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Lin YS, Chen DL, Shaw HM, Wang GJ, Chao PM. Consuming oxidative frying oil impairs cardiac energy production and calcium recycling, causing cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in male Sprague Dawley rats. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108816. [PMID: 34246734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With regards to cardiovascular health, frequent consumption of fried foods is discouraged, despite a lack of clear evidence of a direct link between eating oxidative frying oil (OFO) and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to diets containing fresh or fried soybean oil (groups C and O, respectively) from in utero to 28 weeks of age. A subset of rats in group O was supplemented with vitamin E (500 mg/kg of DL-α-tocopherol acetate; group OE) from 8 week of age onward to mitigate oxidative stress associated with OFO ingestion. Echocardiography, cardiac histology and indices associated with ATP production and calcium cycling in cardiac tissues were measured. Compared to group C, there was cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, in groups O and OE, with no differences between the latter two groups. Although cardiac mRNA levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and function were increased, there were lower ATP concentrations and higher transcripts of uncoupling proteins in groups O and OE than in group C. In addition, decreases in phosphorylation of phospholamban and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity, plus increased protein phosphatase 2A activity in groups O and OE, implied calcium cycling required for cardiac function was disrupted by OFO consumption. We concluded that long-term OFO exposure resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction that was not mitigated by vitamin E supplementation. Underlying mechanisms were partly attributed to inefficient energy production via uncoupled phosphorylation and disrupted calcium cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Long Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Mei Shaw
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Jane Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Min Chao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Wu HP, Lin YS, Chang CF, Lu SY, Chao PM. Dietary Exposure to Oxidized Frying Oil from Fetus to Adulthood Suppresses Male Reproductive Development by Altering Testicular Cholesterol and Testosterone Homeostasis in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Nutr 2020; 150:1713-1721. [PMID: 32286625 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary frying oil may have endocrine-disrupting effects, as a feminization effect was observed in cohorts of C57BL/6J male mice fetuses from dams consuming oxidized frying oil (OFO) during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE The aim of present study was to test the hypothesis that OFO is an anti-androgen. METHODS In experiment 1, male progeny of Sprague Dawley female rats fed fresh oil or an OFO diet (10 g fat/100 g, from fresh or 24-h-fried soybean oil; [control diet (C) and OFO groups, respectively] from midgestation through lactation were studied. Pups were weaned at 3 wk of age and then consumed their mothers' diet until 9 wk of age. In addition, a group of dams and pups that consumed a high-fat diet (HF; 10 g fried and 20 g fresh soybean oil/100 g) was included to counteract body-weight loss associated with OFO ingestion. Indices of male reproductive development and testosterone homeostasis were measured. In experiment 2, male rats were allocated to C and OFO groups (treated as above) and indices of male fertility compared at 9-10 wk of age. RESULTS In experiment 1, final body weights of the HF group were lower (17%) than the C group but higher (14%) than the OFO group (P < 0.0001 for each). In addition to abnormalities in seminiferous tubules, HF and OFO groups did not differ from one another, but, compared with the C group, had delayed preputial separation (4.9 d) and reductions in serum testosterone concentrations (17-74%), anogenital distance (8-20%), weights of androgen-dependent tissues (8-30%), testicular testosterone and cholesterol concentrations (30-40%), and mRNA levels of genes involved in steroidogenesis and cholesterol homeostasis (30-70%). In experiment 2, OFO-exposed males had 20% lower sperm motility (P < 0.05); however, when mated to normal females, pregnancy rates and litter sizes did not differ between OFO and C groups. CONCLUSIONS The anti-androgenic effect of OFO in Sprague Dawley rats was attributed to decreased testicular concentrations of cholesterol (testosterone precursor) and not body-weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shun Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fen Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Yuan Lu
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Chao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Frankel EN, Neff WE, Selke E, Brooks DD. Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: X. Volatile thermal decomposition products of methyl linolenate dimers. Lipids 2016; 23:295-8. [PMID: 27520006 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1987] [Accepted: 11/16/1987] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-molecular weight compounds previously were found to be important secondary products from autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty esters. The contribution of dimers to oxidative deterioration was investigated by analyzing their volatile thermal decomposition products by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dimers were isolated by gel permeation chromatography from autoxidized linolenate and from the corresponding monohydroperoxides, cyclic peroxides and dihydroperoxides. Major volatile decomposition products identified from these oxidative dimers were similar to those formed from the corresponding monomeric hydroperoxides. However, dimers from linolenate hydroperoxides produced more propanal and methyl 9-oxononanoate than the corresponding monomers but less methyl octanoate and much less or no 2,4-heptadienal and 2,4,7-decatrienal. Significant differences in minor volatile products also were observed between dimeric and monomeric products of methyl linolenate oxidation compounds. Mechanisms are suggested for the formation of volatile decomposition products from different dimeric structures. These dimers are believed to be important sources of volatile compounds contributing to flavor and oxidative deterioration of fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Frankel
