1
|
Kratena N, Biedermann N, Stojanovic B, Göschl L, Weil M, Enev VS, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P. Synthesis of a human long-term oxymetholone metabolite. Steroids 2019; 150:108430. [PMID: 31229510 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A long-term metabolite of the doping agent oxymetholone (OXM-M2, 17β-hydroxymethyl-2,17α-methyl-18-norandrost-13-en-3-one) which has been identified by GC-MS/MS was synthesized from commercially available materials. Two efficient synthetic routes to access both C-17 epimers of tentative metabolites were developed. The identity and molecular configuration of the in vivo metabolite: 17β-hydroxymethyl-2α,17α-methyl-18-norandrost-13-en-3-one was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Nina Biedermann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Austria
| | - Matthias Weil
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Valentin S Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Gas chromatography/chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of anabolic steroids: ionization and collision-induced dissociation behavior. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:511-522. [PMID: 26777682 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The detection of new anabolic steroid metabolites and new designer steroids is a challenging task in doping analysis. Switching from electron ionization gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS/MS) to chemical ionization (CI) has proven to be an efficient way to increase the sensitivity of GC/MS/MS analyses and facilitate the detection of anabolic steroids. CI also extends the possibilities of GC/MS/MS analyses as the molecular ion is retained in its protonated form due to the softer ionization. In EI it can be difficult to find previously unknown but expected metabolites due to the low abundance or absence of the molecular ion and the extensive (and to a large extent unpredictable) fragmentation. The main aim of this work was to study the CI and collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a large number of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as their trimethylsilyl derivatives in order to determine correlations between structures and CID fragmentation. Clarification of these correlations is needed for the elucidation of structures of unknown steroids and new metabolites. METHODS The ionization and CID behavior of 65 AAS have been studied using GC/CI-MS/MS with ammonia as the reagent gas. Glucuronidated AAS reference standards were first hydrolyzed to obtain their free forms. Afterwards, all the standards were derivatized to their trimethylsilyl forms. Full scan and product ion scan analyses were used to examine the ionization and CID behavior. RESULTS Full scan and product ion scan analyses revealed clear correlations between AAS structure and the obtained mass spectra. These correlations were confirmed by analysis of multiple hydroxylated, methylated, chlorinated and deuterated analogs. CONCLUSIONS AAS have been divided into three groups according to their ionization behavior and into seven groups according to their CID behavior. Correlations between fragmentation and structure were revealed and fragmentation pathways were postulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zahmatkesh E, Najafi G, Nejati V. Protective Effect of Royal Jelly on In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Male Mice Treated with Oxymetholone. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:569-75. [PMID: 26464831 PMCID: PMC4601880 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of royal jelly (RJ) on catalase, total
antioxidant capacity and embryo development in adult mice treated with oxymetholone
(OXM).
Materials and Methods In this exprimental study, 32 male and 96 female adult Naval
Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (7-9 weeks of age) with a ratio of 1:3 for fertili-
zation purposes were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: i. Control group (n=8)
receiving 0.1 ml/mice saline daily by gavage for 30 day, ii. RJ group (n=8) treated with RJ
at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily by gavage for 30 days, iii. OXM group (n=8) receiving OXM
at the dose of 5 mg/kg daily by gavage for 30 days and iv. RJ+OXM group (n=8) receiving
RJ at the dose of 100 mg/kg daily by gavage concomitant with 100 mg/kg OXM adminis-
tration for 30 days.
Results Analysis revealed a significant reduction in catalase, total antioxidant, as
well as embryo development in OXM group (P<0.05). However, RJ group showed a
salient recovery in the all of the above mentioned parameters and embryo toxicity.
