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Fiore M. The synthesis of mono-alkyl phosphates and their derivatives: an overview of their nature, preparation and use, including synthesis under plausible prebiotic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3068-3086. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids, phospholipids and other organic phosphates play central roles in biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fiore
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Université de Lyon
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
- France
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Krafft MP. Large organized surface domains self-assembled from nonpolar amphiphiles. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:514-24. [PMID: 22185721 DOI: 10.1021/ar200178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For years, researchers had presumed that Langmuir monolayers of small C(n)F(2n+1)C(m)H(2m+1) (FnHm) diblock molecules (such as F8H16) consisted of continuous, featureless films. Recently we have discovered that they instead form ordered arrays of unusually large (~30-60 nm), discrete self-assembled surface domains or hemimicelles both at the surface of water and on solid substrates. These surface micelles differ in several essential ways from all previously reported or predicted molecular surface aggregates. They self-assemble spontaneously, even at zero surface pressure, depending solely on a critical surface concentration. They are very large (~100 times the length of the diblock) and involve thousands of molecules (orders of magnitude more than classical micelles). At the same time, the surface micelles are highly monodisperse and self-organize in close-packed hexagonal patterns (two-dimensional crystals). Their size is essentially independent from pressure, and they do not coalesce and are unexpectedly sturdy for soft matter (persisting even beyond surface film collapse). We and other researchers have observed large surface micelles for numerous diblocks, using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) transfer, spin-coating and dip-coating techniques, or expulsion from mixed monolayers, and on diverse supports, establishing that hemimicelle formation and ordering are intrinsic properties of (perfluoroalkyl)alkanes. Notably, they involve "incomplete" surfactants with limited amphiphilic character, which further illustrates the outstanding capacity for perfluoroalkyl chains to promote self-assembly and interfacial film structuring. Using X-ray reflectivity, we determined a perfluoroalkyl-chain-up orientation. Theoretical investigations assigned self-assembly and hemimicelle stability to electrostatic dipole-dipole interactions at the interface between Fn- and Hm-sublayers. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) data collected directly on the surface of water unambiguously demonstrated the presence of surface micelles in monolayers of diblocks prior to LB transfer for atomic force microscopy imaging. We characterized an almost perfect two-dimensional crystal, with 12 assignable diffraction peaks, which established that self-assembly and regular nanopatterning were not caused by transfer or induced by the solid support. These experiments also provide the first direct identification of surface micelles on water, and the first identification of such large-size domains using GISAXS. Revisiting Langmuir film compression behavior after we realized that it actually was a compression of nanometric objects led to further unanticipated observations. These films could be compressed far beyond the documented film "collapse", eventually leading to the buildup of two superimposed, less-organized bilayers of diblocks on top of the initially formed monolayer of hemimicelles. Remarkably, the latter withstood the final, irreversible collapse of the composite films. "Gemini" tetrablocks, di(FnHm), with two Fn-chains and two Hm-chains, provided two superposed layers of discrete micelles, apparently the first example of thin films made of stacked discrete self-assembled nanoobjects. Decoration of solid surfaces with domains of predetermined size of these small "nonpolar" molecules is straightforward. Initial examples of applications include deposition of metal dots and catalytic oxidation of CO, and nanopatterning of SiO(2) films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- Systèmes Organisés Fluorés à Finalités Thérapeutiques (SOFFT), Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS UPR 22), Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Dupuy N, Pasc A, Mayot E, Cosgun S, Gérardin-Charbonnier C. Synthesis and self-assembling behavior of F-amphiphilic functionalized amines. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Krafft MP. Controlling phospholipid self-assembly and film properties using highly fluorinated components – Fluorinated monolayers, vesicles, emulsions and microbubbles. Biochimie 2012; 94:11-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Chemistry, physical chemistry, and uses of molecular fluorocarbon--hydrocarbon diblocks, triblocks, and related compounds--unique "apolar" components for self-assembled colloid and interface engineering. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1714-92. [PMID: 19296687 DOI: 10.1021/cr800260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron (SOFFT-CNRS), 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex, Strasbourg, France.