- Northern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, 61604, Peoria, IL
| | - W E Neff
- Northern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, 61604, Peoria, IL
| | - E Selke
- Northern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, 61604, Peoria, IL
| | - D D Brooks
- Northern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, 61604, Peoria, IL
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Independent components analysis applied to mid-infrared spectra of edible oils to study the thermal stability of heated oils. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-013-9143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Intake and home use of olive oil or mixed oils in relation to healthy lifestyles in a Mediterranean population. Findings from the prospective Pizarra study. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:114-22. [PMID: 19747416 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discordances exist in epidemiological studies regarding the association between the intake of nutrients and death and disease. We evaluated the social and health profile of persons who consumed olive oil in a prospective population cohort investigation (Pizarra study) with a 6-year follow-up. A food frequency questionnaire and a 7 d quantitative questionnaire were administered to 538 persons. The type of oil used in food preparation was determined by direct measurement of the fatty acids in samples obtained from the kitchens of the participants at baseline and after follow-up for 6 years. The fatty acid composition of the serum phospholipids was used as an endogenous marker of the type of oil consumed. Total fat intake accounted for a mean 40 % of the energy (at baseline and after follow-up). The concordance in intake of MUFA over the study period was high. The fatty acid composition of the serum phospholipids was significantly associated with the type of oil consumed and with fish intake. The concentration of polar compounds and polymers, indicative of degradation, was greater in oils from the kitchens where sunflower oil or refined olive oil was used, in oils used for deep frying and in oils that had been reused for frying five times or more. Consumption of olive oil was directly associated with educational level. Part of the discordance found in epidemiological studies between diet and health may be due to the handling of oils during food preparation. The intake of olive oil is associated with other healthy habits.
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Hanus LO, Goldshlag P, Dembitsky VM. Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008; 152:41-5. [PMID: 18795073 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2008.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut oil. METHOD GC/MS method was developed for the determination of eight cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia) oil. RESULTS Monocyclopropane acids: methyl 9-cyclopropyl-nonanoate, 6,7-methylene-, 8,9-methylene-, 9,10-methylene-, 11,12-methylene octadecanoates, and dicyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13-dimethylene octadecanoate, tricyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13,15,16-trimethylene octadecanoate, and unsaturated - methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-octanoate were detected in walnut oil by GC-MS and their mass spectra studied. Four cyclic fatty acids were identified for the fist time in seed oils. CONCLUSIONS Eight cyclopropyl fatty acids were detected in the Mediterranean nuts for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumir Ondrej Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Liao CH, Shaw HM, Chao PM. Impairment of glucose metabolism in mice induced by dietary oxidized frying oil is different from that induced by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutrition 2008; 24:744-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Dietary cyclic fatty acids derived from linolenic acid do not exhibit intrinsic toxicity in the rat during gestation. Animal 2008; 2:1534-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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GOTOH NAOHIRO, IWASAWA AI, WATANABE HIROYUKI, OSATO REIKO, WADA SHUN. OXIDATION OF FATS AND OILS IN INSTANT NOODLES STORED UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Fatty acid oxidation and other biochemical changes induced by cooking in commonly used Indian fats and oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1108/00346650610712216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Veen WAG. The Feeding Value and Digestibility of Waste Fats with Polymers in Poultry and Pig Feeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19840860506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. A. G. Veen
- Clo‐instituut voor de veevoeding, De Schothorst, Meerkoetenweg 26, NL‐8218 NA Lelystad/The Netherlands
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Gotoh N, Watanabe H, Osato R, Inagaki K, Iwasawa A, Wada S. Novel approach on the risk assessment of oxidized fats and oils for perspectives of food safety and quality. I. Oxidized fats and oils induces neurotoxicity relating pica behavior and hypoactivity. