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Liu Y, Xu Y, Xu W, He Z, Fu C, Du F. Radon and lung cancer: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 198:104363. [PMID: 38657702 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Beyond tobacco smoking, radon takes its place as the second most significant contributor to lung cancer, excluding hereditary and other biologically related factors. Radon and its byproducts play a pivotal role in exposing humans to elevated levels of natural radiation. Approximately 10-20 % of lung cancer cases worldwide can be attributed to radon exposure, leading to between 3 % and 20 % of all lung cancer-related deaths. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap persists regarding the association between radon and lung cancer, impeding radon risk reduction initiatives globally. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in epidemiology, cell biology, dosimetry, and risk modeling concerning radon exposure and its relevance to lung cancer. It also delves into methods for measuring radon concentrations, monitoring radon risk zones, and identifying priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Health Management Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhengzhong He
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cong Fu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Fen Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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Radiological indices estimation from radon concentration in selected groundwater supplies in Abeokuta, south western Nigeria. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 191:110534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Choukri A. Volumic activities measurements and equivalent doses calculation of indoor 222Rn in Morocco. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.33.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Rafique M, Rahman SU, Rahman S, Shahzad MI, Ahmed N, Iqbal J, Ahmed B, Ahmed T, Akhtar N. Assessment of indoor radon doses received by the students in the Azad Kashmir schools, Pakistan. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 142:339-346. [PMID: 20876069 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies conducted on thousands of underground miners suggest that long- term exposure to high radon concentration can increase the risk of lung cancer. Keeping in view the importance of the subject, numerous studies throughout the world have been carried out to measure indoor radon concentration and its resulting doses at occupational and non-occupational sites. The purpose of the current study was to measure indoor radon concentration and its resulting doses received by the students of Azad Kashmir government schools. For this purpose, CR-39 radon detectors were installed in 80 carefully selected schools. The detectors were placed at a height of 3-5 ft. (depending upon average height of students in particular class) from the ground. After exposure of 90 d detectors were etched for 9 h in 6 M NaOH at 70°C and the observed track densities were related to radon concentrations. The measured indoor radon concentration ranged from 22 ± 9 to 228 ± 3 Bq m(-3) with a mean value of 78 ± 5 Bq m(-3). Based on the measured indoor radon data, the annual effective doses were found to vary from 0.55 ± 0.04 to 0.71 ± 0.03 mSv y(-1). The overall mean effective dose for the studied area was found to be 0.63 ± 0.04 mSv y(-1). Reported values for radon concentrations and corresponding doses are lower than ICRP recommended limits for workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarbad, 13100 Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
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Rafique M, Rahman S, Rahman SU, Jabeen S, Shahzad MI, Rathore MH. Indoor radon concentration measurement in the dwellings of district Poonch (Azad Kashmir), Pakistan. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 138:158-165. [PMID: 19828719 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with measurement of indoor radon concentrations in dwellings of the district Poonch of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. In this context, CR-39-based box-type radon detectors were installed in drawing rooms and bedrooms of 80 selected houses and were exposed to indoor radon for 3 months. After exposure, the CR-39 detectors were etched for 9 h in 6 mol NaOH at 70 degrees C and the observed track densities were related to radon concentrations. Measured indoor radon concentrations in the studied area ranged from 27 +/- 6 to 169 +/- 4, 29 +/- 6 to 196 +/- 4 and 31 +/- 5 to 142 +/- 2 Bq m(-3) in the drawing rooms and 74 +/- 5 to 172 +/- 3, 32 +/- 6 to 191 +/- 4 and 27 +/- 5 to 155 +/- 2 Bq m(-3) in bedrooms of the Abbaspur, Hajira and Rawalakot regions of the district Poonch, respectively; whereas weighted average radon concentration ranged from 93 +/- 6 to 159 +/- 4, 33 +/- 5 to 118 +/- 3 and 31 +/- 6 to 155 +/- 5 Bq m(-3) in the dwellings of Abbaspur, Hajira and Rawalakot, respectively. Estimated doses due to the indoor radon ranged from 2.35 +/- 0.15 to 4.00 +/- 0.10, 0.83 +/- 0.08 to 2.98 +/- 0.08 and 0.78 +/- 0.15 to 3.91 +/- 0.13 mSv y(-1) for Abbaspur, Rawalakot and Hajira, respectively. Comparing the current indoor radon results with those of the Health Protection Agency UK and US EPA (i.e. 200 and 148 Bq m(-3)) limits, majority of the houses surveyed in the present study are within the safe limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
