Synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxydecanoic acid and (3R,4R)-3-amino-4-hydroxyazepane from D-isoascorbic acid

Comprehensive Account on the Synthesis of (-)-Balanol and its Analogues

BACKGROUND

A variety of diseases have been associated with hyperactivation of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. There is a dire need to selectively inhibit these enzymes by synthesizing new potent inhibitors. Balanol, a fungal metabolite belonging to the PKC inhibitor family, is especially included in this aspect. Tremendous effort has been put towards the synthesis of balanol by different research groups.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this review is to provide a detailed description of synthetic approaches adopted for the synthesis of key fragments of balanol (azepane and benzophenone). All the factors that resulted in excellent yield and high enantioselectivity have also been mentioned.

CONCLUSION

It has been shown throughout this review that the synthesis of hexahydroazepine and benzophenone cores of balanol was achieved by employing a variety of important key steps with commercially available starting precursors, which make this total synthesis more valuable. Moreover, this article provides ideas to the synthetic as well as pharmaceutical chemists for the synthesis of (-)-balanol and its analogues.

Synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxydecanoic acid and its enantiomer: a non-proteinogenic amino acid segment of the linear pentapeptide microginin

A directed manipulation of the functional groups at C3 and C4 of D-glucose was demonstrated to synthesize naturally occurring (2S,3R)-α-hydroxy-β-aminodecanoic acid (AHDA, 2a) and its enantiomer 2b. The enantiomer of 2a is the N-terminal part of the natural linear pentapeptide microginin, which is used as an antihypertensive agent.

Chiral version of the Burgess reagent and its reactions with oxiranes: application to the formal enantiodivergent synthesis of balanol

An efficient formal synthesis of a (-)-balanol intermediate ( 25a) from cyclohexadiene oxide was accomplished in eight steps. An asymmetric version of the Burgess reagent allows for an enantiodivergent approach to both enantiomers of balanol from a racemic starting material.