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:493-8. [PMID: 16253412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning caused by deteriorated fat and oil in instant noodles was first reported in Japan approximately 40 years ago. In these cases, many people developed neurotoxic symptoms such as emesis and discomfort. The degree of oxidation of the fat and oil in the instant noodles that induced food poisoning was at least 100 meq/kg in peroxide value (PV). No general toxicity studies with animals, however, have examined the toxicity of fat and oil oxidized to that extent. In this study, pica behavior, a behavior characterized by eating a nonfood material such as kaolin and that relates to the degree of discomfort in animals, and alterations of locomotor activity of rats eating deteriorated fat and oil were measured. The groups fed fat and oil with at least 138.5 meq/kg PV consumed significantly more kaolin compared to the control group. Furthermore, rats that ate deteriorated fat and oil with at least 107.2 meq/kg PV had significantly decreased locomotor activity compared to control rats. These phenomena suggest that oxidized fat and oil with at least 100 meq/kg PV induce neurotoxicity. The toxicity of oxidized fat and oil has only been addressed using general toxicity tests, but the present results reveal the importance of evaluating toxicity by using other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Bretillon L, Loreau O, Sébédio JL, Taran F. In vivo oxidation of [9-14C] cyclic fatty acids derived from linolenic acid in the rat. REPRODUCTION, NUTRITION, DEVELOPMENT 2006; 46:189-93. [PMID: 16597424 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2006008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heating oils and fats may lead to cyclization of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as for example linolenic acid. Cyclohexenyl and cyclopentenyl fatty acids are subsequently present in some edible oils and these are suspected to induce metabolic disorders. In a previous experiment using [1-14C] labeled molecules, we published that these cyclic fatty acids are beta oxidized to the same extent as linolenic acid, at least for the first cycle of beta oxidation. However, it is possible that the presence of a ring could alter the ability of the organism to fully oxidize the molecule. In order to test this hypothesis, we assessed the oxidative metabolism of cyclic fatty acids carrying a 14C atom at the vicinity of the ring. For this purpose, rats were force-fed from 1.1 to 1.3 MBq of a representative fraction of dietary cyclohexenyl cyclic fatty acid monomers of [9-14C] 9-(6-propyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-non-8-enoic acids and 14CO2 production was monitored for 24h. The animals were then necropsied and the radioactivity was determined in different tissues. No consistent radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 24h after administration of the molecules. Sixty percent of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 30% in the gastrointestinal tract. By combining our previous data on the oxidation of [1-14C] cyclic fatty acids and the present results, we suggest that cyclohexenyl fatty acids are first beta oxidized in a similar way as linolenic acid and that the remaining molecule carrying the ring is detoxified and eliminated in the urine and feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bretillon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR FLAVIC, équipe Oeil et Nutrition, Dijon, France.
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15
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Chao PM, Chao CY, Lin FJ, Huang C. Oxidized frying oil up-regulates hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase and cytochrome P450 4 A1 genes in rats and activates PPARalpha. J Nutr 2001; 131:3166-74. [PMID: 11739861 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.12.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and its component hydroxy fatty acids were shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and gamma (PPARgamma). To test the hypothesis that lipid oxidation products in oxidized frying oil (OFO) can activate PPARalpha and up-regulate its target genes, a feeding experiment and a transactivation experiment were conducted. Based on a 2 x 2 factorial design, four groups of Sprague-Dawley male weanling rats were fed diets containing either high (20 g/100 g, HO and HF) or low (5 g/100 g, LO and LF) levels of oxidized frying soybean oil (HO and LO) or fresh soybean oil (HF and LF) for 6 wk. The OFO sample was prepared by frying wheat dough sheets in soybean oil at 205 +/- 5 degrees C for 24 h. OFO dose dependently and significantly increased (P < 0.05) mRNA of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and cytochrome P(450) 4A1(CYP4A1) in liver of rats. Dietary OFO also dose dependently increased liver microsomal CYP4A protein (P < 0.05). The activity of hepatic ACO of the HO group was sixfold that of the HF group (P < 0.05). Plasma total lipids, liver triglycerides, cholesterol and total lipids were reduced in rats fed the LO and HO diets (P < 0.05). Through the ligand binding domain of PPARalpha, the hydrolyzed OFO enhanced the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) reporter gene to a significantly greater extent (P < 0.05) than the hydrolyzed fresh soybean oil in a transactivation assay using a clone of CHO K1 cells stably expressing Gal4-PPARalpha chimeric receptor and UAS4-ALP reporter. The results support our hypothesis that dietary OFO, by activating PPARalpha, up-regulates the expression of PPARalpha downstream genes and alters lipid metabolism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Chao
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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16
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Joffre F, Martin JC, Genty M, Demaison L, Loreau O, Noël JP, Sébédio JL. Kinetic parameters of hepatic oxidation of cyclic fatty acid monomers formed from linoleic and linolenic acids. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:554-558. [PMID: 12031260 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) occur from linoleic (CFAM-18:2) or linolenic (CFAM-18:3) acids present in some edible oils as a result of domestic frying or industrial refining. They present adverse effects in pups and weaning rats. In the present work, we studied the importance of hepatic oxidation in the metabolism of CFAM. For this purpose, kinetic parameters of Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I (key enzyme of the channeling of the fatty acids into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway) and Acyl CoA Oxidase (key enzyme of the peroxisomal oxidation pathway) towards CFAM-18:2 and CFAM-18:3 were calculated on hepatic sub-cellular fractions of rats. For mitochondrial oxidation of CFAM, we observed a lower oxygen consumption and a lower activity of Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase compared to 18:2w6 and 16:0. For peroxisomal oxidation, CFAM-18:2 showed the same kinetic parameters (Vm and K(0.5)) as 18:2w6 and 16:0, used for oxidative controls, whereas CFAM-18:3 presented a lower Vm (-50%). This difference should induce a lower catabolism of CFAM-18:3 in liver. This could contribute to their accumulation and probably to their toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Joffre
- Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 21065, Dijon, France
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Isong EU, Essien EU, Eka OU, Umoh IB. Sex- and organ-specific toxicity in normal and malnourished rats fed thermoxidized palm oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38:997-1004. [PMID: 11038237 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of free radical toxicity as induced by chronic consumption of thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) diet on organ size of normal animals, their first filial offspring and malnourished rats, were studied. Tissue- and sex-specific toxicity was revealed. The TPO diet significantly (P<0.01) reduced lung and kidney mass in normal male rats but female rats remained unaffected. Hearts of first filial offspring of both male and female rats were, however, enlarged while lung, liver and kidneys of first filial female offspring were additionally reduced in size (P<0.01). This information suggests that the observed toxicities could be cumulative for female offspring. Malnutrition protected against toxic injury because none of the kwashiorkoric animals rehabilitated on the toxic diet showed any overt symptoms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Isong
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Uyo, PMB 1017, Uyo - AKS, Nigeria.
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Prochaska LJ, Nguyen XT, Donat N, Piekutowski WV. Effects of food processing on the thermodynamic and nutritive value of foods: literature and database survey. Med Hypotheses 2000; 54:254-62. [PMID: 10790761 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1999.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the goals of our society is to provide adequate nourishment for the general population of humans. In the strictness sense, the foodstuffs which we ingest are bundles of thermodynamic energy. In our post-industrial society, food producers provide society with the bioenergetic content of foods, while stabilizing the food in a non-perishable form that enables the consumer to access foods that are convenient and nutritious. As our modern society developed, the processing of foodstuffs increased to allow consumers flexibility in their choice in which foods to eat (based on nutritional content and amount of post-harvest processing). The thermodynamic energy content of foodstuffs is well documented in the literature by the use of bomb calorimetry measurements. Here, we determine the effects of processing (in most cases by the application of heat) on the thermodynamic energy content of foods in order to investigate the role of processing in daily nutritional needs. We also examine which processing procedures affect the nutritive quality (vitamin and mineral content) and critically assess the rational, advantages and disadvantages of additives to food. Finally, we discuss the role of endogenous enzymes in foods not only on the nutritive quality of the food but also on the freshness and flavor of the food. Our results show that a significant decrease in thermodynamic energy content occurs in fruits, vegetables, and meat products upon processing that is independent of water content. No significant change in energy content was observed in cereals, sugars, grains, fats and oils, and nuts. The vitamin content of most foods was most dramatically decreased by canning while smaller effects were observed upon blanching and freezing. We found that most food additives had very little effect on thermodynamic energy content due to their presence in minute quantities and that most were added to preserve the foodstuff or supplement its vitamin content. The endogenous food enzymes while aiding in digestibility of some foods (yogurt or grains) also helped some foods have a more palatable taste. Our conclusions are there is some scientific merit to the idea that enzymes in food can act synergistically with those in the human body to facilitate maximum nutritive value of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Prochaska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Porsgaard T, Zhang H, Nielsen RG, Høy CE. Absorption in rats of rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oils before and following moderate heating. Lipids 1999; 34:727-32. [PMID: 10478931 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oil were heated for 15 min in a 5-mm oil layer in a pan at 180 degrees C. The fatty acid composition was almost unaffected by heating, while the polymer content rose slightly and the tocopherol content decreased, except in soybean oil. The absorption of oils before and after heating was investigated in lymph-cannulated rats. Oils were administered as emulsions through a gastrostomy tube and lymph was collected during the next 24 h. The highest accumulated lymphatic transport of total fatty acids was observed after administration of rapeseed oil, and the lowest after heated sunflower oil. The accumulated transport was similar for all unheated oils. The transport of fatty acids was significantly lower in rats receiving heated oil compared to those receiving the corresponding unheated oil. Small increases in polymers may have contributed to the decreased lymphatic transport of oil following heating, although this probably does not fully explain the effect. The absorption of sunflower oil was more affected by heating than the absorption of soybean or rapeseed oil. Furthermore, the largest decrease in total activity of tocopherols following heating was observed in sunflower oil. Overall, these results demonstrate that the absorption of vegetable oils is affected by moderate heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Porsgaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
