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Gkigkitzis I. Theoretical aspects and modelling of cellular decision making, cell killing and information-processing in photodynamic therapy of cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6 Suppl 3:S3. [PMID: 24565264 PMCID: PMC3981166 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-s3-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this report is to provide a mathematical model of the mechanism for making binary fate decisions about cell death or survival, during and after Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) treatment, and to supply the logical design for this decision mechanism as an application of rate distortion theory to the biochemical processing of information by the physical system of a cell. Methods Based on system biology models of the molecular interactions involved in the PDT processes previously established, and regarding a cellular decision-making system as a noisy communication channel, we use rate distortion theory to design a time dependent Blahut-Arimoto algorithm where the input is a stimulus vector composed of the time dependent concentrations of three PDT related cell death signaling molecules and the output is a cell fate decision. The molecular concentrations are determined by a group of rate equations. The basic steps are: initialize the probability of the cell fate decision, compute the conditional probability distribution that minimizes the mutual information between input and output, compute the cell probability of cell fate decision that minimizes the mutual information and repeat the last two steps until the probabilities converge. Advance to the next discrete time point and repeat the process. Results Based on the model from communication theory described in this work, and assuming that the activation of the death signal processing occurs when any of the molecular stimulants increases higher than a predefined threshold (50% of the maximum concentrations), for 1800s of treatment, the cell undergoes necrosis within the first 30 minutes with probability range 90.0%-99.99% and in the case of repair/survival, it goes through apoptosis within 3-4 hours with probability range 90.00%-99.00%. Although, there is no experimental validation of the model at this moment, it reproduces some patterns of survival ratios of predicted experimental data. Conclusions Analytical modeling based on cell death signaling molecules has been shown to be an independent and useful tool for prediction of cell surviving response to PDT. The model can be adjusted to provide important insights for cellular response to other treatments such as hyperthermia, and diseases such as neurodegeneration.
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Ceyhan T, Korkmaz M, Kutluay T, Bekaroğlu Ö. Synthesis, characterization and EPR spectroscopy of novel s-triazines bearing three oxygen-linked phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842460400074x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 (2,4,6-tris(2-oxaphthalonitrile)- s -triazine) has been prepared by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and cyanuric acid in dry DMF as the solvent in the presence of K 2 CO 3 as the base. An interesting s -triazine, containing three oxa metal phthalocyanines ( M = Zn , Co or Cu ) has been synthesized from compound 1, 4,5-bis(hexylthio)phthalonitrile and the corresponding anhydrous metal salts ( Zn ( OAc )2, CoCl 2 or CuCl ) by the method of statistically mixed condensation. The new compounds and phthalocyanines were obtained in sufficient purity after successive washings with different solvents and were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, NMR and EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Ceyhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Gülhane Medical Academy, (GATA), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Korkmaz
- Engineering Department of Physics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Türker Kutluay
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Gülhane Medical Academy, (GATA), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özer Bekaroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Istanbul, 80626, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ball DJ, Mayhew S, Vernon DI, Griffin M, Brown SB. Decreased Efficiency of Trypsinization of Cells Following Photodynamic Therapy: Evaluation of a Role for Tissue Transglutaminase¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730047deotoc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kaelin AC, Zanelli GD. Synthesis and radioiodination of a meso-tetra (hydroxynaphthyl) porphyrin and its sulphonated derivative as potential tumour localizers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580280311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tsai JC, Wu CL, Chien HF, Chen CT. Reorganization of cytoskeleton induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy and its correlation with mitochondrial dysfunction. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 36:398-408. [PMID: 15856508 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study investigated the early cellular events which occurred after mitochondrial photodamage induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Subcellular localization of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in NIH3T3 cells was studied by confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial damage was assessed by measuring mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP contents, and confirmed by characteristic appearance on transmission electron microscopy. Cellular adhesion was measured by the level of resistance to trypsinization. Cytoskeletal studies were performed by fluorescent staining of cytoskeletal components. RESULTS Following ALA-PDT, mitochondrial damage was found in NIH3T3 cells as judged by the decrease of membrane potential and ATP contents. Mitochondrial photodamage was further confirmed by electron microscopy. Resistance to trypsinization after ALA-PDT was shown to be light dose-dependent. The increase of cellular adhesion after ALA-PDT was correlated with mitochondrial photodamage and reorganization of cytoskeletal components in NIH3T3 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by ALA-PDT results in alterations of cellular morphology and cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chang Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Ball DJ, Mayhew S, Vernon DI, Griffin M, Brown SB. Decreased efficiency of trypsinization of cells following photodynamic therapy: evaluation of a role for tissue transglutaminase. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:47-53. [PMID: 11202365 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0047:deotoc>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the cellular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) is important if the mechanisms of cellular damage are to be fully understood. The relationship between sensitizer, fluence rate and the removal of cells by trypsinization was studied using the RIF-1 cell line. Following treatment of RIF-1 cells with pyridinium zinc (II) phthalocyanine (PPC), or polyhaematoporphyrin at 10 mW cm-2 (3 J cm-2), there was a significant number of cells that were not removed by trypsin incubation compared to controls. Decreasing the fluence rate from 10 to 2.5 mW cm-2 resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of cells attached to the substratum when PPC used as sensitizer; however, with 5,10,15,20 meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl) chlorine (m-THPC) there was no resistance to trypsinization following treatment at either fluence rate. The results indicate that resistance of cells to trypsinization following PDT is likely to be both sensitizer and fluence rate dependent. Increased activity of the enzyme tissue-transglutaminase (tTGase) was observed following PPC-PDT, but not following m-THPC-PDT. Similar results were obtained using HT29 human colonic carcinoma and ECV304 human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines. Hamster fibrosarcoma cell (Met B) clones transfected with human tTGase also exhibited resistance to trypsinization following PPC-mediated photosensitization; however, a similar degree of resistance was observed in PDT-treated control Met B cells suggesting that tTGase activity alone was not involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ball
- Center for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Abstract
The subcellular, cellular and tissue/tumour interactions with non-toxic photosensitizing chemicals plus non-thermal visible light (photodynamic therapy (PDT) are reviewed. The extent to which endothelium/vasculature is the primary target is discussed, and the biochemical opportunities for manipulating outcome highlighted. The nature of tumour destruction by PDT lends itself to imaging outcome by MRI and PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Moore
- Laser Oncology Programme, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital (NHS) Trust, Manchester, UK
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Tan N, Bekâroǧlu Ö, Kadirgan F. The cyclic voltammetry of some metallophthalocyanines with sulphonated 17-membered diazatrioxamacrocycles in dimethylsulphoxide and in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)02912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berg K, Madslien K, Moan J. Retention and phototoxicity of tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine in cultivated human cells. The effect of fractionation of light. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:177-83. [PMID: 1502261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human cervix carcinoma cells of the line NHIK 3025 were incubated for 18 h with tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) and further incubated for 1-29 h in sensitizer free medium before exposure to light. After 1 h in sensitizer free medium only a 20% further loss of TPPS4 was observed within the next 28 h. During the time in sensitizer free medium, each TPPS4 molecule became more efficient in sensitizing single cells to photoinactivation. This enhanced photosensitizing efficiency of TPPS4 correlated well with the enhanced fluorescence yield of TPPS4. In some experiments the cells were exposed to a light dose inactivating 10% of the cells after incubation for 1 h in sensitizer free medium and a second graded light dose given 4-28 h later. Exposure of the cells to the first light dose led to loss of 60% of TPPS4 from the cells. Despite the significant loss of sensitizer from the cells the fluorescence yield of TPPS4 from each cell was found to increase (e.g. by 100% 4 h after light exposure). The enhanced fluorescence yield of cell bound TPPS4 was followed by a 1.6-2.5-fold increase in sensitivity of each cell to second light dose. Thus, a small light dose increased the photosensitivity of TPPS4-loaded NHIK 3025 cells for several hours after the first light exposure. The advantageous effect of light fractionation was reduced by a significantly enhanced loss of sensitizer induced by the first light exposure. The optimal time between the two fractions of light seems to be 30-90 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berg
