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Shiah JG, Konák C, Spikes JD, Kopecek J. Influence of pH on aggregation and photoproperties of n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-meso-chlorin e6 conjugates. Drug Deliv 2010; 5:119-26. [PMID: 19570003 DOI: 10.3109/10717549809031387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of pH on the aggregation and photoproperties of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers containing meso-chlorin e(6) monoethylenediamine (Mce(6)) attached to the copolymer via either nonbiodegradable G or biodegradable GFLG side chains was studied. Dynamic light scattering, UVIVIS and fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence quenching techniques were used. The photosensitizing efficiencies of these conjugates were also determined. The dynamic light-scattering data indicate that the intermolecular aggregation of Mce(6) species within the copolymer conjugates is not significant and is not affected by pH or loading of Mce(6) to copolymer at 5 x 10(-4) g/mL of copolymer conjugate concentration. However, intramolecular aggregation of the Mce(6) species within the copolymer conjugates does occur in aqueous buffers, as demonstrated by absorption and fluorescence measurements in ethanol-buffer mixtures. The fluorescence lifetime of excited Mce(6) was influenced by aggregation, mainly attributed to the pH and copolymer side-chain hydrophobicity. The Stern-Volmer collisional quenching constant, K(sv) iodide anion with Mce(6) species was found to be a function of pH, reflecting both the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged Mce(6) species and iodide anions and the intramolecular aggregation of Mce(6) moieties. The extent of aggregation was found to be a function of solvent pH, loading of Mce(6) to copolymer, and side-chain hydrophobicity. The photosensitizing efficiency of the copolymer bound Mce(6), as determined through the photooxidation of furfuryl alcohol, was dominated by Mce(6) loading to copolymer and side-chain hydrophobicity, but was only slightly pH dependent. Evidently, the Mce(6) aggregation only weakly influenced the charge transfer in the process of oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Shiah
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Wang RM, Hao EX, Shen GR, He YF, Lei ZQ. Polymeric Salphen-phthalocyanine dinuclear metal complexes for activation of molecular oxygen. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Omelyanenko V, Kopečková P, Gentry C, Shiah JG, Kopeček J. HPMA Copolymer-Anticancer Drug-OV-TL-TL16 Antibody Conjugates. 1. Influence of the Method of Synthesis on the Biding Affinity to OVCAR-3 Ovarian Carcinoma CellsIn Vitro. J Drug Target 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860310001636548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cuchelkar V, Kopečková P, Kopeček J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Disulfide-Linked HPMA Copolymer-Mesochlorin e6 Conjugates. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:375-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Tijerina M, Kopec̆ková P, Kopec̆ek J. Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Exposed to Free Mce6 or HPMA Copolymer-Mce6 Conjugates¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770645mociho2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nyman ES, Hynninen PH. Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 73:1-28. [PMID: 14732247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising new treatment modality for several diseases, most notably cancer. In PDT, light, O2, and a photosensitizing drug are combined to produce a selective therapeutic effect. Lately, there has been active research on new photosensitizer candidates, because the most commonly used porphyrin photosensitizers are far from ideal with respect to PDT. Finding a suitable photosensitizer is crucial in improving the efficacy of PDT. Recent synthetic activity has created such a great number of potential photosensitizers for PDT that it is difficult to decide which ones are suitable for which pathological conditions, such as various cancer species. To facilitate the choice of photosensitizer, this review presents a thorough survey of the photophysical and chemical properties of the developed tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers. Special attention is paid to the singlet-oxygen yield (PhiDelta) of each photosensitizer, because it is one of the most important photodynamic parameters in PDT. Also, in the survey, emphasis is placed on those photosensitizers that can easily be prepared by partial syntheses starting from the abundant natural precursors, protoheme and the chlorophylls. Such emphasis is justified by economical and environmental reasons. Several of the most promising photosensitizer candidates are chlorins or bacteriochlorins. Consequently, chlorophyll-related chlorins, whose PhiDelta have been determined, are discussed in detail as potential photosensitizers for PDT. Finally, PDT is briefly discussed as a treatment modality, including its clinical aspects, light sources, targeting of the photosensitizer, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Nyman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. BOX 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Johnson Inbaraj J, Vinodu MV, Gandhidasan R, Murugesan R, Padmanabhan M. Photosensitizing properties of ionic porphyrins immobilized on functionalized solid polystyrene support. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tijerina M, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity in human ovarian carcinoma cells exposed to free Mce6 or HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 77:645-52. [PMID: 12870851 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0645:mociho>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to understand cellular responses on photodynamic therapy (PDT) to design delivery systems that maximize cytotoxic effects coupled with minimal induction of side effects or protective mechanisms (or both). Here, we investigated mechanisms of toxicity in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells treated with structurally diverse N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer (P)-mesochlorin e6 monoethylenediamine (Mce6) conjugates that possessed differential subcellular accumulation or covalent attachments of photosensitizers (or both). Apoptosis and necrosis were observed after photoactivation, with increased apoptotic responses observed in cells exposed to conjugates possessing Mce6 linkage via a lysosomally degradable tetrapeptide spacer (HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates containing Mce6 bound via glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine [GFLG] linker [P-GFLG-Mce6], HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates containing Mce6 bound via a GFLG spacer and containing nuclear localization sequence, PKKKRKV132K(FITC)C [NLS(fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate [FITC])] bound via a thioether linkage [P-NLS(FITC)-GFLG-Mce6]). Furthermore, the induction of necrosis was more pronounced in cells exposed to conjugates containing both a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and Mce6 bound by a degradable linker (P-NLS(FITC)-GFLG-Mce6). Caspase-independent mechanisms of cell death were identified in cells treated with nuclear-targeted conjugates possessing Mce6 attached using a nondegradable tether (HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates containing Mce6 bound via a GG spacer and containing NLS(FITC) bound via a thioether linkage [P-NLS(FITC)-GG-Mce6]), whereas low levels of apoptosis and necrosis were detected in cells exposed to photoactivated nontargeted HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates containing Mce6 coupled through a nondegradable spacer (HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates containing Mce6 bound via GG linker [P-GG-Mce6]). Variations in gene expression were observed in cells on PDT. Specifically, HSP70 expression was solely detected in cells treated with P-GFLG-Mce6, whereas the loss of detection of several genes were observed in cells treated with P-NLS(FITC)-GFLG-Mce6. Variations in cellular responses on PDT using different HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates will prove useful in the design of optimal HPMA copolymer PDT delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tijerina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Tijerina M, Fowers KD, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. Chronic exposure of human ovarian carcinoma cells to free or HPMA copolymer-bound mesochlorin e6 does not induce P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Biomaterials 2000; 21:2203-10. [PMID: 10985494 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of multidrug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells was investigated after chronic exposure to free mesochlorin e6 monoethylenediamine (Mce6) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-bound Mce6 (P(GG)-Mce6). The dose that inhibits growth by 50% (IC50) was determined for free Mce6 (2.09 +/- 0.32 microM) and P(GG)-Mce6 (204.15 +/- 28.97 microM) to utilize similar effective doses of drug. A total of 14 drug exposures were performed over a period of 78 days. Cells were characterized by IC50 dose, MDR1 gene expression and anti-human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) antibody binding after each drug exposure. At the conclusion of the experiment, neither the A2780 cells habitually exposed to free Mce6 or P(GG)-Mce6 were significantly different than the control A2780 cells indicating cells did not acquire a MDR phenotype. The doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant A2780/AD cells served as a positive control.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/immunology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, MDR
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mesoporphyrins
- Methacrylates/administration & dosage
- Methacrylates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Pharmaceutical Vehicles
- Phenotype
- Porphyrins/administration & dosage
- Porphyrins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tijerina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Kopecek J, Kopecková P, Konák C. Biorecognizable Polymers: Design, Structure, and Bioactivity. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shiah JG, Koňák Č, Spikes JD, Kopeček J. Solution and Photoproperties of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer−Meso-chlorin e6 Conjugates. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Guo Shiah
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD and of Bioengineering, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Čestmír Koňák
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD and of Bioengineering, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - John D. Spikes
