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Minkovska S, Hadjichristov GB, Neacsu A, Chihaia V, Fedorov YV. Photoswitchable Photochromic Chelating Spironaphthoxazines: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, Quantum-Chemical Calculations, and Complexation Ability. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4144-4161. [PMID: 38313484 PMCID: PMC10831966 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The stable and efficient photochromic and photoswitchable molecular systems designed from spirooxazines are of increasing scientific and practical interest because of their present and future applications in advanced technologies. Among these compounds, chelating spironaphthoxazines have received widespread attention due to their efficient optical response after complexation with some metal ions being of biomedical interest and environmental importance, as well as their good cycle performance and high reliability, especially by metal ion sensing. In this mini-review, we summarize our results in the design of novel photoswitchable chelating spironaphthoxazines with specific substituents in their naphthoxazine or indoline ring systems in view of recent progress in the development of such molecular systems and their applications as metal ion sensors. The design, synthesis methods, and photoresponse of such spirooxazine derivatives relevant to their applications, as well as quantum-chemical calculations for these compounds, are presented. Examples of various design concepts are discussed, such as sulfobutyl, hydroxyl, benzothiazolyl, or ester and carboxylic acid as substituents in the chelating spironaphthoxazine molecules. Further developments and improvements of this interesting and promising kind of molecular photoswitches are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Minkovska
- Institute
of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi B. Hadjichristov
- Georgi
Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andreea Neacsu
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Viorel Chihaia
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Yury V. Fedorov
- A.
N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Vajekar SN, Shankarling GS. Highly efficient green synthesis of the photochromic spironaphthoxazines using an eco-friendly choline hydroxide catalyst. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1694690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh N. Vajekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganapati S. Shankarling
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Shiraishi Y, Nakamura M, Hirai T. Effects of substituents on fluorometric detection of cyanide anions by indolium–coumarin dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25027-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric detection of cyanide anions was carried out with indolium–coumarin dyads in aqueous media. Substituents on the dyads strongly affect the selectivity, sensitivity, and response to cyanide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- and Division of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka 560-8531
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- and Division of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka 560-8531
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- and Division of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka 560-8531
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5
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Metal complexes of new photochromic chelator: Structure, stability and photodissociation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nishikiori H, Shimamura S, Fujii T. Reaction of spironaphthoxazine with acid. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
This critical review focuses on the development of photochromic compounds as sensors for cations, anions, and biologically important molecules. The review commences with a brief description of photochromism and the strategies to exploit photochromic molecular switches' properties for sensing application. This is followed by a summary of photoswitchable receptors emerged to date and classified according to the photochromic structure they are based on. These include azobenzenes, fulgides, dithienylethenes, dihydroindolizines, chromenes and spiropyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Natali
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Chemistry, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Nishikiori H, Teshima K, Fujii T. Chelation ability of spironaphthoxazine with metal ions in silica gel. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1164-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05345d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nishikiori H, Takamura T, Shimamura S, Fujii T. Photochromic behavior of spironaphthoxazine in metal ion-containing solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Natali M, Aakeröy C, Desper J, Giordani S. The role of metal ions and counterions in the switching behavior of a carboxylic acid functionalized spiropyran. