture of soil microorganisms. We found that Mn2+ strongly inhibited NH4+ assimilation by soil microorganisms and blocked the inhibitory effect of NH4+ on assimilatory NO3- reductase (ANR) activity, thereby uncoupling ANR activity from nitrogen assimilation and causing the NH4+ formed by ANR activity to be released to the environment. Mg2+ counteracted the effect of Mn2+ on microbial metabolism of nitrogen, which suggests that the overall effect of these cations on nitrogen assimilation by soil microorganisms will depend on the ratio of their concentrations in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G W McCarty
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruiz MT, Cejudo FJ, Paneque A. Role of Mn(II) as regulator of nitrate assimilation in Azotobacter chroococcum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Franco AR, Cárdenas J, Fernández E. Two different carriers transport both ammonium and methylammonium in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Pineda M, Cabello P, Cárdenas J. Ammonium regulation of urate uptake in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 1987; 171:496-500. [PMID: 24225711 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1986] [Accepted: 03/13/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Urate was taken up at a negligible rate by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells grown on ammonium and transferred to media containing urate plus ammonium or urate plus chloral hydrate or cycloheximide. Addition of ammonium to cells actively consuming urate produced a rapid inhibition of urate uptake whereas the intracellular oxidation of urate was unaffected. Methylammonium but not glutamine or glutamate inhibited urate uptake. Addition of L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine to cells actively consuming urate provoked ammonium excretion, which was accompanied by a rapid inhibition of urate uptake. In cells growing on urate and exhibiting noticeable levels of nitrite-reductase activity, nitrite caused a sudden inhibition of urate uptake whereas nitrate required a time to induce nitrate reductase and to exert its inhibitory effect on uptake. The urate-uptake system did not require urate for induction since the urate-uptake capacity appeared in nitrogen-starved cells. From these results it is concluded that, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, ammonium inhibits urate uptake and also acts as co-repressor of the uptake system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pineda
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
A mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii altered in the transport of ammonium and methylammonium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00428880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Role of the diaphorase moiety on the reversible inactivation of the Chlamydomonas reinhardii nitrate reductase complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Maldonado JM, Notton BA, Hewitt EJ. The reactivation of nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) inactivated by NADH and cyanide: effects of peroxidase and associated systems. PLANTA 1982; 156:289-294. [PMID: 24272572 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1982] [Accepted: 06/14/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) leaves which had been inactivated in vitro by treatment with NADH and cyanide, was reactivated by incubation with oxidant systems and measured as FMNH2-dependent activity. Ferricyanide, a purely chemical oxidant, produced rapid maximal reactivation (100%) which was 90% complete in less than 3 min. Reactivation occurred slowly and less completely (30-75% in 30 or 60 min) when the enzyme was incubated with pure horseradish peroxidase alone, depending on using one or 20 units and time. Addition of glucose and glucose oxidase to generate hydrogen peroxide increased reactivation slightly (10-15%) with 20 units of peroxidase but more (30-50%) with one unit and to 75-90% of ferricyanide values. Adding catalase decreased reactivation by more than half either with or without glucose oxidase. Glucose and glucose oxidase alone did not cause reactivation. Addition of superoxide dismutase increased reactivation from 50-75% of ferricyanide values with one unit of peroxidase alone but had no effect on greater reactivation obtained in the presence of glucose oxidase. The addition of p-cresol and manganese together increased reactivation with one unit of peroxidase and in the presence of glucose oxidase by about double, but omission of manganese had no effect. However, as shown previously, although trivalent manganese was formed, the residual presence of manganous ions inhibited reactivation. Nevertheless, peroxidase systems either alone or with additionally generated hydrogen peroxide can induce substantial reactivation of nitrate reductase in physiologically relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Maldonado
- Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, BS18 9AF, Bristol, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moreno-Vivián C, Castillo F, Cárdenas J. Effect of light and darkness on nitrate assimilation by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata E1F1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1982; 3:313-319. [PMID: 24458344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00034112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1982] [Revised: 05/15/1982] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic nonsulfur purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain E1F1 assimilated nitrate or nitrite only in illuminated cultures under anaerobic conditions. The bacterial cells grew aerobically in the dark only when ammonia or other forms of reduced nitrogen were present in the medium. However, nitrate reductase was detected either in light-anaerobic or in dark-aerobic conditions upon addition of nitrate to the media. Changes from light-anaerobic to dark-aerobic conditions and vice versa markedly influenced growth, nitrate uptake and the nitrate reductase levels. Growth on nitrate in the light and nitrate reductase activity were dependent on the presence of molybdenum in the medium whereas the addition of tungstate inhibited both growth and enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Moreno-Vivián
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Biología y C.S.I.C., Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Semiaerobic induction of a nitrate reductase activity in growing cultures of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata E1F1 containing NH 4 + ions as nitrogen source. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Fernández E, Cárdenas J. Regulation of the nitrate-reducing system enzymes in wild-type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1982; 186:164-9. [PMID: 6810063 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Six mutant strains (301, 102, 203, 104, 305, and 307) affected in their nitrate assimilation capability and their corresponding parental wild-type strains (6145c and 21gr) from Chlamydomonas reinhardii have been studied on different nitrogen sources with respect to NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase and its associated activities (NAD(P)H-cytochrome c reductase and reduced benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase) and to nitrite reductase activity. The mutant strains lack NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase activity in all the nitrogen sources. Mutants 301, 102, 104, and 307 have only NAD(P)H-cytochrome c reductase activity whereas mutant 305 solely has reduced benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase activity. Both activities are repressible by ammonia but, in contrast to the nitrate reductase complex of wild-type strains, require neither nitrate nor nitrite for their induction. Moreover, the enzyme from mutant 305 is always obtained in active form whereas nitrate reductase from wild-types needs to be reactivated previously with ferricyanide to be fully detected. Wild-type strains and mutants 301, 102, 104, and 307, when properly induced, exhibit an NAD(P)H-cytochrome c reductase distinguishable electrophoretically from constitutive diaphorases as a rapidly migrating band. Nitrite reductase from wild-type and mutant strains is also repressible by ammonia and does not require nitrate or nitrite for its synthesis. These facts are explained in terms of a regulation of nitrate reductase synthesis by the enzyme itself.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The facultative phototroph Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides DSM158 was incapable of either assimilating or dissimilating nitrate, although the organism could reduce it enzymatically to nitrite either anaerobically in the light or aerobically in the dark. Reduction of nitrate was mediated by a nitrate reductase bound to chromatophores that could be easily solubilized and functioned with chemically reduced viologens or photochemically reduced flavins as electron donors. The enzyme was solubilized, and some of its kinetic and molecular parameters were determined. It seemed to be nonadaptive, ammonia did not repress its synthesis, and its activity underwent a rapid decline when the cells entered the stationary growth phase. Studies with inhibitors and with metal antagonists indicated that molybdenum and possibly iron participate in the enzymatic reduction of nitrate. The conjectural significance of this nitrate reductase in phototrophic bacteria is discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Maldonado J, Vargas MA, Mauriño SG, Aparicio PJ. Inactivation by acetylene of spinach nitrate reductase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Kerber N, Caballero F, Cárdenas J. Assimilatory nitrite-reductase fromRhodopseudomonas capsulataE1F1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb06974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
22
|
