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Müller I, Gulde A, Morlock GE. Bioactive profiles of edible vegetable oils determined using 10D hyphenated comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) with on-surface metabolism (nanoGIT) and planar bioassays. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1227546. [PMID: 37810920 PMCID: PMC10556687 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1227546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are assumed to be safe and even healthy for consumers though lipid compositions of foods vary naturally and are complex considering the wealth of minor compounds down to the trace level. Methods The developed comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) method including the on-surface metabolization (nanoGIT) and bioassay detection combined all steps on the same planar surface. The pancreatic lipolysis (intestinal phase) experiment and the subsequent analysis of the fatty acid composition including its effect-directed detection using a planar bioassay was performed without elaborate sample preparation or fractionation to ensure sample integrity. Thus, no sample part was lost, and the whole sample was studied on a single surface regarding all aspects. This made the methodology as well as technology miniaturized, lean, all-in-one, and very sustainable. Results and discussion To prioritize important active compounds including their metabolism products in the complex oil samples, the nanoGIT method was used to examine the pancreatic lipolysis of nine different vegetable oils commonly used in the kitchen and food industry, e.g., canola oil, flaxseed oil, hemp oil, walnut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil. The digested oils revealed antibacterial and genotoxic effects, which were assigned to fatty acids and oxidized species via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). This finding reinforces the importance of adding powerful techniques to current analytical tools. The 10D hyphenated nanoGIT-HPTLC×HPTLC-Vis/FLD-bioassay-heart cut-RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS has the potential to detect any potential hazard due to digestion/metabolism, improving food safety and understanding on the impact of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gulde
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Byrdwell WC, Kotapati HK, Goldschmidt R. Fast chromatography of pulse triacylglycerols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Hari Kiran Kotapati
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Robert Goldschmidt
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
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Jawad M, Ibrahim S, Kumar M, Burgert C, Li WW, Richardson A. Identification of foods that affect the anti‑cancer activity of pitavastatin in cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:73. [DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Suad Ibrahim
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Mayur Kumar
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Charlie Burgert
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Alan Richardson
- The Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke‑on‑Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
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Abstract
Dietary fats and oils are essentially glycerides of fatty acids (triglycerides), which account for 90% to 98% of their mass. The remaining 2% to 10% consists of fat-soluble phytochemicals derived from oil-bearing seeds, nuts, or fruits. These nonglyceride components of fats and oils represent a wide range of chemical classes, such as sterols, terpene alcohols, tocopherols, hydrocarbons, long-chain alcohols including waxes, carotenoid pigments, and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing flavor compounds. Each of these classes of chemicals consists of a number of different compounds. Their number and type and the quantity present vary from one oil to another. Modern analytical tools developed in recent decades have enabled separation and identification of the individual chemicals of each class in a number of oils. The nonglyceride chemical components of oils pass into the unsaponifiable fraction as such or in a modified form. There is still a gap in our knowledge concerning the identity and nature of several of these chemicals in the nonglyceride components, particularly in some of the unconventional edible oils. Earlier, these nonglyceride components were considered adventitious chemicals. For the past two decades, however, it has been recognized that many of them have nutritional and physiological functions that have been proved by animal and human studies to be useful in preventing noncommunicable diseases and promote health. The nonglyceride components of edible oils (i.e., palm, rice bran, and sesame oils) are particularly rich in such health-promoting chemicals.
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Porcari AM, Fernandes GD, Barrera-Arellano D, Eberlin MN, Alberici RM. Food quality and authenticity screening via easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:1172-84. [PMID: 26820190 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the first to summarize a decade of studies testing the use of easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) and its several sister techniques, Venturi (V-EASI), thermal imprinting (TI-EASI) and Spartan (S-EASI) mass spectrometry in food quality control and authentication. Since minimal or no sample preparation is required, such ambient desorption/ionization techniques have been shown to provide direct, fast and selective fingerprinting characterization at the molecular level based on the pools of the most typical components. They have also been found to be applicable on intact, undisturbed samples or on simple solvent extracts. Fundamentals of EASI-MS and its sister techniques, including mechanisms, devices, parameters and strategies, as well as the many applications reported for food analysis, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M Porcari
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Novak EM, Innis SM. Impact of maternal dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on milk medium-chain fatty acids and the implications for neonatal liver metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E807-17. [PMID: 21791621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00225.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Levels of n-6, n-3, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in milk are highly variable. Higher carbohydrate intakes are associated with increased mammary gland MCFA synthesis, but the role of unsaturated fatty acids for milk MCFA secretion is unclear. This study addressed whether n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, which are known to inhibit hepatic fatty acid synthesis, influence MCFA in rat and human milk and the implications of varying MCFA, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids in rat milk for metabolic regulation in the neonatal liver. Rats were fed a low-fat diet or one of six higher-fat diets, varying in 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, and long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acids. Higher maternal dietary 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 did not influence milk MCFA, but lower maternal plasma triglycerides, due to either a low-fat or a high-fat high-LC n-3 diet led to higher milk MCFA. MCFA levels were inversely associated with 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 in human milk, likely reflecting the association between dietary total fat and unsaturated fatty acids. High LC n-3 fatty acid in rat milk was associated with lower hepatic Pklr, Acly, Fasn, and Scd1 and higher Hmgcs2 in the milk-fed rat neonate, with no effect of milk 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, or MCFA. These studies show that the dietary fatty acid composition does not impact MCFA secretion in milk, but the fatty acid composition of milk, particularly the LC n-3 fatty acid, is relevant to hepatic metabolic regulation in the milk-fed neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Novak
