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Saegusa Y, Ishizuka T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Kojima T. Acid–Base Properties of a Freebase Form of a Quadruply Ring-Fused Porphyrin—Stepwise Protonation Induced by Rigid Ring-Fused Structure. J Org Chem 2016; 82:322-330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saegusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-Ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-Ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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2
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Yu X, Li H, Fu D, Jin C, Li JI. Characterization of the role of the photosensitizer, deuteporfin, in the detection of lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1430-1436. [PMID: 26622685 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the use of photosensitizers as tracer agents to detect lymphatic metastases is a developing area of study in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment. In the present study, deuteporfin, a novel photosensitizer, was used as a tracer agent to detect lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of deuteporfin, following intravenous administration and injection of deuteporfin into the left rear footpad, were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The increased difference in deuteporfin concentration between the cancerous and normal tissues was directly observed through the application of a Wood's lamp. In addition, the highly lymphatic BxPC-3-LN5 human metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line was generated from BxPC-3 cells using a continuous screening and seeding method in vivo. A xenograft model of the BxPC-3-LN5 human pancreatic cancer cell line transplanted into the left rear footpad of nude mice, was established. The effects of deuteporfin as a tracer agent in the detection of lymphatic metastases were then characterized in the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Following intravenous administration, deuteporfin was rapidly enriched in the pancreas and popliteal fossa lymph nodes compared with that of the left rear footpad administration group. In addition, deuteporfin appeared to be selectively enriched in the cancerous pancreatic lymph nodes of the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. These results indicated that deuteporfin may be developed as a novel photosensitizer tracer agent for the detection of lymphatic metastases in pancreatic cancer. The advantages of deuteporfin are that it has a selective tumor-targeting effect due to high tissue uptake, and that it may be administered intravenously and is therefore suitable for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - J I Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Sobczyński J, Kristensen S, Berg K. The influence of Pluronics nanovehicles on dark cytotoxicity, photocytotoxicity and localization of four model photosensitizers in cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:8-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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de Sousa Neto D, Tabak M. Interaction of the meso-tetrakis (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin with gel and liquid state phospholipid vesicles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 381:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Li YC, Rissanen S, Stepniewski M, Cramariuc O, Róg T, Mirza S, Xhaard H, Wytrwal M, Kepczynski M, Bunker A. Study of Interaction Between PEG Carrier and Three Relevant Drug Molecules: Piroxicam, Paclitaxel, and Hematoporphyrin. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7334-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300301z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chin Li
- Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Sami Rissanen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Michał Stepniewski
- Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Oana Cramariuc
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sabir Mirza
- Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | | | | | - Alex Bunker
- Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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7
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Stępniewski M, Kepczynski M, Jamróz D, Nowakowska M, Rissanen S, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Interaction of Hematoporphyrin with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4889-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stępniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Dorota Jamróz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Sami Rissanen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane
Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
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Kropacheva TN, van der Haas RNS, van der Steen R, Gast P, Schuitmaker HJ, Lugtenburg J. Binding and acid-base properties of novel photosensitizing drugs in micellar and liposome solutions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The binding and acid-base equilibria of the two novel mesoporphyrin derivatives, PB07 and PB109 (quino[4,4a,5,6-efg]- annulated 7-demethyl-8-deethylmesoporphyrin and 2'-cyano-8'-formyl-N'-methyl-1',1a',5a',6'-tetrahydroacrido [4,5,5a,6-bcd]- annulated 2,3-dihydromesoporphyrin, resp.), which are promising agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT), were studied in aqueous solutions of different surfactants (Triton X-100 (TX-100), dodecyl maltoside (DDM), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS)) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) liposomes. In all cases, the porphyrins are solubilized at neutral/alkaline pH in monomeric form and remain micelle/liposome-bound independently of their ionization state. The dissociation constants of the solubilized porphyrins are found to be influenced by the charge of the surface groups of the carrier. The protonation of pyrrole/quinoline nitrogens of the studied porphyrins is facilitated in the following order: LDS ≫TX-100 (DDM, PC liposomes) > CTAB. The dissociation constants of PB 07 carboxylic groups are similar in neutral/cationic micellar and liposome solutions and are significantly decreased for LDS-bound pigment. The results provide necessary information for the optimization of delivery systems for PB 07 and PB 109 when applied as sensitizers in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N. Kropacheva
