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Pérez-Gonzalo I, González-Pociño A, Alvarez-Antolin F, del Rio-Fernández L. The Effect of Selective Laser Melting Fabrication Parameters on the Tensile Strength of an Aged New Maraging Steel Alloy with 8% Cr, Reduced Ni Content (7%), and No Co or Mo. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7008. [PMID: 37959605 PMCID: PMC10650009 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to optimise the manufacturing parameters of a new maraging steel alloy with 8% Cr, reduced Ni content (7%), and no Co or Mo. This alloy was developed by ArcelorMittal and its trade name is LeanSi. The alloy was produced using the selective laser melting (SLM) process. In the as-built state, the microstructure of the alloy was fully martensitic. The optimisation of the manufacturing parameters was determined via a multivariate factorial design of experiments including 12 experiments and three factors. The factors (i.e., the fabrication parameters) analysed were laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance. The objective was to eliminate porosity and maximise density. It was concluded that, to achieve this, the laser power should be set at 250 W, the scanning speed at 1000 mm/s, and the hatch distance at 80 microns. The porosity obtained under these manufacturing parameters was 0.06 ± 0.03% with a confidence level of 95%. If these manufacturing parameters were modified, the material exhibited a defective interlayer bond with the formation of "balling" and high porosity. The tensile specimens tested in the as-built state showed plastic deformation. However, all the aged specimens showed brittle fracture behaviour, evidenced by the presence of very small micro-cavities (where the fracture energy consumed was very small) and small cleavage planes. The specimens produced with the manufacturing parameters at their optimum levels and aged at 480 °C for 2 h achieved tensile strength values that averaged 1430 MPa. The porosity of these specimens was reduced by more than 85%. Reverse austenite was detected at ageing temperatures of 540 °C upwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Pérez-Gonzalo
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
| | - Alejandro González-Pociño
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
| | - Florentino Alvarez-Antolin
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
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Cui P, Xing G, Nong Z, Chen L, Lai Z, Liu Y, Zhu J. Recent Advances on Composition-Microstructure-Properties Relationships of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8443. [PMID: 36499939 PMCID: PMC9737682 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation hardening stainless steels have attracted extensive interest due to their distinguished mechanical properties. However, it is necessary to further uncover the internal quantitative relationship from the traditional standpoint based on the statistical perspective. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the relationships among the composition, microstructure, and properties of precipitation hardened stainless steels. First, the influence of general chemical composition and its fluctuation on the microstructure and properties of PHSS are elaborated. Then, the microstructure and properties under a typical heat treatment regime are discussed, including the precipitation of B2-NiAl particles, Cu-rich clusters, Ni3Ti precipitates, and other co-existing precipitates in PHSS and the hierarchical microstructural features are presented. Next, the microstructure and properties after the selective laser melting fabricating process which act as an emerging technology compared to conventional manufacturing techniques are also enlightened. Thereafter, the development of multi-scale simulation and machine learning (ML) in material design is illustrated with typical examples and the great concerns in PHSS research are presented, with a focus on the precipitation techniques, effect of composition, and microstructure. Finally, promising directions for future precipitation hardening stainless steel development combined with multi-scale simulation and ML methods are prospected, offering extensive insight into the innovation of novel precipitation hardening stainless steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puchang Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Geshu Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhisheng Nong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Aero Engine Corporation of China Gas Turbine Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110623, China
| | - Zhonghong Lai
- Center for Analysis, Measurement and Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jingchuan Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Mukhopadhyay NK, Yadav TP. Quasicrystals: A New Class of Structurally Complex Intermetallics. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Evaluation of Strength and Microstructural Properties of Heat Treated High-Molybdenum Content Maraging Steel. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effect of high molybdenum content ~10% as an alloying element on the strength and microstructural properties of 11% nickel—1.25% titanium maraging steel was evaluated. To increase the homogeneity and cleanliness of produced ingot, the investigated steel sample was produced by melting the raw material in an open-air induction melting furnace followed by refining utilizing a direct current electro-slag refining machine. The produced steel samples were both forged and heat-treated in optimum condition to acquire the full capacity of mechanical properties especially the tensile properties. After Forging and heat treatment at optimum condition, steel samples were evaluated by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental data showed that this steel sample has ultimate strength ~2100 MPa and elongation around 14%. High tensile properties obtained may be attributed on one hand due to the presence of high alloying lamellar martensite phase and lamellar austenite phase which has high dislocation intensity, and on the other hand, due to the high homogeneity and cleanliness of investigated samples from large nonmetallic inclusions. The results also show that a high amount of intermetallic compounds (NiMo3 and NiTi3) which are completely round and have a very low size not more than hundred nanometers.
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Microstructure and corrosion behavior of a novel additively manufactured maraging stainless steel. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Multiple Influences of Molybdenum on the Precipitation Process in a Martensitic PH Stainless Steel. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum has been found to influence the complex precipitation process in a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel during aging at 475 °C in several different ways. Three steels with different Mo content (0, 1.2 and 2.3 at.%) were investigated. Studies of the microstructure were performed with atom probe tomography and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that, at the initial stage of aging, a faster nucleation of Cu-rich clusters takes place with increasing Mo content. The Cu-clusters act as precipitation sites for other solute elements and promote the nucleation of Ni-rich phases. During further aging, a higher Mo content in the material instead slows down the growth and coarsening of the Ni-rich phases, because Mo segregates to the interface between precipitate and matrix. Additionally, Mo promotes decomposition of the matrix into α and α′ regions. After longer aging times (>40 h) quasicrystalline Mo-rich R′ phase forms (to a greater extent in the material having the highest Mo content). The observations serve to understand the hardness evolution during aging.