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD and of Bioengineering, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD and of Bioengineering, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Phthalocyanines bound to insoluble polystyrene. Synthesis and properties as energy-transfer photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Omelyanenko V, Kopecková P, Gentry C, Shiah JG, Kopecek J. HPMA copolymer-anticancer drug-OV-TL16 antibody conjugates. 1. influence of the method of synthesis on the binding affinity to OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. J Drug Target 1996; 3:357-73. [PMID: 8866655 DOI: 10.3109/10611869608996827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of different methods of binding the OV-TL16 antibody and its Fab' fragment to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer--drug (adriamycin [ADR] or meso chlorin e6 mono(N-2-aminoethylamide) (Mce6)) conjugates on the affinity of conjugates to an ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-3) cell associated antigen was investigated. The binding of the antibody to HPMA copolymer--drug (ADR or Mce6) conjugates via amino groups resulted in conjugates which were heterogeneous in their antigen binding. Coupling, the HPMA copolymer--Mce6 conjugate to the carbohydrate region of the antibody resulted in conjugates with a more homogeneous distribution of affinity constants than conjugates prepared by linking the antibody to the polymer via amino groups. However, both methods resulted in a decrease in the affinity constant compared to the native antibody. Conjugates prepared with the Fab' frgment of the OV-TL16 antibody demonstrated a more homogenous affinity than either conjugate prepared with the whole antibody. To verify the hypothesis that the changes in the binding affinity and homogeneity are a consequence of conformational changes in the antibody structure, a series of physiocochemical methods were employed to characterize the conjugates. The excitation energy transfer between OV-TL16 antibody and drugs (ADR and Mce6) and the spectral properties of Mce6 were used to monitor the interactions between the antibody and drugs. The quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the antibody was also employed to study its conformational changes. An attempt has been made to correlate the biorecognition at the cellular surface with the interactions of drug with the antibody molecule and with the changes in antibody conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Omelyanenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Spikes JD, van Lier JE, Bommer JC. A comparison of the photoproperties of zinc phthalocyanine and zinc naphthalocyanine tetrasulfonates: model sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of tumors. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krinick NL, Sun Y, Joyner D, Spikes JD, Straight RC, Kopecek J. A polymeric drug delivery system for the simultaneous delivery of drugs activatable by enzymes and/or light. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1994; 5:303-24. [PMID: 8025029 DOI: 10.1163/156856294x00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three water soluble copolymers based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide were prepared. Copolymer I contains adriamycin, a chemotherapeutic agent, attached via enzymatically degradable oligopeptide (glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine; G-F-L-G) side chains. The other two copolymers contained the photosensitizer, meso-chlorin e6 monoethylene diamine disodium salt (Mce6). In Copolymer II, the chlorin is attached via the degradable G-F-L-G sequence, and it was bound by the nondegradable glycyl spacer in Copolymer III. Initially, the copolymers were characterized separately in vitro and in vivo. Combinations of the copolymer bound chemotherapeutic agent and each of the copolymer bound photosensitizers were then assessed for antitumor effect in vivo. Localization/retention studies (A/J mice; Neuro 2A neuroblastoma solid tumor) were performed with the two copolymers containing Mce6 as well as the free drug. Results of these experiments demonstrated a very different tumor uptake profile for the two copolymers. While the free drug was rapidly cleared from tumor tissue, the copolymer containing Mce6 attached via the non-degradable bond was retained for an extended period; drug concentrations in the tumor were high even after 5 days. On the other hand, a high concentration of the copolymer containing Mce6 bound via the degradable sequence was taken up by the tumor, yet its concentration in the tumor was substantially diminished at 48 h after administration. This shows indirect evidence of in vivo cleavage of Mce6 from the copolymer in the lysosomal compartment which is supported by direct evidence of cleavage by cathepsin B (a lysosomal enzyme) in vitro. Antitumor effects were assessed on Neuro 2A neuroblastoma induced in A/J mice for all three copolymers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) proved the copolymer with Mce6 bound via the degradable oligopeptide sequence to be a more effective photosensitizer in vivo than the other chlorin containing copolymer. The difference in activity was consistent with the results obtained by photophysical analyses in which the free drug had a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation than the polymer bound drug in buffer. The quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation increased with the enzymatic cleavage of the chlorin from the copolymer. Conditions were subsequently determined for which chemotherapy or PDT would show some antitumor effect, yet be incapable of curing tumors. Finally, combination therapy experiments were performed in which the copolymer bound adriamycin was mixed with either of the copolymer bound chlorin compounds and injected intravenously (i.v.) into the tail veins of mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Krinick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112
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