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert van der Steen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Gast
- Biophysics Department, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Lugtenburg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schmitt F, Barry NP, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Therrien B. Efficient photodynamic therapy of cancer using chemotherapeutic porphyrin–ruthenium metalla-cubes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:178-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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The effect of liposomes’ surface electric potential on the uptake of hematoporphyrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2031-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Schmitt F, Lagopoulos L, Käuper P, Rossi N, Busso N, Barge J, Wagnières G, Laue C, Wandrey C, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Chitosan-based nanogels for selective delivery of photosensitizers to macrophages and improved retention in and therapy of articular joints. J Control Release 2010; 144:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Gianferrara T, Bergamo A, Bratsos I, Milani B, Spagnul C, Sava G, Alessio E. Ruthenium−Porphyrin Conjugates with Cytotoxic and Phototoxic Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4678-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberta Bergamo
- Callerio Foundation Onlus, Via A. Fleming 22-31, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gianni Sava
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Giorgieri 7
- Callerio Foundation Onlus, Via A. Fleming 22-31, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Via L. Giorgieri 1
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14
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Giovannetti R, Alibabaei L, Petetta L. Aggregation behaviour of a tetracarboxylic porphyrin in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Schmitt F, Auzias M, Stepnicka P, Sei Y, Yamaguchi K, Süss-Fink G, Therrien B, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Sawhorse-type diruthenium tetracarbonyl complexes containing porphyrin-derived ligands as highly selective photosensitizers for female reproductive cancer cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:693-701. [PMID: 19241094 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diruthenium tetracarbonyl complexes of the type [Ru2(CO)4(l2-g2-O2CR)2L2] containing a Ru-Ru backbone with four equatorial carbonyl ligands, two carboxylato bridges, and two axial two-electron ligands in a sawhorse-like geometry have been synthesized with porphyrin-derived substituents in the axial ligands [1: R is CH3, L is 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin], in the bridging carboxylato ligands [2: RCO2H is 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin, L is PPh3; 3: RCO2H is 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin, L is 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo [3.3.1.1]decane], or in both positions [4: RCO2H is 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin, L is 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin]. Compounds 1-3 were assessed on different types of human cancer cells and normal cells. Their uptake by cells was quantified by fluorescence and checked by fluorescence microscopy. These compounds were taken up by human HeLa cervix and A2780 and Ovcar ovarian carcinoma cells but not by normal cells and other cancer cell lines (A549 pulmonary, Me300 melanoma, PC3 and LnCap prostate, KB head and neck, MDAMB231 and MCF7 breast, or HT29 colon cancer cells). The compounds demonstrated no cytotoxicity in the absence of laser irradiation but exhibited good phototoxicities in HeLa and A2780 cells when exposed to laser light at 652 nm, displaying an LD50 between 1.5 and 6.5 J/cm2 in these two cell lines and more than 15 J/cm2 for the others. Thus, these types of porphyric compound present specificity for cancer cell lines of the female reproductive system and not for normal cells; thus being promising new organometallic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Schmitt
- Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Combined arene ruthenium porphyrins as chemotherapeutics and photosensitizers for cancer therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:101-9. [PMID: 18810507 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin and 5-(3-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin as well as tetranuclear 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (tetra-4-pp) and 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-pyridyl)porphyrin) (tetra-3-pp) arene ruthenium(II) derivatives (arene is C(6)H(5)Me or p-Pr(i)C(6)H(4)Me) were prepared and evaluated as potential dual photosensitizers and chemotherapeutics in human Me300 melanoma cells. In the absence of light, all tetranuclear complexes were cytotoxic (IC(50) < or = 20 microM), while the mononuclear derivatives were not (IC(50) > or = 100 microM). Kinetic studies of tritiated thymidine and tritiated leucine incorporations in cells exposed to a low concentration (5 microM) of tetranuclear p-cymene derivatives demonstrated a rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis, while protein synthesis was inhibited only later, suggesting arene ruthenium-DNA interactions as the initial cytotoxic process. All complexes exhibited phototoxicities toward melanoma cells when exposed to laser light of 652 nm. At low concentration (5 microM), LD(50) of the mononuclear derivatives was between 5 and 10 J/cm(2), while for the tetranuclear derivatives LD(50) was approximately 2.5 J/cm(2) for the [Ru(4)(eta(6)-arene)(4)(tetra-4-pp)Cl(8)] complexes and less than 0.5 J/cm(2) for the [Ru(4)(eta(6)-arene)(4)(tetra-3-pp)Cl(8)] complexes. Examination of cells under a fluorescence microscope revealed the [Ru(4)(eta(6)-arene)(4)(tetra-4-pp)Cl(8)] complexes as cytoplasmic aggregates, whereas the [Ru(4)(eta(6)-arene)(4)(tetra-3-pp)Cl(8)] complexes were homogenously dispersed in the cytoplasm. Thus, these complexes present a dual synergistic effect with good properties of both the arene ruthenium chemotherapeutics and the porphyrin photosensitizer.