Conclusion The results of this study indicated a partially protective effect of RJ against
OXM-induced embryo toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Najafi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gansbeke WV, Polet M, Hooghe F, Devos C, Eenoo PV. Improved sensitivity by use of gas chromatography—positive chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the analysis of drug related substances. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:221-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Sobolevsky T, Rodchenkov G. Mass spectrometric description of novel oxymetholone and desoxymethyltestosterone metabolites identified in human urine and their importance for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:682-91. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre; 105005; Moscow; Elizavetinsky per. 10; Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Eenoo P, Van Gansbeke W, De Brabanter N, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. A fast, comprehensive screening method for doping agents in urine by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:3306-16. [PMID: 20970803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of performance enhancing drugs in sports is prohibited. For the detection of misuse of such substances gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are the most frequently used detection techniques. In this work the development and validation of a fast gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the detection of a wide range of doping agents is described. The method can determine 13 endogenous steroids (the steroid profile), 19-norandrosterone, salbutamol and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol.9carboxylic acid in the applicable ranges and to detect qualitatively over 140 substances in accordance with the minimum required performance levels of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1ml of urine. The classes of substances included in the method are anabolic steroids, β2-agonists, stimulants, narcotics, hormone antagonists and modulators and beta-blockers. Moreover, using a short capillary column and hydrogen as a carrier gas the run time of the method is less than 8min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pavlatos AM, Fultz O, Monberg MJ, Vootkur A. Review of oxymetholone: a 17alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Clin Ther 2001; 23:789-801; discussion 771. [PMID: 11440282 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxymetholone (17beta-hydroxy-2-[hydroxymethylene]-17-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one) is a 17alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid and a synthetic derivative of testosterone. It has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of anemias caused by deficient red cell production. OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics, current and future clinical applications, and adverse effects of oxymetholone. Relevant studies were identified using a search of MEDLINE through March 2001, supplemented by conference abstracts and presentations. RESULTS Because of its anabolic properties, oxymetholone has been studied for the treatment of HIV-associated wasting, antithrombin III deficiency, pediatric growth impairment, and damaged myocardium, with varying degrees of success. Hepatotoxicity is a major adverse effect associated with the use of oxymetholone, with cholestatic jaundice the most important hepatic side effect. Less common hepatic side effects associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids include peliosis hepatis and formation of hepatic tumors. All anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause androgenic side effects, including acne, hirsutism, hair loss, clitoral/phallic enlargement, vocal changes, erectile tissue stimulation, gynecomastia, amenorrhea, and changes in libido and sexual potency. CONCLUSIONS As is the case with many anabolic-androgenic steroids, few pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies were performed before oxymetholone's approval in the 1960s. It has proved, however, to be an appropriate treatment choice for selected patients with anemia, if carefully monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Pavlatos
- Northside Family Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60659-4120, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ayotte C, Goudreault D, Charlebois A. Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:3-25. [PMID: 9001949 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a comprehensive method for the detection of natural and synthetic anabolic agents, including some veterinary preparations such as trenbolone, zeranol (a non-steroidal agent) and clenbuterol (a beta 2-agonist). For the natural steroids such as testosterone, the precise determination of urinary androgens during routine procedures allowed the description of statistical distribution of relevant parameters of the endogenous steroid profile amongst male athletes. The validity of the results is discussed, taking into account some factors that may cause the degradation of the specimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ayotte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Santé, Pointe-Claire Qué, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bi H, Massé R, Just G. Studies on anabolic steroids. 10. Synthesis and identification of acidic urinary metabolites of oxymetholone in a human. Steroids 1992; 57:453-9. [PMID: 1455463 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(92)90100-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two major unconjugated acidic metabolites of oxymetholone (17 beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, 1), namely, 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-2,3-seco-5 alpha-androstane-2,3-dioic acid (2) and 3 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta-carboxylic acid (6a), were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in urine samples collected after oral administration of 1 to a human volunteer. Reference steroid 2 was synthesized and identified. The identification of urinary metabolite 6a was based on the synthesis of its stereoisomers and the isomerization of the methyl ester 6b to its 2-epimer, 3 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstane-2 alpha-carboxylic acid methyl ester (9b). The mechanisms accounting for the formation of these acidic metabolites are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Bi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS Santé, Université du Québec, Pointe-Claire, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bi H, Massé R. Studies on anabolic steroids--12. Epimerization and degradation of anabolic 17 beta-sulfate-17 alpha-methyl steroids in human: qualitative and quantitative GC/MS analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 42:533-46. [PMID: 1616883 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90267-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The epimerization and dehydration reactions of the 17 beta-hydroxy group of anabolic 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl steroids have been investigated using the pyridinium salts of 17 beta-sulfate derivatives of methandienone 1, methyltestosterone 4, oxandrolone 7, mestanolone 10 and stanozolol 11 as model compounds. Rearrangement of the sulfate conjugates in buffered urine (pH 5.2) afforded the corresponding 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes in a ratio of 0.8:1. These data indicated that both epimerization and dehydration of the 17 beta-sulfate derivatives were not dependent upon the respective chemical features of the steroids studied, but were instead inherent to the chemistry of the tertiary 17 beta-hydroxy group of these steroids. Interestingly, in vivo studies carried out with human male volunteers showed that only methandienone 1, methyltestosterone 4 and oxandrolone 7 yielded the corresponding 17-epimers 2, 5 and 8 and the 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes 3, 6 and 9 in ratios of 0.5:1, 2:1 and 2.7:1, respectively. No trace of the corresponding 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes derivatives of mestanolone 10 and stanozolol 11 was detected in urine samples collected after administration of these steroids. These data suggested that the in vivo formation of the 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes derivatives of 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl steroids is also dependent upon phase I and phase II metabolic reactions other than sulfation of the tertiary 17 beta-hydroxyl group, which are probably modulated by the respective chemical features of the steroidal substrates. The data reported in this study demonstrate that the 17-epimers and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-enes are not artifacts resulting from the acidic or microbial degradation of the parent steroids in the gut as previously suggested by other authors, but arise from the rearrangement of their 17 beta-sulfate derivatives. Unchanged oxandrolone 7 was solely detected in the unconjugated steroid fraction whereas unchanged steroids 1, 4 and 11 were recovered from the glucuronide fraction. These data are indirect evidences suggesting that the glucuronide conjugates of compounds 1 and 4 are probably enol glucuronides and that of compound 11 is excreted in urine as a N-glucuronide involving its pyrazole moiety. The urinary excretion profiles of the epimeric and 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-13(14)-ene steroids are presented and discussed on the basis of their structural features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Bi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Santé, Université du Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|