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KHATOON SAKINA, KRISHNA AGG. ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATION IN HEATED SAFFLOWER OIL BY PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1998.tb00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wiseman J, Powles J, Salvador F. Comparison between pigs and poultry in the prediction of the dietary energy value of fats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Flickinger BD, McCusker RH, Perkins EG. The effects of cyclic fatty acid monomers on cultured porcine endothelial cells. Lipids 1997; 32:925-33. [PMID: 9307932 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of polyunsaturated oils used in food applications and preparation continues to appreciate as a result of positive health claims. With polyunsaturated oils inherently more susceptible to oxidative and thermal degradation, the formation of new fatty acid species increases considerably. The presence of one species known as cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) has been detected as a component of many oils subjected to various thermal processes including deep-fat frying. The effect of CFAM on metabolic processes has not been fully characterized. In this study, confluent porcine aortic endothelial cells incorporated CFAM into their polar and nonpolar lipid fractions following a 48-h exposure to 31 and 62 ppm CFAM in the culture medium. Subsequently, the influence of CFAM incorporation on various membrane-dependent physical properties and biochemical processes was investigated. CFAM decreased the lipid packing order of the membrane bilayer core but did not alter the lipid packing order of lipid chain segments at or near the lipid-water interface of the membrane. CFAM led to significant reductions in Ca2+ ATPase activity and monolayer integrity while eliciting a significant increase of prostacyclin synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Flickinger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA
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25
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Williams GM, Aardema MJ, Long PH, Thompson ED, Allgood GS. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies with heated olestra. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34:941-50. [PMID: 9012768 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(96)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olestra is a class of sucrose-fatty acid polyesters intended for use as a non-caloric replacement of edible oil. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted to determine whether olestra could form genotoxic or toxic breakdown products during simulated commercial use. Heated olestra was prepared for these studies by batch-frying potato slices in olestra at 177-185 degrees C for 25-32 hr over 5-7 days. Genotoxicity of this previously heated olestra was assessed in four standard in vitro assays: (1) Salmonella mutagenesis (Ames test); (2) forward mutagenesis of mouse lymphoma cells at the thymidine kinase locus; (3) unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; and (4) clastogenicity in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. These tests were conducted with previously heated olestra at concentrations up to at least 5 mg/ml both in the absence of exogenous bioactivation and, for assays (1), (2) and (4) with added liver microsomal (S-9) activation. The Ames and mouse lymphoma assays were performed with olestra (10 mg/ml and 23 mg/litre, respectively) either alone or emulsified with the non-toxic, non-ionic surfactant Pluronics F68, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. To test for clastogenicity in vivo, rats were administered previously heated olestra by gavage at 5 g/kg per day for up to 5 days and bone marrow cells were examined for chromosomal aberrations. Heated olestra lacked genotoxic activity detectable by the aforementioned assays. Heated olestra was fed to Fischer 344 rats at up to 10% of the diet (w/w) for 91 days. Evaluation of survival, food consumption, feed efficiency, physical condition, body weight, organ weight, haematological and clinical chemistry parameters, and histomorphology revealed no adverse effects attributable to ingestion of heated olestra at exposure levels in excess of those anticipated for human consumption. It is concluded that olestra used as a deep-frying medium conveys no genotoxic or toxic hazard at anticipated levels of human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Williams
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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26
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Droplet composition affects the rate of oxidation of emulsified ethyl linoleate. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02517957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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28
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Soto-Salanova MF, Sell JL. Influence of supplemental dietary fat on changes in vitamin E concentration in livers of poults. Poult Sci 1995; 74:201-4. [PMID: 7899208 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0740201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of supplemental dietary fat on alpha-tocopherol (TOC) stored in the livers of young turkeys during the first 21 d after hatching. The four dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with 8% sucrose (SUC), 8% animal-vegetable fat (AVF), 8% tallow (TAL), or 8% coconut oil (COC). All diets were supplemented with 12 IU of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E)/kg of diet. Body weight at 21 d of age was not affected by dietary fat, whereas feed efficiency was improved (P < .05) by added fat, irrespective of source. Liver TOC (micrograms per gram of liver and micrograms per total liver weight) decreased markedly between 1 to 14 d of age, irrespective of fat source. Average TOC concentration in liver was 78.9 micrograms/g at 1 d, but was only .5 microgram/g at 14 d. Between 14 and 21 d of age, total liver TOC increased slightly in all treatment groups. No diet effect was observed on the liver TOC concentration until 21 d of age. At this time, poults fed TAL had less (P < .05) TOC in liver than those fed COC and AVF. The data show that neither the presence of supplemental dietary fat nor fat source changed the pattern of marked decrease in liver TOC during the first 14 d after hatching.