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Schmitt F, Govindaswamy P, Süss-Fink G, Ang WH, Dyson PJ, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Therrien B. Ruthenium porphyrin compounds for photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1811-6. [PMID: 18298056 DOI: 10.1021/jm701382p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPP) areneruthenium(II) derivatives and a p-cymeneosmium and two pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium and -rhodium analogues were prepared and characterized as potential photosensitizing chemotherapeutic agents. The biological effects of all these derivatives were assessed on human melanoma tumor cells, and their cellular uptake and intracellular localization were determined. All molecules, except the rhodium complex which was not cytotoxic, demonstrated comparable cytotoxicity in the absence of laser irradiation. The ruthenium complexes exhibited excellent phototoxicities toward melanoma cells when exposed to laser light at 652 nm. Cellular uptake and localization microscopy studies of [Ru 4(eta (6)-C 6H 5CH 3) 4(TPP)Cl 8] and [Rh 4(eta (5)-C 5Me 5) 4(TPP)Cl 8] revealed that they accumulated in the melanoma cell cytoplasm in granular structures different from lysosomes. The fluorescent porphyrin moiety and the metal component were localized in similar structures within the cells. Thus, the porphyrin areneruthenium(II) derivatives represent a promising new class of organometallic photosensitizers able to combine chemotherapeutic activity with photodynamic therapeutic treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Schmitt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light-activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism-based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome-mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function-sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Verma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lim JM, Yoon ZS, Shin JY, Kim KS, Yoon MC, Kim D. The photophysical properties of expanded porphyrins: relationships between aromaticity, molecular geometry and non-linear optical properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:261-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b810718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Giuliano EA, Ota J, Tucker SA. Photodynamic therapy: basic principles and potential uses for the veterinary ophthalmologist. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:337-43. [PMID: 17970993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photochemical reactions mediated through the interaction of photosensitizing agents, light and oxygen. PDT, while now commonly used in physician ophthalmology and oncology, is uncommonly used for the veterinary ophthalmic patient. It is an emerging new therapy in veterinary ophthalmology for the treatment of periocular tumors. This article reviews the basic principles of PDT to provide the veterinary ophthalmologic community with a succinct reference for this emerging treatment modality in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Weitman H, Schatz S, Gottlieb HE, Kobayashi N, Ehrenberg B. Spectroscopic Probing of the Acid-Base Properties and Photosensitization of a Fluorinated Phthalocyanine in Organic Solutions and Liposomes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730473spotab2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Čunderliková B, Kaalhus O, Čunderlik R, Mateášik A, Moan J, Kongshaug M. pH-Dependent modification of lipophilicity of porphyrin-type photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kępczyński M, Ehrenberg B. Interaction of Dicarboxylic Metalloporphyrins with Liposomes. The Effect of pH on Membrane Binding Revisited¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760486iodmwl2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Čunderlíková B, Bjørklund EG, Pettersen EO, Moan J. pH-Dependent Spectral Properties of HpIX, TPPS2a, mTHPP and mTHPC¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740246pdspoh2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Bronshtein I, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. The Effect of pH on the Topography of Porphyrins in Lipid Membranes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kruk MM, Braslavsky SE. Acid−Base Equilibria in 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)chlorin: Role of Conformational Flexibility. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:3414-25. [PMID: 16526620 DOI: 10.1021/jp056896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base equilibria in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)chlorin were studied in aqueous solution and compared with the respective data for the corresponding porphyrin. The reduction of the pyrrole ring in the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle noticeably influences both free base/monoprotonated and mono-/diprotonated species equilibria. In strong acidic solutions protonation of 4-sulfonatophenyl groups takes place in addition to protonation of the macrocycle core. The photophysical properties of all ionic forms are influenced by an enhanced rate of internal S1 --> S0 conversion, leading to about 50% and 90% deactivation through this channel for the free base and diprotonated species, respectively. The enhancement of the rate of the radiationless transitions is explained by an increased conformational flexibility of the chlorin macrocycle with respect to that of a porphyrin. Structural volume change measurements with laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy support this explanation. The contraction upon triplet state formation of the free base is about one-half of that measured for the corresponding porphyrin. This contraction should be due to intramolecular structural rearrangements of the macrocycle to adopt a minimum energy conformation in case of the chlorin. On the contrary, for the more rigid porphyrin macrocycle the interactions of the molecule with the solvent environment play a more important role. The diprotonated forms of both porphyrin and chlorin show a high radiationless S1 --> S0 conversion rate and seem to have a similar conformational flexibility. In agreement with previous calculations, the conformational flexibility of the diprotonated forms appears to be higher than that of the free base molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai M Kruk
- Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics of National Academy of Sciences, 70 F. Skaryna Avenue, 2202072 Mink, Belarus
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Minnes R, Weitman H, Lee HJ, Gorun SM, Ehrenberg B. Enhanced Acidity, Photophysical Properties and Liposome Binding of Perfluoroalkylated Phthalocyanines Lacking C-H Bonds. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:593-9. [PMID: 16613518 DOI: 10.1562/2005-11-08-ra-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base, spectroscopic, photophysical and liposome-binding properties of the recently synthesized free base, 29H,31H,1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octafluoro-2,3,9,10,16,17,23, 24-octakisperfluoro(isopropyl) phthalocyanine, F64PcH2, are reported. The perfluoroalkylation of the phthalocyanine core renders the hydrogen atoms acidic, with a pK(a) = 6. The F64Pc(-2) dianion is detected already at pH 3, by singular-value decomposition analysis of electronic spectra. F64Pc(-2) generates 1O2 with quantum yields phi(delta) = 0.252 (in MeOH) and 0.019 in liposomes. Metallation of the Pc macrocycle to yield F64PcZn increases phi(delta) to 0.606 and 0.126 in MeOH and liposomes, respectively. Surprisingly, F64Pc(-2) (but not F64PcH2 or F64PcZn) binds strongly to liposomes, with a binding constant K(b) = 25 (mg/mL)(-1). The fully protonated F64PcH2, but not the zwitterionic F64Pc(-2), might favor hydrogen bonding, thus reducing its lipophilicity. Similarly, the Lewis acidity of Zn in F64PcZn, and thus its ability to bind water within a hydrophobic perfluoroalkyl pocket, is significantly enhanced by the fluorinated substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refael Minnes
- Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Bronshtein I, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. The Effect of pH on the Topography of Porphyrins in Lipid Membranes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-09-12-ra-316.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Bonneau S, Morlière P, Brault D. Dynamics of interactions of photosensitizers with lipoproteins and membrane-models: correlation with cellular incorporation and subcellular distribution. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1443-52. [PMID: 15345334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation and subcellular localization of photosensitizers are critical determinants of their efficiency. Here, we correlate these properties with the interactions of photosensitizers with membrane-models and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in acellular systems. Focus was given on dynamics aspects. Two amphiphilic photosensitizers, deuteroporphyrin (DP) and aluminum phthalocyanine sulfonated on two adjacent isoindole units (AlPcS2a) were selected. The phthalocyanine was bound to LDL with an overall association constant around 5 x 10(7)M(-1). Biphasic association kinetics was indicative of two types of sites. The release of the phthalocyanine into the bulk aqueous medium occurred within less than a second. A similar behavior was found previously for deuteroporphyrin although its affinity was somewhat higher (5.5 x 10(8)M(-1)). Both compounds were previously characterized by high affinity for membrane-models and quick exchange with the bulk solution. However, they strongly differed by their rate of transfer through the lipid bilayer, in the range of seconds for the porphyrin, several hours for the phthalocyanine. In the case of the porphyrin, fluorescence microscopy on human fibroblasts showed diffuse labeling with no significant modification of the distribution upon vectorization by LDL. In contrast, the phthalocyanine was localized in intracellular vesicles. Vectorization by LDL favored lysosomal localization although little effect was found on the overall uptake as shown by extraction experiments. The role of lipoproteins in the cellular localization of photosensitizers is significantly more important for photosensitizers not freely diffusing through bilayers. The dynamics of the interactions of photosensitizers with membranes appears as an important determinant of their subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7033, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
It is more than 25 years since photodynamic therapy (PDT) was proposed as a useful tool in oncology, but the approach is only now being used more widely in the clinic. The understanding of the biology of PDT has advanced, and efficient, convenient, and inexpensive systems of light delivery are now available. Results from well-controlled, randomised phase III trials are also becoming available, especially for treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer and Barrett's oesophagus, and improved photosensitising drugs are in development. PDT has several potential advantages over surgery and radiotherapy: it is comparatively non-invasive, it can be targeted accurately, repeated doses can be given without the total-dose limitations associated with radiotherapy, and the healing process results in little or no scarring. PDT can usually be done in an outpatient or day-case setting, is convenient for the patient, and has no side-effects. Two photosensitising drugs, porfirmer sodium and temoporfin, have now been approved for systemic administration, and aminolevulinic acid and methyl aminolevulinate have been approved for topical use. Here, we review current use of PDT in oncology and look at its future potential as more selective photosensitising drugs become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B Brown
- Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK.
