Antibody markers for type 1 diabetes: the issues

The interface between epidemiology and molecular biology in the search for the causes of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Epidemiological techniques have been utilized to accumulate new knowledge about insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), leading to important insights into the disease process and the alteration of these mechanisms when viewed from a geographic or population base. More recently, highly powerful and sophisticated techniques of molecular biology have been added to the research arsenal, extending the knowledge on the genetic basis for IDDM and the probable environmental factors involved. The development and growth of the new discipline of epidemiological genetics promises exciting new developments for the future of our field as well as that of other major medical problems having a genetic base, but significantly influenced by environmental factors. This review stresses the importance of carefully validated diabetes registries in the study of the epidemiology of IDDM. The Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center have spear-headed the development of such registries, worldwide. The first international meeting on IDDM epidemiology in 1983 gave as a result, i.e., the finding that there were truly remarkable differences in the risk of developing IDDM depending upon the geographic location of the individual. Later collaborative work via the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International (DERI) group has confirmed the previous finding and added the description of secular trends and epidemics of IDDM. It is remarkable that the incidence rate of IDDM in children below 15 years vary from 1/100,000/yr in the Orient to 35/100,000/yr in Finland. The epidemiological approach in the study of IDDM has also stimulated research into the various facets of the etiology of the disease, genetic factors, autoimmune mechanisms and environmental factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Can insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus be cured or prevented? A status report on immunomodulatory strategies and pancreas transplantation

The past decade has brought advances in our undestanding of the etiology of beta cell destruction leading to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Most patients have an autoimmune process that begins months or years prior to overt disease. There are now reliable techniques to monitor the inflammatory process, with increasingly accurate methods for predicting disease in susceptible individuals. This information should lead to new techniques that will cure or possibly prevent diabetes.