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Takagi T, Takai K, Baba T, Kanamori T. Synthesis of phospholipids containing perfluorooctyl group and their interfacial properties. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Trabelsi H, Szönyi S, Reuter P, Wehrli E, Geribaldi S. Synthesis and Vesicle Formation of Ethyl 2-[2′-(F-alkyl)ethyl] 2-alkyl Malonic Acid Disodium Salts. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270108039791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Trabelsi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Organiques et Métalliques, Faculté des Sciences , Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108, NICE Cedex, 2, France
| | - S. Szönyi
- b Laboratoire 3S, Centre de Recherche , 7 rue de l'Industrie, 98000, Monaco (Principality of Monaco)
| | - P. Reuter
- c Zentralinstitut für Biomezdizimische Tecknik, Abteilung Biomaterialien, Universität Ulm , 89069, ULM, Germany
| | - E. Wehrli
- d ETH-Zürich, Service Elektronenmikroscopie , LVF B34, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S. Geribaldi
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Organiques et Métalliques, Faculté des Sciences , Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108, NICE Cedex, 2, France
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Mecozzi
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin - Madison , 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ferro Y, Krafft MP. Incorporation of semi-fluorinated alkanes in the bilayer of small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylserine: impact on fusion kinetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1581:11-20. [PMID: 11960747 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Semi-fluorinated alkanes C(n)F(2n+1)C(m)H(2m+1) (FnHm) can be co-dispersed with standard phospholipids to form 'fluorinated' vesicles, i.e. vesicles with an internal fluorinated film within their bilayer membrane. This paper reports the effect of the presence of such FnHm diblocks in phosphatidylserine (PS)-based small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) on their kinetics of fusion. Fusion was induced by calcium ions and monitored by the terbium/dipicolinic acid assay. The diblocks were composed of a 10-carbon long linear hydrocarbon segment and of a linear fluorocarbon segment of four, six or eight carbon atoms. We found that the incorporation of FnHm in the PS membrane considerably modifies the kinetics of the process of fusion, with Ca(2+) concentration having a much more limited effect on the fluorinated vesicles. Both the rates of fusion and the rates of release of the internal content, as evaluated by the release of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein, were much lower for the fluorinated SUVs than for those based on phosphatidylserine alone, the highest effect being obtained for F6H10 with a 10 times slower rate of fusion and a 40-fold reduction in the release of content. FnHm molecules are proposed to have a dual action: by hindering fusion and release by creating an inert, hydrophobic and lipophobic fluorinated film in the core of the membrane, and by stabilizing the membrane by increasing van der Waals interactions in the hydrocarbon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ferro
- Unité de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, Nice, France
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Fix M, Wiehle S, Haufe G, Galla HJ. New regioisomeric fluorohydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and their phase behaviour at the air–water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Der Mardirossian C, Krafft MP, Gulik-Krzywicki T, le Maire M, Lederer F. Perfluoroalkylphosphocholines are poor protein-solubilizing surfactants, as tested with neutrophil plasma membranes. Biochimie 1998; 80:531-41. [PMID: 9782391 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)80018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the membrane-protein solubilizing properties of two perfluoroalkylphosphocholines. These compounds belong to a series of fluorinated amphiphiles which are being investigated as potential stabilizing agents for a variety of fluorocarbon-based systems. We are particularly interested in cytochrome b558 from phagocytes, the redox component of NADPH oxidase. Its heavy subunit is believed to carry binding sites for NADPH and FAD. Nevertheless, when the cytochrome is purified in the presence of classical detergents, it carries no FAD. This could be due to a delipidating, denaturing effect of these detergents (octyl glucoside, Triton, etc). The first perfluoroalkyphosphocholine, C8F17(CH2)2O-P(O2-)-O(CH2)2N+(CH3)3(F8C2PC), extracted about as much protein from neutrophil plasma membranes into a 100,000 g supernatant as octyl glucoside. The second compound, C8F17(CH2)11O-P(O2-)-O(CH2)2N+(CH3)3(F8C11PC), was less efficient. We found that flavin was still protein-bound in the crude F8C2PC extract at a FAD to heme ratio of about 1, and a good NADPH oxidase activity was obtained without addition of exogenous FAD, even after dialysis or gel filtration, whereas dialysis eliminated most of the FAD from the octyl glucoside extracts. These experiments appeared to make F8C2PC an interesting membrane-solubilizing agent. Nevertheless, no protein in the F8C2PC extract could be adsorbed on the chromatographic supports normally used for purification. After dilution of the extract and addition of 15 mM octyl glucoside, some of the proteins, such as myeloperoxidase, could be adsorbed (and eluted), but not cytochrome b558. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed that the F8C2PC extracts contained numerous vesicles and aggregates of small shapeless particles. Higher centrifugal forces sedimented most proteins of the 100,000 g supernatant. As a check, the effect of F8C2PC was tested on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, the behavior of which with respect to the usual non-denaturating detergents has been well studied. There was little, if any, solubilization. We conclude that, although supernatants of F8C2PC extracts of neutrophil membranes are optically clear, proteins are not really solubilized. This result is in keeping with the absence of lytic effects of F8C2PC on erythrocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Der Mardirossian