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33
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Bonneau S, Maman N, Brault D. Dynamics of pH-dependent self-association and membrane binding of a dicarboxylic porphyrin: a study with small unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:87-96. [PMID: 14967478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and stopped-flow measurements of the absorbance and fluorescence of aqueous solutions were performed to characterize the pH-dependent ionization and aggregation states of deuteroporphyrin. Porphyrin self-association promoted by neutralization of the carboxylic groups takes place within a few milliseconds impeding characterization of the monomer ionization states. Extrapolation at infinite dilution of the values obtained from steady-state measurements yielded the pKs of the carboxylic groups (6.6, 5.3) and inner nitrogens (4.1, 2.3). The kinetics of interactions of the porphyrin with unilamellar fluid state dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles was examined in a large pH range, with focus on the entry step. From alkaline pH to a value of 6.5, the entrance rate is maximal (1.69 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) versus phospholipid concentration). It decreases to 2.07 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) at lower pH with an apparent pK of 5.39. This effect appears to be related to the formation of porphyrin dimer rather than to the protonation of inner nitrogen. In keeping with previous data, these results support the concept of a pH-mediated selectivity of carboxylic porphyrins for tumor. They also indicate that the propensity of these molecules to self-associate at low pH could yield to some retention in acidic intracellular vesicles of the endosome/lysosome compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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34
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Cunderliková B, Kaalhus O, Cunderlík R, Mateásik A, Moan J, Kongshaug M. pH-Dependent Modification of Lipophilicity of Porphyrin-type Photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:242-7. [PMID: 15115296 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<242:pmolop>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural modifications of photosensitizers (changes in protonation, ionic state and aggregation state) under different environmental conditions should be precisely determined to understand the interaction of the photosensitizers with biological systems. In the present study partition coefficients of hematoporphyrin IX (HpIX), disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine, meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphine (mTHPP) and meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in the 1-octanol-phosphate buffer system were determined in the pH region 4.0-8.0. Only the partition coefficients of HpIX and mTHPP were found to be pH dependent. Computer processing of fluorimetric titration data was applied to estimate pKa values of the imino nitrogens of mTHPP. Monoprotonated species of mTHPP seem to be unstable or nonexistent. The possibility that both imino nitrogens of this dye are protonated according to a common pKa is proposed. The pKa value of the imino nitrogens of mTHPP was found to be 2.99 +/- 0.04 after the application of a model taking aggregation of the drug into account. The contributions of various aqueous ionic species of mTHPP as functions of pH were calculated and compared with partition coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Cunderliková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Novotny A, Stummer W. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and the Blood-Brain Barrier – A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1078/1615-1615-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Kepczyński M, Ehrenberg B. Interaction of dicarboxylic metalloporphyrins with liposomes. The effect of pH on membrane binding revisited. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:486-92. [PMID: 12462642 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0486:iodmwl>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base properties of Zn-hematoporphyrin IX (ZnHP) and Zn-mesoporphyrin IX (ZnMP) and the effect of pH on their binding to liposomes have been studied. The ionization constants for the two carboxylate groups of ZnHP were calculated by principal component analysis and are 5.7 +/- 0.1 and 6.9 +/- 0.05. The neutral species and the mono- and dianionic forms all bind to liposomes, but a strong pH effect on the binding constant was observed for both the investigated compounds. We also observed a decrease in the binding of the two anionic species when the membranes carried a negative charge. These results indicate that the porphyrins partition into the membrane with their carboxylic moieties near the lipid-water interface so that their deprotonation, leading to a charged molecule, does not prevent the insertion of the tetrapyrrole ring into the lipid environment of neutral liposomes.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging form of cancer therapy in veterinary medicine, which capitalizes on a photochemical reaction to kill malignant cells. Photodynamic therapy has been used to successfully treat a variety of veterinary cancers, with documented efficacy similar to radiation therapy. However, equipment expense and availability of photosensitizer have limited the widespread use of photodynamic therapy by veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lucroy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 001 Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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38