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Gümüs G, Öztürk ZZ, Ahsen V, Gül A, Bekâroǧlu Ö. Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of phthalocyanines substituted with 17-membered trioxadiaza macrocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9920002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rosenthal
- Department of Food Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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West CM, West DC, Kumar S, Moore JV. A comparison of the sensitivity to photodynamic treatment of endothelial and tumour cells in different proliferative states. Int J Radiat Biol 1990; 58:145-56. [PMID: 1973432 DOI: 10.1080/09553009014551501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine aorta endothelial and human colon adenocarcinoma (WiDr) cells were exposed to haematoporphyrin derivative plus light. Cell survival was determined using a [3H]thymidine incorporation and a clonogenic assay for both cell types. The endothelial cells were more sensitive to photodynamic treatment. This could be explained in terms of increased drug uptake into the endothelial cells despite there being no difference in cell volume between the cells. For both tumour and endothelial cells, exponentially growing cells were more sensitive to photodynamic treatment than plateau-phase cells. This was associated with a reduction in drug uptake into plateau-phase endothelial cells. However, there was no difference in uptake into exponentially growing and plateau-phase WiDr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M West
- CRC Department of Radiobiology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
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Rakestraw SL, Tompkins RG, Yarmush ML. Antibody-targeted photolysis: in vitro studies with Sn(IV) chlorin e6 covalently bound to monoclonal antibodies using a modified dextran carrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4217-21. [PMID: 1693435 PMCID: PMC54079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody-dextran-Sn(IV) chlorin e6 immunoconjugate was prepared by a technique involving the site-specific covalent modification of the monoclonal antibody oligosaccharide moiety. Dextran carriers were synthesized with a single chain-terminal hydrazide group, which was used as the coupling point between the carrier and the monoclonal antibody carbohydrate. Selective in vitro photolysis of SK-MEL-2 human malignant melanoma cells was accomplished using several conjugates prepared from anti-melanoma 2.1 (chromophore:antibody molar ratios, 6.8 and 11.2). Phototoxicity, as measured by clonogenic assay, was dependent on the delivered dose of 634-nm light and was observed only for conjugates that bound SK-MEL-2 cells. As judged by competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay, conjugates prepared in this fashion showed excellent retention of antigen binding activity relative to the unmodified antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Rakestraw
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-0909
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Tetrapyrroles: A chemical class of potent photosensitizers for the photodynamic treatment of tumours. Lasers Med Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02031370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roeder B, Naether D, Lewald T, Braune M, Nowak C, Freyer W. Photophysical properties and photodynamic activity in vivo of some tetrapyrroles. Biophys Chem 1990; 35:303-12. [PMID: 2397276 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(90)80017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some of the photophysical properties (stationary absorbance and fluorescence, fluorescence decay times and singlet oxygen quantum yields) of pheophorbide a, metal-free, ClAl-, Cu- and Mg-t-butyl-substituted phthalocyanines, metal-free, ClAl- and Cu-t-butyl-substituted naphthalocyanines and of a number of tetraphenylporphyrins (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin) have been studied in comparison with hematoporphyrin IX in order to select potent photosensitizers for the photodynamic treatment of cancer. The photodynamic activity of these compounds was investigated using Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. As a consequence of the photophysical parameters (relatively short singlet state lifetimes, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields) the photodynamic activities of pheophorbide a, t-butyl-substituted ClAl-phthalocyanine and ClAl-naphthalocyanine were selected for study in greater detail. Under the conditions employed in the present study, pheophorbide a was found to be the most effective sensitizer, as judged from its strong absorption at the excitation wavelength as compared with the hematoporphyrin derivative and greater singlet oxygen quantum yield relative to the phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines. The photodynamic activity was observed to be strongly dependent on the photophysical parameters of the compounds. The primary mechanism underlying the photodynamic activity of these sensitizers probably consists of energy transfer from the lowest triplet state of the dyes to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of singlet oxygen (type II of photosensitization).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roeder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University Berlin, G.D.R
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