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Ur-Rahman S, Rafique M, Anwar J. Indoor radon concentrations and assessment of doses in four districts of the Punjab Province - Pakistan. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:529-535. [PMID: 19959881 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal indoor radon measurement studies have been carried out in four districts, namely, Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi and Attock of the Punjab Province. In this regard, CR-39 based detectors were installed in bedrooms, drawing rooms and kitchens of 40 randomly selected houses in each district. After exposing to radon in each season, CR-39 detectors were etched in 6M NaOH at 80 degrees C and counted under an optical microscope. Indoor radon activity concentrations in the houses surveyed ranged from 15 +/- 4 to 176 +/- 7 Bq m(-3) with an overall average value of 55 +/- 31 Bq m(-3). The observed annual average values are greater than the world average of 40 Bq m(-3). Maximum indoor radon concentration levels were observed in winter season whereas minimum levels were observed in summer season. None of the measured radon concentration value exceeded the action level of 200-400 Bq m(-3). The season/annual ratios for different type of dwellings varied from 0.87 +/- 0.93 to 1.14 +/- 1.10. The mean annual estimated effective dose received by the residents of the studied area was found to be 1.39 +/- 0.78 mSv. The annual estimated effective dose is less than the recommended action level (3-10 mSv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ur-Rahman
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Rahman SU, Anwar J. Assessment of the dose received by students and staff in schools in the Rawalpindi region of Pakistan due to indoor radon. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2009; 29:273-277. [PMID: 19454794 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/2/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies concerning measurements of indoor radon levels were carried out in 60 schools in the Rawalpindi region of Pakistan. In each school, six CR-39 based NRPB type radon detectors were installed and exposed to the indoor radon in two cycles (each of six months' duration). After exposure, the detectors were removed, etched in 6 M NaOH for 16 h at 80 degrees C, and the tracks were counted under an optical microscope. The measured track densities were then related to radon concentrations, from which the radiation doses were calculated. The observed radon concentrations varied from 15 to 140 Bq m(-3), with an average activity concentration of 42.75 +/- 9.28 Bq m(-3). The mean annual radon effective dose equivalent was found to be 0.40 +/- 0.09 mSv using an occupancy factor of 8 h day(-1). Our results show that the indoor radon concentrations in the schools surveyed are within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Rahman
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Radon exhalation and its dependence on moisture content from samples of soil and building materials. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Matiullah M, Ahad A, Faheem M, Nasir T, Rahman S. Measurement of radioactivity in vegetation of the Bahawalpur Division and Islamabad federal capital territory—Pakistan. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rahman S, Anwar J, Matiullah. Measurement of indoor radon concentration levels in Islamabad, Pakistan. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Faheem M, Mati N. Seasonal variation in indoor radon concentrations in dwellings in six districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2007; 27:493-500. [PMID: 18268380 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/27/4/n01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An indoor radon measurement survey has been carried out in six districts of the Punjab province. These included Gujranwala, Gujrat, Hafizabad, Sialkot, Narowal and Mandibahauddin districts. In each district, 40 representative houses were chosen and indoor radon levels were measured in these dwellings in autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons using CR-39 based NRPB radon dosimeters. After exposure to radon, the CR-39 detectors were etched in 25% NaOH at 80 degrees C and track densities were related to radon concentration levels. From the observed data, average radon concentration levels and a seasonal correction factor were calculated. The average 222Rn concentration level was found to vary from 40 +/- 15 to 160 +/- 32 Bq m(-3) and 38 +/- 17 to 141 +/- 26 Bq m(-3) in the bedrooms and living rooms of the houses surveyed, respectively. The annual mean effective dose received by the occupants has been calculated using ICRP (1993 Ann. ICRP 23) and UNSCEAR (2000 Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation (New York: United Nations)); it varied from 1.2 to 1.7 mSv and from 1.8 to 2.4 mSv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Faheem
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rahman S, Mati N, Matiullah, Ghauri B. Seasonal indoor radon concentration in the North West Frontier Province and federally administered tribal areas—Pakistan. RADIAT MEAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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