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Naidja L, Ali-Khodja H, Khardi S. Sources and levels of particulate matter in North African and Sub-Saharan cities: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12303-12328. [PMID: 29557037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the significance of PM in ambient air, it is necessary to evaluate their physical and chemical characteristics as well as identify their major emission sources. On a global scale, particulate matter in the atmosphere arises mainly from the combustion process of motorized vehicles, but natural sources are still considered as the major contributors. In Africa, PM emissions differ from those in developed countries; human activities such as biomass burning in households, poor household waste management, and the high number of diesel-powered vehicles are the predominant anthropogenic sources. Natural contributions are also observed. Saharan dust and savanna fires are the most common atmospheric natural sources of particulate matter. The present literature review gives an overview of the status of air quality in African cities and highlights the various sources of particulate matter emissions and local human activities specific to each African region. This could likely serve as a reference to evaluate the current air quality in this region and will be a useful tool in the future to develop pollution mitigation strategies at the source. Recommendations are proposed in the conclusion in order to reduce emissions from their sources, taking into account the low-income African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamri Naidja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria.
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, BP 384, Siège ex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, CP 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Hocine Ali-Khodja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Salah Khardi
- Claude Bernard University- IFSTTAR LTE, 25, avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24 Cité des mobilités, F-69675, Bron Cedex, France
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profiling in Africa: Environmental Pollutants are not on the Agenda. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:193-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Duflot V, Dils B, Baray JL, De Mazière M, Attié JL, Vanhaelewyn G, Senten C, Vigouroux C, Clain G, Delmas R. Analysis of the origin of the distribution of CO in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean in 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Tienhoven AM, Zunckel M, Emberson L, Koosailee A, Otter L. Preliminary assessment of risk of ozone impacts to maize (Zea mays) in southern Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 140:220-30. [PMID: 16271811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone concentrations in southern Africa exceed air quality guidelines set to protect agricultural crops. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by performing a preliminary assessment of potential ozone impacts on vegetation in southern African. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the receptor of interest in the main maize producing countries, i.e. South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Surface ozone concentrations are estimated for the growing season (October to April) using photochemical modelling. Hourly mean modelled ozone concentrations ranged between 19.7 and 31.2 ppb, while maximums range between 28.9 and 61.9 ppb, and are near 30 ppb over South Africa and Zambia, while in Zimbabwe, they exceed 40 ppb and translate into monthly AOT40 values of over 3,000 ppb h in five of the seven months of the growing season. This study suggests that surface ozone may pose a threat to agricultural production in southern African, particularly in Zimbabwe.
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Edwards DP. Tropospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic: A satellite perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duncan BN. Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsutsumi Y. Vertical and latitudinal distributions of tropospheric ozone over the western Pacific: Case studies from the PACE aircraft missions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu H, Jacob DJ, Chan LY, Oltmans SJ, Bey I, Yantosca RM, Harris JM, Duncan BN, Martin RV. Sources of tropospheric ozone along the Asian Pacific Rim: An analysis of ozonesonde observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Lo Yin Chan
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel J. Oltmans
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Isabelle Bey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Joyce M. Harris
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Bryan N. Duncan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Martin RV. Interpretation of TOMS observations of tropical tropospheric ozone with a global model and in situ observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cros B, Delon C, Affre C, Marion T, Druilhet A, Perros PE, Lopez A. Sources and sinks of ozone in savanna and forest areas during EXPRESSO: Airborne turbulent flux measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Emmons LK, Hauglustaine DA, Müller JF, Carroll MA, Brasseur GP, Brunner D, Staehelin J, Thouret V, Marenco A. Data composites of airborne observations of tropospheric ozone and its precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marufu L, Dentener F, Lelieveld J, Andreae MO, Helas G. Photochemistry of the African troposphere: Influence of biomass-burning emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fujiwara M, Kita K, Ogawa T, Kawakami S, Sano T, Komala N, Saraspriya S, Suripto A. Seasonal variation of tropospheric ozone in Indonesia revealed by 5-year ground-based observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Delmas RA, Druilhet A, Cros B, Durand P, Delon C, Lacaux JP, Brustet JM, Serça D, Affre C, Guenther A, Greenberg J, Baugh W, Harley P, Klinger L, Ginoux P, Brasseur G, Zimmerman PR, Grégoire JM, Janodet E, Tournier A, Perros P, Marion T, Gaudichet A, Cachier H, Ruellan S, Masclet P, Cautenet S, Poulet D, Biona CB, Nganga D, Tathy JP, Minga A, Loemba-Ndembi J, Ceccato P. Experiment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO): An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Logan JA. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chatfield RB, Vastano JA, Li L, Sachse GW, Connors VS. The Great African Plume from biomass burning: Generalizations from a three-dimensional study of TRACE A carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jonquières I, Marenco A, Maalej A, Rohrer F. Study of ozone formation and transatlantic transport from biomass burning emissions over West Africa during the airborne Tropospheric Ozone Campaigns TROPOZ I and TROPOZ II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsueda H, Inoue HY, Sawa Y, Tsutsumi Y, Ishii M. Carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere over the western Pacific between 1993 and 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gouget H, Cammas JP, Marenco A, Rosset R, Jonquières I. Ozone peaks associated with a subtropical tropopause fold and with the trade wind inversion: A case study from the airborne campaign TROPOZ II over the Caribbean in winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim JH, Hudson RD, Thompson AM. A new method of deriving time-averaged tropospheric column ozone over the tropics using total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) radiances: Intercomparison and analysis using TRACE A data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chatfield RB, Vastano JA, Singh HB, Sachse G. A general model of how fire emissions and chemistry produce African/oceanic plumes (O3, CO, PAN, smoke) in TRACE A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weller R, Lilischkis R, Schrems O, Neuber R, Wessel S. Vertical ozone distribution in the marine atmosphere over the central Atlantic Ocean (56°S - 50°N). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delmas R, Lacaux JP, Brocard D. Determination of biomass burning emission factors: Methods and results. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1995; 38:181-204. [PMID: 24197944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00546762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning, in a broad sense, encompasses different burning practices, including open and confined burnings, and different types of vegetation. Emission factors of gaseous or particulate trace compounds are directly dependent both on the fuel type and the combustion process. Emission factors are generally calculated by stoichiometric considerations using the carbon mass balance method, applied either to combustion chamber experiments or to field experiments based on ground-level measurements or aircraft sampling in smoke plumes. There have been a number of experimental studies in the last 10 years to investigate wildfires in tropical, temperate, or boreal regions. This article presents an overview of measurement methods and experimental data on emission factors of reactive or radiatively active trace compounds, including trace gases and particles. It focuses on fires in tropical regions, that is, forest and savanna fires, agricultural burns, charcoal production, use of fuelwood, and charcoal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Delmas
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie (URA CNRS 354), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Cautenet S, Lefeivre B. Contrasting behavior of gas and aerosol scavenging in convective rain: A numerical and experimental study in the African equatorial forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Renard M, Chaumerliac N, Cautenet S, Nickerson EC. Tracer redistribution by clouds in West Africa: Numerical modeling for dry and wet seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Andreae MO, Anderson BE, Blake DR, Bradshaw JD, Collins JE, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Shipham MC. Influence of plumes from biomass burning on atmospheric chemistry over the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic during CITE 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Müller JF. Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kuhlbusch TA, Lobert JM, Crutzen PJ, Warneck P. Molecular nitrogen emissions from denitrification during biomass burning. Nature 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/351135a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delmas RA, Marenco A, Tathy JP, Cros B, Baudet JGR. Sources and sinks of methane in the African savanna. CH4emissions from biomass burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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