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29
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Shahidi F, Wanasundara U, Amarowicz R. Isolation and partial characterization of oilseed phenolics and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. FOOD FLAVORS: GENERATION, ANALYSIS AND PROCESS INFLUENCE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL FLAVOR CONFERENCE 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4501(06)80221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Sebedio JL, Prevost J, Ribot E, Grandgirard A. Utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography as an enrichment step for the determination of cyclic fatty acid monomers in heated fats and biological samples. J Chromatogr A 1994; 659:101-9. [PMID: 8118554 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine traces of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) in oils and animal tissues. This method is a combination of some techniques developed earlier but with the enrichment step being achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instead of urea inclusion. After transformation of the lipids into methyl esters, the latter were hydrogenated after addition of an internal standard (methyl heptadecanoate or ethyl hexadecanoate). The mixture was enriched in CFAM by HPLC on a semi-preparative C18 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-acetone (90:10, v/v) at 4 ml/min. The enriched fraction containing the CFAM and the internal standard was then analysed by gas chromatography on a polar column (cyanosilicone phase). This method was developed using known mixtures of CFAM isolated from both heated sunflower and linseed oils. Small amounts of CFAM (50 microg/g of sample) were determined with good reproducibility without any loss during the HPLC enrichment step and with no modification of the relative proportions of the CFAM in the mixture. This method can be applied to either heated fats and oils or biological samples (heart cell culture) that contain only traces of CFAM. Ethyl hexadecanoate (16:0 ethyl ester) can be used as an internal standard for samples containing small amounts of 17:0.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sebedio
- INRA, Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Cedex, France
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31
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Stability of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids during deep fat frying of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.). Food Res Int 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(93)90049-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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33
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P. A, E. R, A. G, J.L. S, A. G. Effects of cyclic fatty acid monomers on the function of cultured rat cardiac myocytes in normoxia and hypoxia. Nutr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Characterization of used frying oils. Part 1: Isolation and identification of compound classes. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02636099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Ribot E, Grandgirard A, Sébédio JL, Grynberg A, Athias P. Incorporation of cyclic fatty acid monomers in lipids of rat heart cell cultures. Lipids 1992; 27:79-81. [PMID: 1608311 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of newborn rat cardiomyocytes were grown in medium supplemented with cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) which had been isolated from heated linseed oil. The cells were harvested, and lipids were extracted and fractionated using silica cartridges and high-performance liquid chromatography. The CFAM structures isolated from cellular lipids were determined and compared to those that had been supplemented to the medium, using gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We found that CFAM were incorporated into phospholipids and neutral lipids of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, CFAM with a cyclopentyl ring structure were more abundant in cardiomyocytes than were the cyclohexyl ring isomers. Our data suggest that CFAM of the 5-carbon and 6-carbon ring series are metabolized differently in newborn rat cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ribot
- INRA, Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France
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36
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37
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Abstract
The effect of various avocado oils on liver metabolism was studied in growing female rats. The rats were fed diets containing 10% (w/w) avocado oil for 4 wk. In comparison with rats fed refined avocado oil obtained from cored fruit by centrifugal separation, rats fed unrefined avocado oil obtained by organic solvent extraction from intact fruit, or its unsaponifiable components, showed a significant increase in total liver lipogenesis as well as in phospholipid and triglceride synthesis. Rats fed avocado-seed oil exhibited enhanced [1-14C]acetate incorporation into total liver lipids but showed the same distribution of label in the three main lipid classes as that of rats fed refined avocado oil. In addition, a significant reduction of triglycerides and protein content of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions was observed in rats fed avocado-seed oil as compared with rats fed refined oil. Electron micrographs suggested that the alterations in hepatic lipogenesis are related to the marked proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is known to be associated with induction of enzymes involved with lipid biosynthesis. The differences between the animals fed seed oil and those fed the unrefined oils, in the distribution of label within the main lipid classes, indicate that more than one factor is involved in the alterations caused by these oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Werman
- Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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38
