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Xie J, Latif J, Yang K, Wang Z, Zhu L, Yang H, Qin J, Ni Z, Jia H, Xin W, Li X. A state-of-art review on the redox activity of persistent free radicals in biochar. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121516. [PMID: 38552490 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Biochar-bound persistent free radicals (biochar-PFRs) attract much attention because they can directly or indirectly mediate the transformation of contaminants in large-scale wastewater treatment processes. Despite this, a comprehensive top-down understanding of the redox activity of biochar-PFRs, particularly consumption and regeneration mechanisms, as well as challenges in redox activity assessment, is still lacking. To tackle this challenge, this review outlines the identification and determination methods of biochar-PFRs, which serve as a prerequisite for assessing the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Recent developments concerning biochar-PFRs are discussed, with a main emphasis on the reaction mechanisms (both non-free radical and free radical pathways) and their effectiveness in removing contaminants. Importantly, the review delves into the mechanism of biochar-PFRs regeneration, triggered by metal cations, reactive oxygen species, and ultraviolet radiations. Furthermore, this review thoroughly explores the dilemma in appraising the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Components with unpaired electrons (particular defects and metal ions) interfere with biochar-PFRs signals in electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Scavengers and extractants of biochar-PFRs also inevitably modify the active ingredients of biochar. Based on these analyses, a practical strategy is proposed to precisely determine the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Finally, the review concludes by presenting current gaps in knowledge and offering suggestions for future research. This comprehensive examination aims to provide new and significant insights into the redox activity of biochar-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junaid Latif
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kangjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zheng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wang Xin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China
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Wang Y, Cui Z, Xiao G, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Wang Z, Su H, Tan T. The visible-light-driven photo-reduction of Cr(VI) by formic acid in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mangiameli MF, Bellú S, Pérez Mora B, Sala L, Mamana N. Quinic acid and hypervalent chromium: a spectroscopic and kinetic study. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29356-29367. [PMID: 35547999 PMCID: PMC9084479 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox reaction between an excess of quinic acid (QA) and CrVI involves the formation of intermediates, namely, CrIV and CrV species, which in turn react with the organic substrates. As observed with other substrates that have already been studied, CrIV does not accumulate during this reaction because of the rate of the reaction. Its rate of disappearance is several times higher than that of the reaction of CrVI or CrV with QA. Kinetic studies indicate that the redox reaction proceeds via a combined mechanism that involves the pathways CrVI → CrIV → CrII and CrVI → CrIV → CrIII, which is supported by the observation of superoxo-CrIII (CrO22+) ions, free radicals, and oxo-CrV species as intermediates and the detection of CrVI ester species. The present study reports the complete rate laws for the QA/chromium redox reaction. The redox reaction between an excess of quinic acid (QA) and CrVI involves the formation of intermediates, namely, CrIV and CrV species, which in turn react with the organic substrates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mangiameli
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- S2002LRK Rosario
| | - Sebastián Bellú
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- S2002LRK Rosario
| | - Bárbara Pérez Mora
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- S2002LRK Rosario
| | - Luis Sala
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- S2002LRK Rosario
| | - Nadia Mamana
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- S2002LRK Rosario
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Spectroscopic characterization of genotoxic chromium(V) peptide complexes: Oxidation of Chromium(III) triglycine, tetraglycine and pentaglycine complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:227-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Van Doorslaer S, Beirinckx Q, Nys K, Mangiameli MF, Cuypers B, Callens F, Vrielinck H, González JC. EPR and DFT analysis of biologically relevant chromium(V) complexes with d-glucitol and d-glucose. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:216-226. [PMID: 27460210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1,2-diolato ligands, such as carbohydrates and glycoproteins, tend to stabilize chromium(V), thus forming important intermediates that have been implicated in the genotoxicity of Cr(VI). Since many years, room-temperature continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at X-band microwave frequencies has been used as a standard characterization tool to study chromium(V) intermediates formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of biomolecules. In this work, the added value is tested of using a combination of pulsed and high-field EPR techniques with density functional theory computations to unravel the nature of Cr(V) complexes with biologically relevant chelators, such as carbohydrates. The study focuses on the oxidochromium(V) complexes formed during reduction of potassium dichromate with glutathione in the presence of the monosaccharide d-glucose or the polyalcohol d-glucitol. It is shown that although the presence of a multitude of Cr(V) intermediates may hamper a complete structural determination, the combined EPR and DFT approach reveals unambiguously the effect of freezing on the location of the counterions, the gradual replacement of water ligands by the diols, and the preference of Cr(V) to bind certain conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Van Doorslaer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Quinten Beirinckx
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Nys
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - María Florencia Mangiameli
- Universidad National de Rosario, Departamento de Químico Física - Área Química General, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, IQUIR-CONICET, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Bert Cuypers
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Freddy Callens
- Ghent University, Dept. of Solid State Sciences, Krijgslaan 281-S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Henk Vrielinck
- Ghent University, Dept. of Solid State Sciences, Krijgslaan 281-S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Juan Carlos González