Maldonado JM, Notton BA, Hewitt EJ. The reactivation of nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) inactivated by NADH and cyanide, using trivalent manganese either generated by illuminated chloroplasts or as manganipyrophosphate. PLANTA 1980; 150:242-248. [PMID: 24306689 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1980] [Accepted: 06/13/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves which had been inactivated in vitro by treatment with NADH and cyanide, was reactivated by incubation with oxidant systems and measured as FMNH2-dependent activity. Reactivation was produced with trivalent manganese compounds represented either by manganipyrophosphate or produced by oxidation of Mn(2+) ions in the presence of illuminated chloroplasts and compared with reactivation obtained with ferricyanide. Reactivation in the chloroplast system was equivalent to that with ferricyanide when orthophosphate was used but was variable and weak in the presence of pyrophosphate, although manganipyrophosphate was formed, freely. Reactivation by manganipyrophosphate in dark reaction conditions was less effective than with ferricyanide but was not inhibited by the addition of pyrophosphate. Reactivation with illuminated unheated chloroplasts was dependent on added manganese and oxidation of manganese in the presence of pyrophosphate was abolished by boiling the chloroplasts. In the presence of orthophosphate however, boiled, illuminated chloroplasts reactivated the enzyme in the absence of added manganese. Reactivation occurred spontaneously in air, more slowly than with the other oxidants, but to a similar extent to that produced by manganipyrophosphate. The results provide a possible model for physiological reactivation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Maldonado
- Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, BS18 9AF, Bristol, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Two fractions of nitrate reductase inhibitor activities were found in extracts of primary and regenerated roots of nitrate-grown rice seedlings. The inhibitor was proteinaceous in nature and specific to nitrate reductase. The main site of action of the inhibitor was the NADH: cytochrome c reductase component of nitrate reductase. NADH was able to protect the NADH:nitrate reductase against the inhibitor.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Haley TJ. Review of the toxicology of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium chloride). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1979; 14:1-46. [PMID: 373975 DOI: 10.3109/15563657909030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
26
|
Vila R, Bárcena JA, Llobell A, Paneque A. Characterization of a membrane-bound nitrate reductase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 75:682-8. [PMID: 193497 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Heimer YM, Krashin S, Riklis E. The use of affinity chromatography for the purification of nitrate reductase. FEBS Lett 1976; 62:30-2. [PMID: 1248636 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas reinhardii the reduction of nitrate to ammonia occurs in two independent enzymatic steps: 1. the two-electrons reduction of nitrate to nitrite catalyzed by NADH-nitrate reductase, and, 2. the six-electrons reduction of nitrite to ammonia catalyzed by ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. Both enzymes have been purified and characterized, and some of their properties have been studied.
Collapse
|
30
|
Thibodeau PS, Jaworski EG. Patterns of nitrogen utilization in the soybean. PLANTA 1975; 127:133-47. [PMID: 24430370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/1975] [Accepted: 07/17/1975] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of nitrate uptake, nitrate reductase activity in the leaves, and nitrogen fixation by the nodules were investigated in field-grown soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) over the growing season.The level of nitrate-reductase activity generally paralleled the concentration of nitrate in the leaf tissue over the entire growing season. A precipitous drop in both parameters was noted within 2-3 weeks after flowering. These parameters decreased by 80-95% at mid-pod fill, a stage where ovule (seed) development was in the logarithmic growth phase, placing a heavy demand on the plant for both energy and fixed nitrogen.The activity of nitrogen fixation of soybean root nodules bore a reciprocal relationship to that of nitrate reductase. The maximum levels of nitrogen fixation were reached at early pod fill when nitrate reductase activity had dropped to 25% of maximum activity. A rapid loss of nitrogen fixation activity occurred shortly after bean fill was initiated, again at a time when the ovules were developing at maximal rates.The total protein content of soybean leaves increased over the season to a maximum level at mid-pod fill. This was followed by a 50% drop over the next 3-week period when the plants approached senescence. This drop corresponded to that found for nitrogen fixation. A similar pattern was noted for watersoluble proteins in the leaf.These studies suggest that there is a close and competitive relationship between the processes of nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation, with the latter process dominating as the major source of fixed nitrogen after the plants have flowered and initiated pods. At this transitional stage, both soil and environmental effects could cause pertrubation in these processes that could lead to a nitrogen stress causing flower and pod abscission.The rapid decay of nitrogen fixation at the time of midpod fill also suggests a competition between roots (nodules) and pods for available photosynthate. This competition appears to lead to the breakdown of foliar proteins and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Thibodeau