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Le Quéré JL, Sébédio JL, Henry R, Couderc F, Demont N, Promé JC. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of cyclic fatty acid monomers isolated from heated fats. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 562:659-72. [PMID: 2026728 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80616-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of hydrogenated cyclic fatty acid monomers isolated from heated linseed and sunflower oils is achieved by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of their pentafluorobenzyl esters. Collisionally activated dissociation of the carboxylate anions produced by electron-capture ionization shows remote charge-site fragmentation that allows location of cyclopentane and cyclohexane rings by examining the resulting mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectra. Oxidative ozonolysis of the methyl esters of the unsaturated cyclic fatty acid monomers allows location of some double bonds. However, preliminary results obtained with remote charge fragmentation of synthetic unsaturated models make this approach an alternative for double bond location in the cyclic fatty acid monomers isolated from heated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Le Quéré
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Arômes, INRA, Dijon, France
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39
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Abstract
A 91-day feeding study in rats was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of heated olestra/vegetable oil blends. Olestra is a mixture of the hexa-, hepta- and octa- long-chain fatty acid esters of sucrose. The blends tested were 35/65 olestra/vegetable oil (w/w), pan-fried at 380 degrees F for 30 min to simulate home-use conditions and 75/25 olestra/vegetable oil, deep-fried at 365 degrees F for 84 hr to simulate extended food-service use. Vegetable oil, prepared using both heating conditions, unheated vegetable oil and unheated olestra/vegetable oil blends served as controls. The olestra/vegetable oil blends and vegetable-oil control were generally fed at 10% (w/w) of the diet. Two further groups received the heated olestra/vegetable oil blends at 5% of the diet. Survival, clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, organ weights, organ-to-body-weight ratios, haematological parameters and histomorphology were evaluated. No adverse effects from the ingestion of heated olestra/vegetable oil blends were detected. These findings indicate that heated olestra was non-toxic and, in this respect, no different from unheated olestra or heated or unheated vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Miller
- Procter & Gamble Company, Winton Hill Technical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1703
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40
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41
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Wijesundera RC, Ratnayake WMN, Ackman RG. Eicosapentaenoic acid geometrical isomer artifacts in heated fish oil esters. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02660756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Wijesundera
- ; Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology; Technical University of Nova Scotia; P.O. Box 1000 B3J2X4 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- ; Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research; P.O. Box 787 Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - W. M. N. Ratnayake
- ; Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology; Technical University of Nova Scotia; P.O. Box 1000 B3J2X4 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre; Food Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada; Tunney's Pasture K1A OL2 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - R. G. Ackman
- ; Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology; Technical University of Nova Scotia; P.O. Box 1000 B3J2X4 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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42
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Asghar A, Lin CF, Gray JI, Buckley DJ, Booren AM, Crackel RL, Flegal CJ. Influence of oxidised dietary oil and antioxidant supplementation on membrane-bound lipid stability in broiler meat. Br Poult Sci 1989; 30:815-23. [PMID: 2627662 DOI: 10.1080/00071668908417207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of oxidised oil, dietary alpha-tocopherol and BHA/BHT-supplementation on the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble protein fractions of broiler muscles, and on their lability to metmyoglobin/hydrogen peroxide-catalysed peroxidation were investigated. 2. Oxidised oil in the broiler diets induced rapid oxidation of the membrane-bound lipids and decreased their stability towards metmyoglobin-hydrogen peroxide-catalysed peroxidation. 3. Supplementation of the broiler diets with alpha-tocopherol increased the alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the microsomal and soluble protein fractions of the dark meat as well as the soluble protein fraction of the white meat. This, in turn, stabilised the membrane-bound lipids against metmyoglobin/hydrogen peroxide-initiated peroxidative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asghar
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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43
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Sebedio JL, Grandgirard A. Cyclic fatty acids: natural sources, formation during heat treatment, synthesis and biological properties. Prog Lipid Res 1989; 28:303-36. [PMID: 2701896 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(89)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Sebedio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Dijon, France
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44
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Huang CJ, Cheung NS, Lu VR. Effects of deteriorated frying oil and dietary protein levels on liver microsomal enzymes in rats. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02542385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jang Huang
- ; Laboratory of Nutritional Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry; National Taiwan University; 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 1O764 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nam-Sang Cheung
