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Todorova K, Mandinova A. Novel approaches for managing aged skin and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:18-27. [PMID: 32526451 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of aging influences every bodily organ and tissue, and those with rapid epithelial cell turnover, are particularly affected. The most visible of these, however, is the skin (including the epidermis), the largest human organ that provides a barrier to external insults, structure to the body and its movements, facilitates thermoregulation, harbors immune cells, and incorporates sensory neurons (including mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and thermoreceptors). Skin aging has traditionally been categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic, with the latter nearly exclusively restricted to "photoaging," (i.e., aging due to exposure to solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation). However, both intrinsic and extrinsic aging share similar causes, including oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and mitochondrial senescence. Also, like other malignancies, the risk of malignant and nonmalignant lesions increases with age. Herein, we review the most recent findings in skin aging and nonmelanoma skin cancer, including addition to traditional and developing therapies.
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Chen XD, Ruan SB, Lin ZP, Zhou Z, Zhang FG, Yang RH, Xie JL. Effects of porcine acellular dermal matrix treatment on wound healing and scar formation: Role of Jag1 expression in epidermal stem cells. Organogenesis 2018; 14:25-35. [PMID: 29420128 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2018.1436023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing involves Notch/Jagged1 signaling. However, little is known how Jag1 expression level in epidermal stem cells (ESCs) contributes to wound healing and scar formation. We applied multiple cellular and molecular techniques to examine how Jag1 expression in ESCs modulates ESCs differentiation to myofibroblasts (MFB) in vitro, interpret how Jag1 expression in ESCs is involved in wound healing and scar formation in mice, and evaluate the effects of porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM) treatment on wound healing and scar formation. We found that Jag1, Notch1 and Hes1 expression was up-regulated in the wound tissue during the period of wound healing. Furthermore, Jag1 expression level in the ESCs was positively associated with the level of differentiation to MFB. ESC-specific knockout of Jag1 delayed wound healing and promoted scar formation in vivo. In addition, we reported that porcine ADM treatment after skin incision could accelerate wound closure and reduce scar formation in vivo. This effect was associated with decreased expression of MFB markers, including α-SMA Col-1 and Col-III in wound tissues. Finally, we confirmed that porcine ADM treatment could increase Jag1, Notch1 and Hesl expression in wound tissues. Taken together, our results suggested that ESC-specific Jag1 expression levels are critical for wound healing and scar formation, and porcine ADM treatment would be beneficial in promoting wound healing and preventing scar formation by enhancing Notch/Jagged1 signaling pathway in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- a Department of Burn Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Foshan , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Shu-Bin Ruan
- a Department of Burn Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Foshan , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Ze-Peng Lin
- a Department of Burn Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Foshan , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- b Department of Burn Surgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Feng-Gang Zhang
- a Department of Burn Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Foshan , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Rong-Hua Yang
- a Department of Burn Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Foshan , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Ju-Lin Xie
- b Department of Burn Surgery , First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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Botchkarev VA. Second International Symposium-Epigenetic Regulation of Skin Regeneration and Aging: From Chromatin Biology towards the Understanding of Epigenetic Basis of Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1604-1608. [PMID: 28583676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Noncoding RNAs: New Molecular Players in Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e105-e111. [PMID: 28411840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in genome sequencing achieved during the last two decades revealed that only about 2% of the genome codes for proteins, while the largest genome fraction is encoding thousands of non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs play indispensable roles in regulating the activity and stability of the genome. Recent research in the area of the non-coding transcriptome signified the crucial roles for RNA regulatory networks in the normal development and their implications in a variety of pathological conditions. Here, recent advances in our understanding of non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of skin development and homeostasis are highlighted, focusing mainly on the regulatory roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs.