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Liu JF, Yang ZQ, Ye HQ. Direct observation of solid-state reversed transformation from crystals to quasicrystals in a Mg alloy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9816. [PMID: 26066096 PMCID: PMC4464364 DOI: 10.1038/srep09816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase transformation of quasicrystals is of interest in various fields of science and technology. Interestingly, we directly observed unexpected solid-state epitaxial nucleation and growth of Zn6Mg3Y icosahedral quasicrystals in a Mg alloy at about 573 K which is about 300 K below the melting point of Zn6Mg3Y, in contrast to formation of quasicrystals through solidification that was usually found in many alloys. Maximizing local packing density of atoms associated with segregation of Y and Zn in Mg adjacent to Mg/Zn3MgY interfaces triggered atomic rearrangement in Mg to form icosahedra coupled epitaxially with surface distorted icosahedra of Zn3MgY, which plays a critical role in the nucleation of icosahedral clusters. A local Zn:Mg:Y ratio close to 6:3:1, corresponding to a valence electron concentration of about 2.15, should have been reached to trigger the formation of quasicrystals at Mg/Zn3MgY interfaces. The solid-state icosahedral ordering in crystals opens a new window for growing quasicrystals and understanding their atomic origin mechanisms. Epitaxial growth of quasicrystals onto crystals can modify the surface/interface structures and properties of crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Heng-Qiang Ye
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Donnadieu P, Pohlmann C, Scudino S, Blandin JJ, Babu Surreddi K, Eckert J. Deformation at ambient and high temperature of in situ Laves phases-ferrite composites. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:034801. [PMID: 27877672 PMCID: PMC5090517 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/3/034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a Fe80Zr10Cr10 alloy has been studied at ambient and high temperature. This Fe80Zr10Cr10 alloy, whoose microstructure is formed by alternate lamellae of Laves phase and ferrite, constitutes a very simple example of an in situ CMA phase composite. The role of the Laves phase type was investigated in a previous study while the present work focuses on the influence of the microstructure length scale owing to a series of alloys cast at different cooling rates that display microstructures with Laves phase lamellae width ranging from ∼50 nm to ∼150 nm. Room temperature compression tests have revealed a very high strength (up to 2 GPa) combined with a very high ductility (up to 35%). Both strength and ductility increase with reduction of the lamella width. High temperature compression tests have shown that a high strength (900 MPa) is maintained up to 873 K. Microstructural study of the deformed samples suggests that the confinement of dislocations in the ferrite lamellae is responsible for strengthening at both ambient and high temperature. The microstructure scale in addition to CMA phase structural features stands then as a key parameter for optimization of mechanical properties of CMA in situ composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Donnadieu
- Laboratoire SIMaP, CNRS—Université de Grenoble, F-38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Carsten Pohlmann
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Komplexe Materialien, Postfach 27 01 16, D-01171, Dresden, Germany
- Present address: Fraunhofer-Institut f. Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung, IFAM Institutsteil Dresden, D-01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergio Scudino
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Komplexe Materialien, Postfach 27 01 16, D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Blandin
- Laboratoire SIMaP, CNRS—Université de Grenoble, F-38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Kumar Babu Surreddi
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Komplexe Materialien, Postfach 27 01 16, D-01171, Dresden, Germany
- Present address: Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Komplexe Materialien, Postfach 27 01 16, D-01171, Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Thuvander M, Andersson M, Stiller K. Atom probe tomography investigation of lath boundary segregation and precipitation in a maraging stainless steel. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 132:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang J, Sides S, Bates FS. Ordering of Sphere Forming SISO Tetrablock Terpolymers on a Simple Hexagonal Lattice. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Scott Sides
- Tech-X Research Corporation, Boulder,
Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Kaloshkin SD, Tcherdyntsev VV, Danilov VD. Preparation of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystalline powdered alloys and related materials by mechanical activation. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774507060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stiller K, Hättestrand M. Nanoscale precipitation in a maraging steel studied by APFIM. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2004; 10:342-348. [PMID: 15233852 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927604040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes findings from our previous investigations and recent studies concerning precipitation in a maraging steel of type 13Cr-9Ni-2Mo-2Cu (at.%) with small additions of Ti (1 at.%) and Al (0.7 at.%). The material was investigated after aging at 475 degrees C up to 400 h using both conventional and three-dimensional atom-probe analyses. The process of phase decomposition in the steel proved to be complicated. It consisted of precipitation of several phases with different chemistry. A Cu-rich phase was first to precipitate and Mo was last in the precipitation sequence. The influence of the complex precipitation path on the material properties is discussed. The investigation clearly demonstrated the usefulness of the applied techniques for investigation of nanoscale precipitation. It is also shown that, complementary methods (such as TEM and EFTEM) giving structural and chemical information on a larger scale must be applied to explain the good properties of the steel after prolonged aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Stiller
- Department of Experimental Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 996 Göteborg, Sweden.
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