- Monsanto company, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, 63166, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Palacián E, De la Rosa F, Castillo F, Gómez-Moreno C. Nitrate reductase from Spinacea oleracea. Reversible inactivation by NAD(P)H and by thiols. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 161:441-7. [PMID: 4151885 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
32
|
Gómez-Moreno C, Palacián E. Nitrate reductase from Chlorella fusca. Reversible inactivation by thiols and by sulfite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 160:269-73. [PMID: 4151325 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(74)80033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
33
|
Rosso JP, Forget P, Pichinoty F. [Bacterial nitrate reductases. Solubilization, purification and properties of the enzyme A of Micrococcus halodenitrificans (author's transl)]. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 321:443-55. [PMID: 4762405 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
34
|
Guerrero MG, Vega JM, Leadbetter E, Losada M. Preparation and characterization of a soluble nitrate reductase from Azotobacter chroococcum. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1973; 91:287-304. [PMID: 4741525 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Hodler M, Morgenthaler JJ, Eichenberger W, Grob EC. The influence of light on the activity of nitrate reductase in synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. FEBS Lett 1972; 28:19-21. [PMID: 4646870 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
37
|
Zumft WG, Spiller H, Yeboah-Smith I. [Iron content and electron donor specificity of the nitrate reductase from Ankistrodesmus]. PLANTA 1972; 102:228-236. [PMID: 24482205 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1971] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1-2) purified from nitrogen-deficient cells of Ankistrodesmus braunii has the same characteristics previously described for the enzyme from Chlorella fusca. Nitrogen-deficient cells were chosen as a source for nitrate reductase because of a pronounced rise of enzymatic activity after about 20 days of growth, which surpassed even the specific activity present in normal cells. This nitrate reductase exhibits a twofold specificity towards NADH and NADPH which shows a constant ratio during enzyme purification and cannot be separated by gelfiltration or density gradient centrifugation. By growing Ankistrodesmus in the presence of radioactive (55)Fe, the incorporation of this metal into the purified enzyme could be demonstrated. A scheme is presented for the enzymatic mechanism of nitrate reduction in green algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W G Zumft
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guerrero MG, Rivas J, Paneque A, Losada M. Mechanism of nitrate and nitrate reduction in Chlorella cells grown in the dark. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:82-9. [PMID: 4400858 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Heimer YM, Filner P. Regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway in cultured tobacco cells. 3. The nitrate uptake system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 230:362-72. [PMID: 5573364 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
41
|
Rigano C. Studies on nitrate reductase from Cyanidium caldarium. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 76:265-76. [PMID: 4324027 DOI: 10.1007/bf00409121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Smillie RM, Entsch B. [46] Phytoflavin. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)23122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Zumft WG, Aparicio PJ, Paneque A, Losada M. Structural and functional role of FAD in the NADH-nitrate reducing system from Chlorella. FEBS Lett 1970; 9:157-160. [PMID: 11947657 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W G. Zumft
- Instituto de Biología Celular, CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rigano C. [Preliminary observations concerning the nitrate reductase of Ankistrodesmus braunii]. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1970; 70:147-56. [PMID: 4988020 DOI: 10.1007/bf00412205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
Zumft WG, Paneque A, Aparicio PJ, Losada M. Mechanism of nitrate reduction in Chlorella. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 36:980-6. [PMID: 4390523 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
48
|
Paneque A, Aparicio PJ, Cardenas J, Ma Vega J, Losada M. Nitrate as a hill reagent in a reconstituted chloroplast system. FEBS Lett 1969; 3:57-59. [PMID: 11946968 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(69)80096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Paneque
- Instituto de Biología Celular, C.S.I.C., y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Panque A, Aparicio PJ, Catalina L, Losada M. Enzymatic reduction of nitrate with flavin nucleotides reduced by a new chloroplast NADH-specific diaphorase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 162:149-51. [PMID: 4298924 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(68)90222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
50
|
Losada M, Paneque A. Light reduction of nitrate by chloroplasts depending on ferredoxin and NAD+. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 126:578-80. [PMID: 4381621 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6585(66)90015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|