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Cunderlíková B, Bjørklund EG, Pettersen EO, Moan J. pH-dependent spectral properties of HpIX, TPPS2a, mTHPP and mTHPC. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:246-52. [PMID: 11547562 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0246:pdspoh>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower extracellular pH in tumors as compared to normal tissues has been proposed to be a factor contributing to the tumor selective uptake of several photosensitizers. Therefore, the pH dependence of absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of four different drugs relevant for photodynamic therapy (hematoporphyrin IX [HpIX], disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine [TPPS2a], meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphine [mTHPP] and meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin [mTHPC]) has been examined. Spectral analysis of the dyes dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) indicates pH-dependent modification in the physiologically important region (6.0-8.0) only in the case of HpIX. This modification is probably related to the protonation of carboxylic groups. Spectral changes of HpIX in PBS observed at acidic pH values < 5, as well as those of the rest of the drugs (inflection points of titration curves occurred at about 5.1, 3.8 and 2.4 for TPPS2a, mTHPP and mTHPC, respectively), are likely to be due to the protonation of imino nitrogens. The tumor localizing properties of mTHPP and mTHPC reported in the literature appear to be due to factors other than pH-dependent changes in the lipophilicity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cunderlíková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Abstract
The reactive nature of species derived from oxygen, such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, has been exploited in the clinical setting for targeting bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells by photodynamic excitation of a variety of chromophores. This modality, termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), is currently being used to treat some forms of cancer. However, the applicability of conventional PDT is limited due to the absolute dependence on simultaneous exposure of the target to the photoactive compound and light. In 1990, we demonstrated that the need for simultaneous exposure of the biological target to light and photosensitizer could be circumvented by prior exposure (activation) of the sensitizer molecule to light and its subsequent use as any other anti-cancer or anti-viral drug. By dint of the nature of the protocol, this process was termed preactivation. Since then, the generation of biologically active molecules in vitro by preactivation has been validated using a variety of chromophores, such as merocyanine 540, Photofrin II, and naphthalimide. Here we briefly review the role of reactive oxygen species in the photodynamic effect, and provide an explanation for the mechanism of preactivation. We propose that photo-oxidation not only provides a novel means for the generation of biologically active molecules, but could also explain, at least in part the mechanism of conventional PDT. It is likely that the light-dependent breakdown of the chromophore to generate novel active compounds, in addition to reactive oxygen species, also contributes to the photodynamic damage observed on simultaneous exposure of the chromophore and target tissue to light during PDT.-Pervaiz, S. Reactive oxygen-dependent production of novel photochemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
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40
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Weitman H, Schatz S, Gottlieb HE, Kobayashi N, Ehrenberg B. Spectroscopic Probing of the Acid–Base Properties and Photosensitization of a Fluorinated Phthalocyanine in Organic Solutions and Liposomes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:473-81. [PMID: 11367567 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0473:spotab>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A perfluorinated derivative of phthalocyanine was synthesized as the free base, hexadeca-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) phthalocyanine (H2F48Pc), and as a zinc complex, hexadeca-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phthalocyaninatozinc (ZnF48Pc), and their spectroscopic and photochemical properties were studied. The absorption bands are shifted bathochromically relative to simple phthalocyanines, exhibiting the longest wavelength band near 735 nm (H2F48Pc) and 705 (ZnF48Pc). The solvatochromism of both compounds was modeled by Reichardt's ET(30) parameter and Kamlet, Abboud and Taft multiparameter approach. The former, simpler, model was found to be adequate. We found that H2F48Pc undergoes unique basic and acidic titrations in organic solvents. These titration processes are accompanied by spectral changes that are explained on the basis of the chromophore's symmetry. Singular value decomposition was employed to resolve the spectra into the contributions of the species at various stages of protonation and to obtain the equilibrium constants. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H, 19F and 13C) for the free base were obtained in a tetrahydrofurand8 solution. The carbon spectrum, taken as a function of temperature, provided evidence for the presence of a tautomerization process, which switches the two internal hydrogens between the four central nitrogen atoms. As far as we know, this is the first report of the measurement of the free energy of activation for such process (delta G = 10.6-11.4 kcal mol-1 between 217 and 330 K) for a phthalocyanine, in solution. Like most other phthalocyanines these two compounds also act as photosensitizers and as generators of singlet molecular oxygen. The absolute quantum yields (phi delta) for ZnF48Pc was 0.58 +/- 0.01 in benzene and 0.35 +/- 0.01 in lipid vesicles. H2F48Pc had lower yields, 0.16 and 0.005, respectively. Either protonation or deprotonation of the pyrrole nitrogens in H2F48Pc lowered the phi delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weitman
- Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lucroy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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42
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Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Peng Q. Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:889-905. [PMID: 9637138 PMCID: PMC4592754 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.12.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3680] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a tumor-localizing photosensitizing agent, which may require metabolic synthesis (i.e., a prodrug), followed by activation of the agent by light of a specific wavelength. This therapy results in a sequence of photochemical and photobiologic processes that cause irreversible photodamage to tumor tissues. Results from preclinical and clinical studies conducted worldwide over a 25-year period have established photodynamic therapy as a useful treatment approach for some cancers. Since 1993, regulatory approval for photodynamic therapy involving use of a partially purified, commercially available hematoporphyrin derivative compound (Photofrin) in patients with early and advanced stage cancer of the lung, digestive tract, and genitourinary tract has been obtained in Canada, The Netherlands, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. We have attempted to conduct and present a comprehensive review of this rapidly expanding field. Mechanisms of subcellular and tumor localization of photosensitizing agents, as well as of molecular, cellular, and tumor responses associated with photodynamic therapy, are discussed. Technical issues regarding light dosimetry are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Peng
- Correspondence to: Qian Peng, Ph.D., Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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43
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Synthesis and in vitro testing of hematoporphyrin type ligands in platinum(II) complexes as potent cytostatic and phototoxic antitumor agents. Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)05593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berg
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biophysics, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Stepanova NV, Zhorina LV, Chernyaeva EB. Likely mechanism of the hydrophobic sensitizer accumulation in tumor cells: mathematical models. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64:832-7. [PMID: 8931382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two mathematical models describing the accumulation kinetics of hydrophobic sensitizers in the cell membrane and cytoplasm and the influence of intra- and extracellular pH values on intracellular accumulation are suggested. Numerical calculations were done for hematoporphyrin (Hp) as an example. When compared with the experimental data, both models gave satisfactory results describing the accumulation time and level. A biphasic character of the sensitizer accumulation process was obtained as a result of the difference in the accumulation times characteristic for the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The ratio of characteristic times was determined by the ratio of membrane and cytoplasm volumes and a "water-lipid" partition coefficient reflecting the height of the membrane barrier for the sensitizer penetration through the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Generally, the enhanced uptake of Hp molecules by cells was obtained when both extracellular and intracellular pH (pHin) values were lower than the physiological ones. A "selectivity" of accumulation was achieved in "tumor" cells for reasonable pHin values (about 6.0). But when compared with the experimental data, the value of selectivity was not high enough, indicating that, though the pH value is an important factor in Hp intracellular accumulation, it might be less important as a factor for selectivity of Hp accumulation in tumors.