- ; Laboratory of Nutritional Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry; National Taiwan University; 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 1O764 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ven-Rond Lu
- ; Laboratory of Nutritional Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry; National Taiwan University; 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 1O764 Taiwan, Republic of China
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45
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Vatèla J, Sébédio J, Le Quéré J. Cyclic fatty acid monomers: synthesis and characterization of methyl ω-(2-alkylcyclopentyl) alkenoates and alkanoates. Chem Phys Lipids 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(88)90139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Autoxidative dimerization of methyl linolenate and its monohydroperoxides, hydroperoxy epidioxides and dihydroperoxides. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Salvayre R, Nègre A, Rocchiccioli F, Duboucher C, Maret A, Vieu C, Lageron A, Polonovski J, Douste-Blazy L. A new human pathology with visceral accumulation of long-chain n-alkanes; tissue distribution of the stored compounds and pathophysiological hypotheses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 958:477-83. [PMID: 3342251 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This report deals with a new human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Lipid analysis of tissues from an adult male after sudden death (affected with diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material) showed the presence of abnormal compounds identified as long-chain n-alkanes with 29 (n-nonacosane), 31 (n-hentriacontane) and 33 carbons (n-tritriacontane). Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung (the highest levels were found in lung granulomas) and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. On the basis of the structural composition and of the tissue distribution of the accumulated n-alkanes, their dietary (plant) origin and the pathophysiological mechanism of the storage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salvayre
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et INSERM 101 faculté de Médecine, Toulouse, France
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48
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Siess MH, Vernevaut MF, Grandgirard A, Sébédio JL. Induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by cyclic fatty acid monomers in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1988; 26:9-13. [PMID: 3126120 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(88)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cyclic monomers on the activities of several drug-metabolizing enzymes were evaluated. Female Wistar rats were fed, for 4 wk, a semi-synthetic diet containing different quantities of cyclic monomers isolated from linseed oil heated at 275 degrees C for 12 hr under nitrogen. Microsomal proteins and cytochrome c were significantly increased in rats fed a diet containing 0.1 or 1% cyclic monomers. Aminopyrine demethylation, a model reaction preferentially induced by phenobarbital, was increased by this treatment. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was also stimulated. Moreover, ethoxyresorufin deethylation, known to be greatly increased by methylcholanthrene-type inducer was only increased threefold by this treatment. The activity of p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronosyl transferase decreased while the conjugation of bilirubin was stimulated. These results suggest that cyclic monomers isolated from heated linseed oil show some characteristics of phenobarbital-type inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Siess
- Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
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49
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Awl RA, Frankel EN, Weisleder D. Cyclic fatty esters: hydroperoxides from autoxidation of methyl 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8-nonenoate. Lipids 1987; 22:721-30. [PMID: 3431346 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoxidation of the cyclic fatty acid ester, methyl 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8-nonenoate (I) was investigated to characterize the hydroperoxide isomers formed and to provide basic information on their chemistry, detection and effect on the quality of polyunsaturated cooking oils. Oxidation at 60 C with 1% hydroperoxide initiator produced a monohydroperoxide fraction containing five positional isomers (7-, 11-, 12-, 13- and 14-OOH), resolved by high performance liquid chromatography, as their allylic hydroxy esters. Their structures were established by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Two additional isomers (8- and 9-OOH) were detected by GC-MS in only trace (less than 1%) quantities. Capillary GC resolved some geometric and stereoisomers, as well as positional isomers. Compared to photosensitized oxidation, two additional positional isomers (11- and 14-OOH) were produced by autoxidation. More stereoisomers were formed, and oxidation of the ring double bond was favored 8:1 over that of the side chain. This selectivity may be attributed to greater steric hindrance for oxygen attack at the side-chain double bond. A free radical mechanism is proposed to explain the greater isomeric complexity of the hydroperoxide products compared to photosensitized oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Awl
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604
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50
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Grandgirard A, Julliard F, Prevost J, Sebedio JL. Preparation of geometrical isomers of linolenic acid. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02636995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Grandgirard
- Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, I.N.R.A.; 17 rue Sully 21034 Dijon Cédex France
| | - F. Julliard
- Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, I.N.R.A.; 17 rue Sully 21034 Dijon Cédex France
| | - J. Prevost
- Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, I.N.R.A.; 17 rue Sully 21034 Dijon Cédex France
| | - J. L. Sebedio
- Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, I.N.R.A.; 17 rue Sully 21034 Dijon Cédex France
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