- Nutrition and Metabolism Program, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Human milk TG are a remarkable example of stereo-specific positioning of fatty acids with structures that are highly conserved and unusual. Not only does human milk contain high amounts of fat and 16:0, but ~70% of the 16:0 is esterified at the TG stereo-specifically numbered (sn)-2 position, with preferential positioning of 18:1(n-9) and 18:2(n-6) at the TG sn-1,3 positions. The milk TG structures and digestive lipases combine to enable efficient digestion and absorption of 16:0 by conserving 16:0 in sn-2 monoacylglycerols, which are absorbed, reassembled, and secreted in plasma conserving the original milk TG configuration; these studies are reviewed in this article. The reason why the mammary gland invests in enzymes to provide the infant with 20-25% milk fatty acids as 16:0 rather than selecting against 16:0 is unknown, yet likely has a purpose given the mammary gland capacity for 10:0, 12:0, and 14:0 synthesis. Recent advances in the development-, tissue-, and species-specific activity of enzymes of TG synthesis and knowledge that dietary TG structures are maintained postabsorption suggest that the purpose of the milk TG structures is more sophisticated than simply avoiding 16:0 malabsorption. The overall aim is to expand consideration of fatty acids in the infant diet from a simple view of average fatty acid compositions to the complex lipids and molecular structures in which fatty acids are provided to tissues during early life and the biology through which the unique features of human milk enable the infant to grow and thrive on a high-fat, high-saturated-fat milk diet.
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Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, Morari J, Denis R, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Anhe G, Amaral ME, Takahashi HK, Curi R, Oliveira HC, Carvalheira JBC, Bordin S, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:359-70. [PMID: 19144836 PMCID: PMC6664935 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2760-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of diet-induced obesity, the activation of an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus produces molecular and functional resistance to the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. The primary events triggered by dietary fats that ultimately lead to hypothalamic cytokine expression and inflammatory signaling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary fats act through the activation of toll-like receptors 2/4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce cytokine expression in the hypothalamus of rodents. According to our results, long-chain saturated fatty acids activate predominantly toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which determines not only the induction of local cytokine expression but also promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rats fed on a monounsaturated fat-rich diet do not develop hypothalamic leptin resistance, whereas toll-like receptor 4 loss-of-function mutation and immunopharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Thus, toll-like receptor 4 acts as a predominant molecular target for saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus, triggering the intracellular signaling network that induces an inflammatory response, and determines the resistance to anorexigenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Anhe
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hilton K. Takahashi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C. Oliveira
- 2Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, and
| | | | - Silvana Bordin
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Phytosterolaemia (sitosterolaemia) is a very rare inherited sterol storage disease characterized by tendon and tuberous xanthomas and by a strong predisposition to premature coronary atherosclerosis. In addition to increased or normal serum cholesterol, patients are found to have markedly elevated concentrations of the phytosterols sitosterol and campesterol. These sterols accumulate in all tissues, except the brain. Increased intestinal absorption of plant sterols, impaired biliary excretion, and decreased cholesterol synthesis are suggested as causes for this disease. However, the primary defect has not yet been identified. As well as dietary restrictions of cholesterol and plant sterols, therapeutic approaches based on interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by administration of bile acid-binding resins or ileal bypass surgery have been recommended as therapeutic approaches to reduce all serum sterols. Administration of sitostanol, a nonabsorbable saturated plant sterol, showed a significant reduction of serum plant sterols and cholesterol in two patients with phytosterolaemia, presumably by competitive inhibition of sterol absorption.
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Oderinde R, Tairu A. Determination of the triglyceride, phospholipid and unsaponifiable fractions of yellow nutsedge tuber oil. Food Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(92)90160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiritsakis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Speijers GJ, Danse LH, van Leeuwen FX, Loeber JG. Four-week toxicity study of phenyl isothiocyanate in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1985; 23:1015-7. [PMID: 4076929 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(85)90253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a subacute toxicity study, phenyl isothiocyanate (PIT) was administered to male rats on 5 days/wk by gastric intubation at dose levels of 0, 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg body weight/day for 4 wk. Body-weight gain was recorded weekly and a complete haematological examination and determinations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and thyroxine in serum were performed. The heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, thyroid, adrenals and mesenteric lymph nodes were weighed and examined microscopically. In the highest dose group, slightly decreased growth and a statistically significant increase in mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were noted. Relative heart, liver, kidney and adrenal weights also showed a statistically significant increase in the highest dose group. Total serum thyroxine and free thyroxine were decreased in the groups given 10 or 40 mg PIT/kg. Microscopic examinations revealed no abnormalities. The measurement of the serum thyroxine concentration appeared to be the most sensitive indicator of an effect in this experiment.
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Gigienova �I, Umarov AU. Nonglyceride lipids of the seed coats ofArtemisia absinthium andOnopordum acanthium. Chem Nat Compd 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00634724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beare-Rogers JL. Docosenoic acids in dietary fats. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1977; 15:29-56. [PMID: 324880 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(77)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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