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Universidad National de Rosario, Departamento de Químico Física - Área Química General, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, IQUIR-CONICET, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Mangiameli MF, González JC, Bellú S, Bertoni F, Sala LF. Redox and complexation chemistry of the CrVI/CrV-D-glucaric acid system. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:9242-54. [PMID: 24816781 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When an excess of uronic acid over Cr(VI) is used, the oxidation of D-glucaric acid (Glucar) by Cr(VI) yields D-arabinaric acid, CO2 and Cr(III)-Glucar complex as final redox products. The redox reaction involves the formation of intermediate Cr(IV) and Cr(V) species. The reaction rate increases with [H(+)] and [substrate]. The experimental results indicated that Cr(IV) and Cr(V) are very reactive intermediates since their disappearance rates are much faster than Cr(VI). Cr(IV) and Cr(V) intermediates are involved in fast steps and do not accumulate in the redox reaction of the mixture Cr(VI)-Glucar. Kinetic studies show that the redox reaction between Glucar and Cr(VI) proceeds through a mechanism combining one- and two-electron pathways: Cr(VI) → Cr(IV) → Cr(II) and Cr(VI) → Cr(IV) → Cr(III). After the redox reaction, results show a slow hydrolysis of the Cr(III)-Glucar complex into [Cr(OH2)6](3+). The proposed mechanism is supported by the observation of free radicals, CrO2(2+) (superoxo-Cr(III) ion) and oxo-Cr(V)-Glucar species as reaction intermediates. The continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance, CW-EPR, spectra show that five-coordinate oxo-Cr(V) bischelates are formed at pH ≤ 4 with the aldaric acid bound to oxo-Cr(V) through the carboxylate and the α-OH group. A different oxo-Cr(V) species with Glucar was detected at pH 6.0. The high g(iso) value for the last species suggests a mixed coordination species, a five-coordinated oxo-Cr(V) bischelate with one molecule of Glucar acting as a bi-dentate ligand, using the 2-hydroxycarboxylate group, and a second molecule of Glucar with any vic-diolate sites. At pH 7.5 only a very weak EPR signal was observed, which may point to instability of these complexes. This behaviour contrasts with oxo-Cr(V)-uronic species, and must thus be related to the Glucar acyclic structure. In vitro, our studies on the chemistry of oxo-Cr(V)-Glucar complexes can provide information on the nature of the species that are likely to be stabilized in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mangiameli
- Área Química General, Departamento de Químico-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, UNR, Instituto de Química de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Bertoni FA, Bellú SE, González JC, Sala LF. Reduction of hypervalent chromium in acidic media by alginic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:1-11. [PMID: 25263857 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of carboxylate groups present in alginic acid by Cr(VI) affords CO2, oxidized alginic acid, and Cr(III) as final products. The redox reaction afforded first-order kinetics in [alginic acid], [Cr(VI)], and [H(+)], at fixed ionic strength and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the redox reaction proceeds through a mechanism which combines Cr(VI)→Cr(IV)→Cr(II) and Cr(VI)→Cr(IV)→Cr(III) pathways. The mechanism was supported by the observation of free radicals, CrO2(2+) and Cr(V) as reaction intermediates. The reduction of Cr(IV) and Cr(V) by alginic acid was independently studied and it was found to occur more than 10(3) times faster than alginic acid/Cr(VI) reaction, in acid media. At pH 1-3, oxo-chromate(V)-alginic acid species remain in solution during several hours at 15°C. The results showed that this abundant structural polysaccharide present on brown seaweeds is able to reduce Cr(VI/V/IV) or stabilize high-valent chromium depending on pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Bertoni
- Área Química General, Departamento de Químico-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Química de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 570, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sebastian E Bellú
- Área Química General, Departamento de Químico-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Química de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 570, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Juan C González
- Área Química General, Departamento de Químico-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Química de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 570, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Sala
- Área Química General, Departamento de Químico-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Química de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 570, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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8
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Abstract
Chromium is ubiquitous in the environment as Cr(III) and Cr(VI) oxidation states, which interconvert under environmentally and biologically relevant conditions (although Cr(III) usually predominates). While Cr(VI) is an established human carcinogen and a major occupational and environmental hazard, Cr(III) has long been regarded as an essential human micronutrient, although recent literature has cast serious doubts on the validity of this postulate. Despite five decades of research, no functional Cr-containing enzymes or cofactors have been characterized conclusively, and several hypotheses on their possible structures have been refuted. Gastrointestinal absorption pathways for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are apparent and whole-blood speciation can involve Cr(VI) uptake and reduction by red blood cells, as well as Cr(III) binding to both proteins and low-molecular-mass ligands in the plasma. DNA-damaging effects of Cr(VI) and anti-diabetic activities of Cr(III) are likely to arise from common mechanistic pathways that involve reactive Cr(VI/V/IV) intermediates and kinetically inert Cr(III)-protein and Cr(III)-DNA adducts. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are toxic to plants and microorganisms, particularly Cr(VI) due to its higher bioavailability and redox chemistry. Some bacteria reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) without the formation of toxic Cr(V) intermediates and these bacteria are being considered for use in the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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Bartholomäus R, Irwin JA, Shi L, Smith SM, Levina A, Lay PA. Isolation, Characterization, and Nuclease Activity of Biologically Relevant Chromium(V) Complexes with Monosaccharides and Model Diols. Likely Intermediates in Chromium-Induced Cancers. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4282-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3022408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Bartholomäus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Irwin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Liwei Shi
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Siwaporn Meejoo Smith
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
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Bartholomäus R, Harms K, Levina A, Lay PA. Synthesis and Characterization of a Chromium(V) cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediolato Complex: A Model of Reactive Intermediates in Chromium-Induced Cancers. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11238-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301900q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Bartholomäus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Hans-Meerwein Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW
2006, Australia
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Hans-Meerwein Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW
2006, Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW
2006, Australia
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