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8269-77. [PMID: 20694220 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a carboxylic acid functionalized spiropyran, SP, to act as a reversible and selective receptor for metal ions has been systematically examined. A series of spectroscopic measurements, combined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction have been employed in order to determine metal-ion sensitivity and selectivity, binding constants, solution compositions, binding kinetics as well as solid-state structure of a metal-complex of this ligand. This molecule acts as a chelating ligand and binds to metal ions using a triad of functionalities and will release the metal ion by application of visible light. Altering the complex from ZnCl(2) and Zn(ClO(4))(2), leads to only a small change in the complex absorption maxima from 494 to 492 nm, but produced a drastic increase in the sensitivity for the zinc(II) ion. Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to establish that the detection limit for Zn(II) is approximately 3 x 10(-7) M for Zn(ClO(4))(2). The counterion also influences binding constants and the equilibrium constants for Cu(ClO(4))(2) and CuCl(2) are K = 3.37 x 10(4) M(-1) to K = 2.04 x 10(3) M(-1), respectively. Additionally, in the presence of perchlorate, the spiropyran-Cu complex formation is fast enough to allow for real-time naked eye detection of this metal ion in less than three minutes; the formation of other metal complexes takes between 50 minutes to 2 hours. Finally, the single-crystal structure determination of the SP-zinc chloride complex shows that the Zn(II) ion displays a distorted square-pyramidal arrangement, and neighbouring metal ions are bound together into a 1-D coordination polymer with a hydrophilic core, surrounded by hydrophobic 'cladding'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Natali
- School of Chemistry/CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Shiraishi Y, Itoh M, Hirai T. Thermal isomerization of spiropyran to merocyanine in aqueous media and its application to colorimetric temperature indication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13737-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Radu A, Byrne R, Alhashimy N, Fusaro M, Scarmagnani S, Diamond D. Spiropyran-based reversible, light-modulated sensing with reduced photofatigue. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pardo R, Zayat M, Levy D. Reaching bistability in a photochromic spirooxazine embedded sol–gel hybrid coatings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b909198j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roxburgh CJ, Sammes PG, Abdullah A. Photoreversible Zn2+Ion Transportation Across an Interface Using Ion-Chelating Substituted Photochromic 3,3′-Indolospirobenzopyrans: Steric and Electronic Controlling Effects. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kumar S, Hernandez D, Hoa B, Lee Y, Yang JS, McCurdy A. Synthesis, photochromic properties, and light-controlled metal complexation of a naphthopyran derivative. Org Lett 2008; 10:3761-4. [PMID: 18646769 DOI: 10.1021/ol801406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A light-controlled reversible binding switch based on photochromic 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran is under development for studying cellular oscillatory calcium signals. The binding affinities of the closed and open forms of substituted naphthopyran 1 for Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Sr(2+) in buffer were determined. The photochemically ring-opened form of the receptor exhibited increased affinity compared to the thermally stable closed form of the receptor. The binding affinity difference for Ca(2+) was approximately 77-fold at pH 7.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- CSULA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
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Nishikiori H, Tanaka N, Takagi K, Fujii T. Chelation of spironaphthoxazine with zinc ions and its photochromic behavior during the sol–gel–xerogel transitions of alkyl silicon alkoxide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stephens MR, Geary CD, Weber SG. Kinetic Analysis of a Photosensitive Chelator and its Complex with Zn(II)¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750211kaoapc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nishikiori H, Tanaka N, Takagi K, Fujii T. Chelation of spironaphthoxazine with zinc ions during the sol–gel–xerogel transitions in silicon alkoxide systems. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nishikiori H, Sasai R, Takagi K, Fujii T. Zinc chelation and photofluorochromic behavior of spironaphthoxazine intercalated into hydrophobically modified montmorillonite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3376-80. [PMID: 16548604 DOI: 10.1021/la053247o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Spironaphthoxazine (SNO) and Zn2+ were intercalated into montmorillonite interlayers hydrophobically modified by the alkyltrimethylammonium cation during UV light irradiation. The fluorescence spectra of the montmorillonite composites were observed to vary with an increase in the UV and visible light irradiation times. These composites exhibited two types of fluorescence emissions: F1, which originates from a new species, Xs, which is different from SNO (ring-closed form) and merocyanine (MC; ring-open form), and F2, which originates from the MC-Zn complex. With increasing UV light irradiation time, the F1 intensities decreased, whereas the F2 intensities increased. Xs, which is an intermediate species between SNO and MC, was transformed into MC and then coordinated with Zn2+ (i.e., MC-Zn complex) during the UV light irradiation. The reaction rate of the formation of