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46
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Ward AJ, Matthews EK. Cytotoxic, nuclear, and growth inhibitory effects of photodynamic drugs on pancreatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 1996; 102:39-47. [PMID: 8603377 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The light-activated drugs AlPcS4 and T4MPyP were studied in a pancreatic carcinoma cell line for their effects on DNA integrity, cell division, proliferation, and survival. The micronucleus assay measured nuclear changes and also the number of actively dividing cells while, under similar conditions, the MTT assay measured cell survival. When tumour cells were exposed to light, pre-treatment with AlPcS4 induced more micronuclei than did T4MPyP at the same levels of cell division and survival. Both drugs showed a correlation between phototoxicity and changes to DNA integrity so establishing micronuclei formation as an important indicator of photodynamic drug action on tumour cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mesocricetus
- Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/drug effects
- Micronucleus Tests
- Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Photochemotherapy
- Porphyrins/pharmacology
- Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Tetrazolium Salts
- Thiazoles
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, UK
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47
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Ricchelli F. Photophysical properties of porphyrins in biological membranes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1995; 29:109-18. [PMID: 7472807 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07155-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrates the photophysical properties of some porphyrins, especially those used for biomedical applications, in relation to their photosensitizing efficiency in biological membranes. Porphyrin absorption and luminescence properties are mainly examined. The factors influencing the affinity of porphyrins for biological membranes, including the dye hydrophobicity, the charge and aggregation state, the pH of the medium and the physicochemical properties of the dye environment, are discussed. These factors determine the differences in the photophysical properties of porphyrins in biological membranes. Particular attention is paid to the porphyrin aggregation state: only monomeric species and possibly planar end-to-end aggregates are endowed with significant photosensitizing ability. Many conclusions presented are based on data obtained on membrane model systems such as micelles or liposomes which can mimic specific situations occurring in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ricchelli
- CNR Centre of Metalloproteins, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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48
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Chapados C, Girard D, Trudel M, Ringuet M. Separation of overlapping spectra from evolving systems using factor analysis. 4. Fluorescence spectra of hematoporphyrin IX. Biophys Chem 1995; 55:289-300. [PMID: 7626746 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(94)00152-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectra of hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) in water and in aqueous SDS solutions are obtained in the pH range 0.1 to 13 to determine the ionisation state of the molecule as a function of pH. In water, the spectra are complicated by aggregation which is quite severe near pH 4. In aqueous SDS, the aggregation is much less violent. Factor analysis (FA) is used to identify five species in the fluorescence spectra in each series of solutions. The distribution curve of these species as a function of pH is also obtained. By comparing the spectra and the distribution curve of Hp with those of HPPEEA, an ethanolamide derivative of Hp that does not contain the carboxylic groups (Part 3), the species are identified. For Hp in water we have obtained the following species: the dication in two allotropic forms in the pH range 0 to 5; the monocation (with the charge on an imino nitrogen) in the pH range 2 to 7; and the free base in the pH range 3.5 to 13. The monocation observed by the second derivative technique revealed three subspecies. For Hp in aqueous SDS we have obtained the following species; one dication in the pH range 0 to near 4; one monocation (with the charge on an imino nitrogen) in the pH range 0.5 to 9; three free bases (with no charge on the imino nitrogen) in the pH range 4 to 13. Of the latter, one species is the neutral molecule, another is a dianion (with the charges on the carboxylic side chains), and the third one appearing at pH higher than 10 is an allotropic form of the dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chapados
- Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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49
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Brault D, Vever-Bizet C, Kuzelova K. Interactions of dicarboxylic porphyrins with membranes in relation to their ionization state. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1993; 20:191-5. [PMID: 8271119 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of dicarboxylic porphyrins with membrane systems are discussed with particular emphasis on the effect of the charge of the porphyrin and the nature of the side-chains. The incorporation of hematoporphyrin or related dicarboxylic porphyrins within small unilamellar vesicles as membrane models is favored by a decrease of the pH in the range of physiological pH values. This effect might play an important role in the retention of porphyrins by tumors, which are more acidic than normal tissues. Kinetics studies also show that the partition of the porphyrin between the lipidic bilayer and the aqueous phase is governed by its release rate rather than by its incorporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brault
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U.201, CNRS UA 481, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Kessel D, Woodburn K. Biodistribution of photosensitizing agents. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:1377-83. [PMID: 8224352 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. The features of neoplasia which predict for drug responsiveness are rapid growth and/or inefficient repair of damage, especially to DNA. 2. PDT has the advantage of yielding responses regardless of the growth fraction of a tumor, and repair appears to play only a minor role. 3. While an entirely different spectrum of tumors can be targeted with PDT, the perhaps unavoidable accompaniment is that a new set of rules for efficacy will need to be established. 4. The selectivity of PDT is based on the need for irradiation which can be directed, along with the short tissue half-life of the cytotoxic product, singlet oxygen. Sensitizers which target specific cellular organelles could promote PDT efficacy, if in vitro data (Woodburn et al., 1992b Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 697-704) can be translated into clinical practice. 5. It remains to be established whether total drug distribution to neoplastic tissues or concentration in specific sub-cellular sites is the more important factor. 6. Questions relating to the role of biodistribution as a factor in efficacy of PDT sensitizers of photosensitizers remain to be explored. Just as the political cartographers are grappling with changes in territorial boundaries of known lands, we continue to clarify the rules relating to PDT boundaries. In this regard, it is clearly important for determinants of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution to be evaluated and understood. 7. Once clinical reports on the "second generation" agents are published, we may get a better picture, although it is not unusual for clinical reports to raise more questions than they answer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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