Nanoparticle Fundamentals

Nano-material utilization in stem cells for regenerative medicine

The utilization of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine has been globally proven to be the main solution to many issues faced with tissue engineering today, and the theoretical and empirical investigations of the association of nanomaterials with stem cells have made significant progress as well. For their ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, stem cells have become popular candidates for cell treatment in recent years, particularly in cartilage and Ocular regeneration. However, there are still several challenges to overcome before it may be used in a wide range of therapeutic contexts. This review paper provides a review of the various implications of nanomaterials in tissue and cell regeneration, the stem cell and scaffold application in novel treatments, and the basic developments in stem cell-based therapies, as well as the hurdles that must be solved for nanotechnology to be used in its full potential. Due to the increased interest in the continuously developing field of nanotechnology, demonstrating, and pinpointing the most recognized and used applications of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine became imperative to provide students, researchers, etc. who are interested.

Surface Engineering Strategies to Enhance the In Situ Performance of Medical Devices Including Atomic Scale Engineering

Decades of intense scientific research investigations clearly suggest that only a subset of a large number of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and nanomaterials are suitable as biomaterials for a growing number of biomedical devices and biomedical uses. However, biomaterials are prone to microbial infection due to Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), hepatitis, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and many more. Hence, a range of surface engineering strategies are devised in order to achieve desired biocompatibility and antimicrobial performance in situ. Surface engineering strategies are a group of techniques that alter or modify the surface properties of the material in order to obtain a product with desired functionalities. There are two categories of surface engineering methods: conventional surface engineering methods (such as coating, bioactive coating, plasma spray coating, hydrothermal, lithography, shot peening, and electrophoretic deposition) and emerging surface engineering methods (laser treatment, robot laser treatment, electrospinning, electrospray, additive manufacturing, and radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique). Atomic-scale engineering, such as chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer etching, plasma immersion ion deposition, and atomic layer deposition, is a subsection of emerging technology that has demonstrated improved control and flexibility at finer length scales than compared to the conventional methods. With the advancements in technologies and the demand for even better control of biomaterial surfaces, research efforts in recent years are aimed at the atomic scale and molecular scale while incorporating functional agents in order to elicit optimal in situ performance. The functional agents include synthetic materials (monolithic ZnO, quaternary ammonium salts, silver nano-clusters, titanium dioxide, and graphene) and natural materials (chitosan, totarol, botanical extracts, and nisin). This review highlights the various strategies of surface engineering of biomaterial including their functional mechanism, applications, and shortcomings. Additionally, this review article emphasizes atomic scale engineering of biomaterials for fabricating antimicrobial biomaterials and explores their challenges.