the MC-Zn complex decreased for the hydrophobically modified montmorillonite due to a longer alkyl chain. The retrieval changes in the F1 and F2 intensities were observed with an increasing visible light irradiation time, implying the dissociation of the MC-Zn complex into Xs and Zn2+. The dissociation especially occurred for the hydrophobically modified montmorillonite with a longer alkyl chain. The formation and disappearance of Xs and the MC-Zn complex obeyed first-order kinetics, and therefore the interconversion between Xs and MC could be regarded as the rate-determining step of the whole reaction during the UV and visible light irradiations. The photoinduced reactions of the SNO species and Zn2+ were profoundly affected by the physicochemical environment provided by the clay interlayers. It is concluded that the present photoreactions can be controlled not only by the amounts of the intercalated SNO species and Zn2+, but also by the hydrophobic environment created by the surfactant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Nishikiori
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
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Roxburgh CJ, Sammes PG. Synthesis of Some New Substituted PhotochromicN,N′-Bis(spiro[1-benzopyran-2,2′-indolyl])diazacrown Systems with Substituent Control over Ion Chelation. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu L, Jia DZ, Ji YL, Yu KB. Synthesis, structure and photochromic properties of 4-acyl pyrazolone derivants. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The reversible sequestration and release of metal ions is an important objective in biological and environmental research. Unfortunately, although there have been dramatic examples of metal ion activity control, there are very few quantitative investigations of stoichiometry, equilibria and kinetics. A significant contributor to this lack of quantitative work is the complexity of many photochromic systems. Therefore, we have attempted to create a simple, reversible photochromic metal-ion chelator that can be analyzed quantitatively. The chelator should have certain other attributes as well, namely, that it binds to divalent metal ions (because of their extreme biological importance) and that it binds metal ions in the dark so that light is used to release metal ions rather than sequester them. The photochromic chelator (1) binds to divalent metal ions [Zn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Fe(II), Co(II) and Cd(II); other metal ions have not yet been tested] in the dark with a significant binding strength. In both methanol (by spectrophotometry) and methanol-water (by voltammetry), the stoichiometry of the 1-Zn(II) complex is 2:1. The binding constant (K1K2) is on the order of 10(12)-10(14) M(-2) in methanol and 5.0 x 10(8) M(-2) in 50% aqueous methanol. The chelator 1 is photolabile, yielding 2 with a quantum efficiency of 0.91. In a solution containing excess Zn(II), so that over 99% of the ligand exists as the monodentate complex, photolysis produces 2 with a quantum efficiency of 0.15. A kinetic analysis leads to the conclusion that the complex itself is photolabile.
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Metelitsa AV, Lokshin V, Micheau JC, Samat A, Guglielmetti R, Minkin VI. Photochromism and solvatochromism of push–pull or pull–push spiroindolinenaphthoxazines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b204603b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nishikiori H, Sasai R, Arai N, Takagi K. Intercalation of Spirooxazine Induced by Zinc Cation Chelation in Montmorillonite and Its Photochromic Behavior. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Synthesis, structure and properties of a novel kind of photochromic compound containing a pyrazolone-ring. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(00)00242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chibisov AK, Görner H. Complexes of spiropyran-derived merocyanines with metal ions: relaxation kinetics, photochemistry and solvent effects. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reinvestigation on the photoinduced aggregation behavior of photochromic spiropyrans in cyclohexane. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bleisinger H, Scheidhauer P, Dürr H, Wintgens V, Valat P, Kossanyi J. Photophysical Properties of Biphotochromic Dihydroindolizines. Ring-Opening into Extended Bis-Betaines. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo971182r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Bleisinger
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
| | - Patrick Scheidhauer
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
| | - Heinz Dürr
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
| | - Véronique Wintgens
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
| | - Pierre Valat
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
| | - Jean Kossanyi
- Fachbereich Chemie 11-2, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041-Saarbrücken, Germany, and Laboratoire des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS, 2−8 rue H. Dunant, 94320-Thiais, France
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Andreis C, Dürr H, Wintgens V, Valat P, Kossanyi J. New Aspects of the Photophysical Properties of 1′H-2′,3′-Dimethoxycarbonylspiro[fluoren-9,1′-pyrrolo[2,1-a]quinoline]. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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