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Zhang M, Dai Z, Chen X, Qin D, Zhu G, Zhu T, Chen G, Ding Y, Wu G, Gao X. Identification and functional analysis of serine protease inhibitor gene family of Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1248354. [PMID: 37795265 PMCID: PMC10545863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1248354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The predatory natural enemy Eocanthecona furcellata plays a crucial role in agricultural ecosystems due to its effective pest control measures and defensive venom. Predator venom contains serine protease inhibitors (SPIs), which are the primary regulators of serine protease activity and play key roles in digestion, development, innate immunity, and other physiological regulatory processes. However, the regulation mechanism of SPIs in the salivary glands of predatory natural enemies is still unknown. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of E. furcellata salivary gland and identified 38 SPIs genes named EfSPI1∼EfSPI38. Through gene structure, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) expression profiles of different developmental stages and different tissues were analyzed. RNAi technology was used to explore the gene function of EFSPI20. The results showed that these 38 EfSPIs genes contained 8 SPI domains, which were serpin, TIL, Kunitz, Kazal, Antistasin, Pacifastin, WAP and A2M. The expression profile results showed that the expression of different types of EfSPIs genes was different at different developmental stages and different tissues. Most of the EfSPIs genes were highly expressed in the egg stage. The EfSPI20, EfSPI21, EfSPI22, and EfSPI24 genes of the Pacifastin subfamily and the EfSPI35 gene of the A2M subfamily were highly expressed in the nymphal and adult stages, which was consistent with the RT-qPCR verification results. These five genes are positively correlated with each other and have a synergistic effect on E. furcellata, and they were highly expressed in salivary glands. After interfering with the expression of the EfSPI20 gene, the survival rate and predatory amount of male and female adults were significantly decreased. Taken together, we speculated some EfSPIs may inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, and some EfSPIs may be involved in autoimmune responses. EfSPI20 was essential for the predation and digestion of E. furcellata, and the functions of other EfSPIs were discussed. Our findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of EfSPIs in E. furcellata and the potential functions of regulating their predation, digestion and innate immunity, which may be of great significance for developing new pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenlin Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Deqiang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Yunan Tobacco Company Chuxiong Prefecture Company, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yishu Ding
- Yunan Tobacco Company Chuxiong Prefecture Company, Chuxiong, China
| | - Guoxing Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Bekhbat M, Glasper ER, Rowson SA, Kelly SD, Neigh GN. Measuring corticosterone concentrations over a physiological dynamic range in female rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:73-76. [PMID: 29730284 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of plasma corticosterone, the primary stress hormone in rodents, is an essential part of characterizing the stress response in experimental animals. To this end, both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) remain widely used. However, considerable assay-specific variability exists among commercially available corticosterone assays due to differing assay principles, detection methods, range, and sensitivity. While technical comparisons of commercially available corticosterone assays have previously been conducted, the ability to detect acute stress-induced endocrine changes has not been compared among these methods to date. Using the forced swim test, a commonly utilized behavioral paradigm in rodents as a physiologically-relevant acute stress challenge, we compared four commercial corticosterone assays - three ELISA kits and one RIA kit - in their ability to detect corticosterone across a dynamic range of both baseline and acute swim stress-driven concentrations. While all methods yielded results that were consistent at measuring relative differences between samples, only two of the four assays evaluated detected a statistically significant increase in corticosterone in rats exposed to acute swim stress compared to rats at baseline. The ELISA kit from Enzo Life Sciences demonstrated the greatest percent increase in plasma corticosterone from baseline to acute stress conditions. The RIA kit from MP Biomedicals also detected a significant corticosterone increase and yielded higher concentrations of corticosterone both at baseline and in the acute stress condition relative to the other three assays. We conclude that choice of assay can impact interpretation of data due to differences in efficacy across a dynamic range of physiological concentrations of corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Erica R Glasper
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Sydney A Rowson