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Kim K, Hung RJ, Perrimon N. miR-263a Regulates ENaC to Maintain Osmotic and Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2016; 40:23-36. [PMID: 28017617 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of osmotic balance and response to tissue damage is crucial in maintaining intestinal stem cell (ISC) homeostasis. We found that Drosophila miR-263a downregulates the expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits in enterocytes (ECs) to maintain osmotic and ISC homeostasis. In the absence of miR-263a, the intraluminal surface of the intestine displays dehydration-like phenotypes, Na+ levels are increased in ECs, stress pathways are activated in ECs, and ISCs overproliferate. Furthermore, miR-263a mutants have increased bacterial load and expression of antimicrobial peptides. Strikingly, these phenotypes are reminiscent of the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) in which loss-of-function mutations in the chloride channel CF transmembrane conductance regulator can elevate the activity of ENaC, suggesting that Drosophila could be used as a model for CF. Finally, we provide evidence that overexpression of miR-183, the human ortholog of miR-263a, can also directly target the expressions of all three subunits of human ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Weng R, Cohen SM. Control of Drosophila Type I and Type II central brain neuroblast proliferation by bantam microRNA. Development 2015; 142:3713-20. [PMID: 26395494 PMCID: PMC4647215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of stem cell self-renewal by microRNAs is emerging as an important mechanism controlling tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence that bantam microRNA controls neuroblast number and proliferation in the Drosophila central brain. Bantam also supports proliferation of transit-amplifying intermediate neural progenitor cells in type II neuroblast lineages. The stem cell factors brat and prospero are identified as bantam targets acting on different aspects of these processes. Thus, bantam appears to act in multiple regulatory steps in the maintenance and proliferation of neuroblasts and their progeny to regulate growth of the central brain. Summary: The Drosophila miRNA bantam regulates the expression of Brat and Prospero – known inhibitors of brain neuroblast proliferation – to modulate growth of the central brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Weng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Stephen M Cohen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
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Erickson JR, Echeverri K. In vivo modulation and quantification of microRNAs during axolotl tail regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1290:159-67. [PMID: 25740485 PMCID: PMC5896293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate diseased, injured, or missing complex tissue is widespread throughout lower vertebrates and invertebrates; however, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this amazing ability is still in its infancy. Many recent papers have shown important roles for microRNAs in regulating regeneration in a number of species. The ability to detect and quantify miRNA expression fluctuations at a single cell level in vivo in different cell types during processes like regeneration is very informative. In this chapter, we describe how to use a dual-fluorescent green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter/monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-sensor (DFRS) plasmid to quantitate the dynamics of specific miRNAs over time following miRNA mimic injection as well as during regeneration. In this bicistronic vector, the mRFP allows for verification of miRNA expression, while the GFP functions as an internal control to normalize miRNA expression and thus obtain quantitative results. In addition, we demonstrate how this technique revealed dynamic miR-23a expression and function during tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami R. Erickson
- Dept. of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Dept. of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Foronda D, Weng R, Verma P, Chen YW, Cohen SM. Coordination of insulin and Notch pathway activities by microRNA miR-305 mediates adaptive homeostasis in the intestinal stem cells of the Drosophila gut. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2421-31. [PMID: 25367037 PMCID: PMC4215186 DOI: 10.1101/gad.241588.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the intestine is maintained by dynamic regulation of a pool of intestinal stem cells. The balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is regulated by the Notch and insulin signaling pathways. Foronda et al. show that miR-305 regulates the Notch and insulin pathways in the intestinal stem cells. miR-305 expression in the stem cells is under nutritional control via the insulin pathway. Homeostasis of the intestine is maintained by dynamic regulation of a pool of intestinal stem cells. The balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is regulated by the Notch and insulin signaling pathways. Dependence on the insulin pathway places the stem cell pool under nutritional control, allowing gut homeostasis to adapt to environmental conditions. Here we present evidence that miR-305 is required for adaptive homeostasis of the gut. miR-305 regulates the Notch and insulin pathways in the intestinal stem cells. Notably, miR-305 expression in the stem cells is itself under nutritional control via the insulin pathway. This link places regulation of Notch pathway activity under nutritional control. These findings provide a mechanism through which the insulin pathway controls the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation that is required for adaptive homeostasis in the gut in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Foronda
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ruifen Weng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Pushpa Verma
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Stephen M Cohen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Birch D, Britt BC, Dukes SC, Kessler JA, Dizon MLV. MicroRNAs participate in the murine oligodendroglial response to perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:334-40. [PMID: 25003912 PMCID: PMC4167925 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) to preterm brain results in white matter loss. The endogenous oligodendroglial response to perinatal HI is characterized by increased oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs). MicroRNAs (miRs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and a few miRs have been shown to regulate differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendroglia. We tested the hypothesis that miRs play a role in the increase in OPCs in response to perinatal HI. METHODS We inducibly deleted the miR-processing enzyme Dicer in OPCs using a tamoxifen-inducible NG2CreER(T2) transgene in Dicer(fl/fl) mice. After HI, mice were analyzed for OPC differentiation using immunofluorescence and for white matter formation by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining. Functional recovery from injury was investigated using digital gait analysis. We also tested whether HI changed miRs known to regulate OPC differentiation using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Perinatal HI induced significant increases in miR-138 and miR-338, two miRs known to regulate OPC differentiation. Knockdown of Dicer increased myelin basic protein and LFB staining within the corpus callosum after HI. In addition, there was significant improvement in motor function 14 and 24 d post lesion. CONCLUSION Changes in specific mature miRs expressed in OPCs following HI may contribute to white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Birch
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Blair C. Britt
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Silena C. Dukes
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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First International Symposium "Epigenetic Control of Skin Development and Regeneration": how chromatin regulators orchestrate skin functions. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1918-21. [PMID: 23856928 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cardiac stem cell niche, MMP9, and culture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1035:153-63. [PMID: 23959989 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-508-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are totipotent, self-renewing, and clonogenic, having potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. Due to regenerative capability, it has tremendous potential for treating myocardial infarction (death of myocardial tissue) and type 1 diabetes (death of pancreatic beta cells). Understanding the components regulating ESC differentiation is the key to unlock the regenerative potential of ESC-based therapies. Both the stiffness of extracellular matrix (ECM) and surrounding niche/microenvironment play pivotal roles in ESC differentiation. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) induces fibrosis that causes stiffness of the ECM and impairs differentiation of cardiac stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Here, we describe the method of ESC culture and differentiation, and the expression of MMP9 and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4) in differentiating ESC.
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