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Highly fluorinated amphiphiles and colloidal systems, and their applications in the biomedical field. A contribution. Biochimie 1998; 80:489-514. [PMID: 9782389 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)80016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorocarbons and fluorocarbon moieties are uniquely characterized by very strong intramolecular bonds and very weak intermolecular interactions. This results in a combination of exceptional thermal, chemical and biological inertness, low surface tension, high fluidity, excellent spreading characteristics, low solubility in water, and high gas dissolving capacities, which are the basis for innovative applications in the biomedical field. Perfluoroalkyl chains are larger and more rigid than their hydrogenated counterparts. They are considerably more hydrophobic, and are lipophobic as well. A large variety of well-defined, modular fluorinated surfactants whose polar head groups consist of polyols, sugars, sugar phosphates, amino acids, amine oxides, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, etc, has recently been synthesized. Fluorinated surfactants are significantly more surface active than their hydrocarbon counterparts, both in terms of effectiveness and of efficiency. Despite this, they are less hemolytic and less detergent. Fluorosurfactants appear unable to extract membrane proteins. Fluorinated chains confer to surfactants a powerful driving force for collecting and organizing at interfaces. As compared to non-fluorinated analogs, fluorosurfactants have also a much stronger capacity to self-aggregate into discrete molecular assemblies when dispersed in water and other solvents. Even very short, single-chain fluorinated amphiphiles can form highly stable, heat-sterilizable vesicles, without the need for supplementary associative interactions. Sturdy microtubules were obtained from non-chiral, non-hydrogen bonding single-chain fluorosurfactants. Fluorinated amphiphiles can be used to engineer a variety of colloidal systems and manipulate their morphology, structure and properties. Stable fluorinated films, membranes and vesicles can also be prepared from combinations of standard surfactants with fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon diblock molecules. In bilayer membranes made from fluorinated amphiphiles the fluorinated tails segregate to form an internal teflon-like hydrophobic and lipophobic film that increases the stability of the membrane and reduces its permeability. This fluorinated film can also influence the behavior of fluorinated vesicles in a biological milieu. For example, it can affect the in vivo recognition and fate of particles, or the enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipid components. Major applications of fluorocarbons currently in advanced clinical trials include injectable emulsions for delivering oxygen to tissues at risk of hypoxia; a neat fluorocarbon for treatment of acute respiratory failure by liquid ventilation; and gaseous fluorocarbon-stabilized microbubbles for use as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. Fluorosurfactants also allow the preparation of a range of stable direct and reverse emulsions, microemulsions, multiple emulsions, and gels, some of which may include fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon and aqueous phases simultaneously. Highly fluorinated systems have potential for the delivery of drugs, prodrugs, vaccines, genes, markers, contrast agents and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Krafft
- Institut Charles-Sadron (UPR-CNRS 22), Strasbourg, France
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Martini G, Ristori S, Rossi S. Mixed Fluorocarbon/Hydrocarbon Surfactant Vesicles as Carriers of Metalloproteins: Scattering and Magnetic Resonance Experiments. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Martini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Simona Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Fibril-vesicle transition and their structures ? investigation by microscopy and small-angle scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01189490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Furuya H, Moroi Y, Kaibara K. Solid and Solution Properties of Alkylammonium Perfluorocarboxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9612801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Furuya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 33, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-81, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Moroi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 33, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-81, Japan
| | - Kozue Kaibara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 33, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-81, Japan
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Riess JG, Krafft MP. Fluorinated phosphocholine-based amphiphiles as components of fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorinated vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)02402-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giulieri F, Krafft MP, Riess JG. Stabile, flexible Fasern und starre Röhren aus einkettigen, perfluoralkylierten Amphiphilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Giulieri F, Krafft MP. Can the formation of vesicles from single-chain perfluoroalkylated amphiphiles be predicted? Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(93)02732-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Riess JG. Highly fluorinated systems for oxygen transport, diagnosis and drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(93)02696-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Stable fluorinated vesicles--i.e. vesicles with a hydrophobic and lipophobic fluorinated film within their bilayer membranes--have been obtained from a variety of neutral, zwitterionic or anionic fluorinated amphiphiles, including single chain phosphocholine derivatives, double-chain phospholipids, glycolipids and glycophospholipids, as well as from combinations of standard phospholipids with amphiphilic mixed fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon compounds. The strong hydrophobic interactions developed by perfluoroalkyl chains result in increased membrane stability, as strikingly illustrated by the fact that even short single-chain fluorinated amphiphiles can form stable, heat-sterilizable vesicles without the need for any additive. They also result in increased versatility in the aggregation behavior of fluorinated surfactants, as shown by the formation, depending on molecular structure and experimental conditions, of a range of supramolecular assemblies other than vesicles, including disks, helical tubules and fibers, for example from fluorinated glycolipids. The more impermeable, adjustable fluorinated core within the liposomal membrane confers to liposomes added drug and probe encapsulation stability as compared to their hydrogenated analogs, whether in buffer or in serum. Fluorinated vesicles made from perfluoroalkylated phospholipids were also found to have 3 to 6 times longer circulation half-lives in mice than similarly sized conventional DSPC/cholesterol liposomes. Finally, the incorporation of mixed fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon alkanes or alkenes into standard liposomes may provide an alternative, straightforward and cost efficient approach to fluorinated vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Riess
- Unité de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, France
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