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Sean D Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Cell penetrating SERPINA5 (ProteinC inhibitor, PCI): More questions than answers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 62:187-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wahlmüller FC, Yang H, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. Regulation of the Extracellular SERPINA5 (Protein C Inhibitor) Penetration Through Cellular Membranes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639251 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is impermeable for proteins and peptides and that these molecules require special mechanisms for their transport from the extra- to the intracellular space. Recently there is increasing evidence that certain proteins/peptides can also directly cross the phospholipid membrane. SERPINA5 (protein C inhibitor) is a secreted protease inhibitor with broad protease reactivity and wide tissue distribution. It binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospoholipids, which can modulate its inhibitory activity. SERPINA5 has been shown to be internalized by platelets, granulocytes, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, and by Jurkat lymphoma cells. Once inside the cell it can translocate to the nucleus. There are several indications that SERPINA5 can directly cross the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. In this review we will describe what is known so far about the conditions, as well as the cellular and molecular requirements for SERPINA5 translocation through the cell membrane and for its penetration of pure phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Wahlmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanjiang Yang
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Wei H, Cai H, Wu J, Wei Z, Zhang F, Huang X, Ma L, Feng L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Ragg H, Zheng Y, Zhou A. Heparin Binds Lamprey Angiotensinogen and Promotes Thrombin Inhibition through a Template Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24900-24911. [PMID: 27681598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamprey angiotensinogen (l-ANT) is a hormone carrier in the regulation of blood pressure, but it is also a heparin-dependent thrombin inhibitor in lamprey blood coagulation system. The detailed mechanisms on how angiotensin is carried by l-ANT and how heparin binds l-ANT and mediates thrombin inhibition are unclear. Here we have solved the crystal structure of cleaved l-ANT at 2.7 Å resolution and characterized its properties in heparin binding and protease inhibition. The structure reveals that l-ANT has a conserved serpin fold with a labile N-terminal angiotensin peptide and undergoes a typical stressed-to-relaxed conformational change when the reactive center loop is cleaved. Heparin binds l-ANT tightly with a dissociation constant of ∼10 nm involving ∼8 monosaccharides and ∼6 ionic interactions. The heparin binding site is located in an extensive positively charged surface area around helix D involving residues Lys-148, Lys-151, Arg-155, and Arg-380. Although l-ANT by itself is a poor thrombin inhibitor with a second order rate constant of 500 m-1 s-1, its interaction with thrombin is accelerated 90-fold by high molecular weight heparin following a bell-shaped dose-dependent curve. Short heparin chains of 6-20 monosaccharide units are insufficient to promote thrombin inhibition. Furthermore, an l-ANT mutant with the P1 Ile mutated to Arg inhibits thrombin nearly 1500-fold faster than the wild type, which is further accelerated by high molecular weight heparin. Taken together, these results suggest that heparin binds l-ANT at a conserved heparin binding site around helix D and promotes the interaction between l-ANT and thrombin through a template mechanism conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudie Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Haiyan Cai
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Jiawei Wu
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Fei Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Xin Huang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lina Ma
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lingling Feng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Yunjie Wang
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hermann Ragg
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ying Zheng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
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Mulenga A, Kim T, Ibelli AMG. Amblyomma americanum tick saliva serine protease inhibitor 6 is a cross-class inhibitor of serine proteases and papain-like cysteine proteases that delays plasma clotting and inhibits platelet aggregation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:306-19. [PMID: 23521000 PMCID: PMC4058330 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Amblyomma americanum tick serine protease inhibitor 6 (AamS6) was secreted into the host during tick feeding and that both its mRNA and protein were ubiquitously and highly expressed during the first 3 days of tick feeding. This study demonstrates that AamS6 is a cross-class inhibitor of both serine- and papain-like cysteine proteases that has apparent antihaemostatic functions. Consistent with the typical inhibitory serpin characteristics, enzyme kinetics analyses revealed that Pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant (r) AamS6 reduced initial velocities of substrate hydrolysis (V₀) and/or maximum enzyme velocity (V(max)) of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, chymase, and papain in a dose-response manner. We speculate that rAamS6 inhibited plasmin in a temporary fashion in that while rAamS6 reduced V₀ of plasmin by up to ∼53%, it had no effect on V(max). Our data also suggest that rAmS6 has minimal or no apparent effect on V₀ or V(max) of thrombin, factor Xa, and kallikrein. We speculate that AamS6 is apparently involved in facilitating blood meal feeding in that various amounts of rAamS6 reduced platelet aggregation by up to ∼47% and delayed plasma clotting time in the recalcification time assay by up to ∼210 s. AamS6 is most likely not involved with the tick's evasion of the host's complement defense mechanism, in that rAamS6 did not interfere with the complement activation pathway. Findings in this study are discussed in the context of expanding our understanding of tick proteins that control bloodmeal feeding and hence tick-borne disease transmission by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mulenga
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA.
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