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Gerardi D, Bernardi S, Bruni A, Falisi G, Botticelli G. Characterization and morphological methods for oral biofilm visualization: where are we nowadays? AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:391-414. [PMID: 38919718 PMCID: PMC11194622 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome represents an essential component of the oral ecosystem whose symbiotic relationship contributes to health maintenance. The biofilm represents a state of living of microorganisms surrounding themselves with a complex and tridimensional organized polymeric support and defense matrix. The substrates where the oral biofilm adhere can suffer from damages due to the microbial community metabolisms. Therefore, microbial biofilm represents the main etiological factor of the two pathologies of dental interest with the highest incidence, such as carious pathology and periodontal pathology. The study, analysis, and understanding of the characteristics of the biofilm, starting from the macroscopic structure up to the microscopic architecture, appear essential. This review examined the morphological methods used through the years to identify species, adhesion mechanisms that contribute to biofilm formation and stability, and how the action of microbicidal molecules is effective against pathological biofilm. Microscopy is the primary technique for the morphological characterization of biofilm. Light microscopy, which includes the stereomicroscope and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM), allows the visualization of microbial communities in their natural state, providing valuable information on the spatial arrangement of different microorganisms within the biofilm and revealing microbial diversity in the biofilm matrix. The stereomicroscope provides a three-dimensional view of the sample, allowing detailed observation of the structure, thickness, morphology, and distribution of the various species in the biofilm while CLSM provides information on its three-dimensional architecture, microbial composition, and dynamic development. Electron microscopy, scanning (SEM) or transmission (TEM), allows the high-resolution investigation of the architecture of the biofilm, analyzing the bacterial population, the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS), and the mechanisms of the physical and chemical forces that contribute to the adhesion of the biofilm to the substrates, on a nanometric scale. More advanced microscopic methodologies, such as scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and correlative microscopy, have enabled the evaluation of antibacterial treatments, due to the potential to reveal the efficacy of different molecules in breaking down the biofilm. In conclusion, evidence based on scientific literature shows that established microscopic methods represent the most common tools used to characterize biofilm and its morphology in oral microbiology. Further protocols and studies on the application of advanced microscopic techniques are needed to obtain precise details on the microbiological and pathological aspects of oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Bruni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Falisi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca Botticelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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2
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Péchoux C, Antigny F, Perros F. A correlated light and electron microscopy approach to study the subcellular localization of phosphorylated vimentin in human lung tissue. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:117-137. [PMID: 38705622 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is an important approach for bridging the resolution gap between fluorescence light and electron microscopy. Here, we describe a fast and simple method for correlative immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling on the same section to elucidate the localization of phosphorylated vimentin (P-Vim), a robust feature of pulmonary vascular remodeling in cells of human lung small arteries. The lung is a complex, soft and difficult tissue to prepare for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Detailing the molecular composition of small pulmonary arteries (<500μm) would be of great significance for research and diagnostics. Using the classical methods of immunochemistry (either hydrophilic resin or thin cryosections), is difficult to locate small arteries for analysis by TEM. To address this problem and to observe the same structures by both light and electron microscopy, correlative microscopy is a reliable approach. Immunofluorescence enables us to know the distribution of P-Vim in cells but does not provide ultrastructural detail on its localization. Labeled structures selected by fluorescence microscope can be identified and further analyzed by TEM at high resolution. With our method, the morphology of the arteries is well preserved, enabling the localization of P-Vim inside pulmonary endothelial cells. By applying this approach, fluorescent signals can be directly correlated to the corresponding subcellular structures in areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péchoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroparisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France; MIMA2 Imaging Core Facility, Microscopie et Imagerie des Microorganismes, Animaux et Aliments, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 "Hypertension Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
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Voros C, Bauer D, Migh E, Grexa I, Végh AG, Szalontai B, Castellani G, Danka T, Dzeroski S, Koos K, Piccinini F, Horvath P. Correlative Fluorescence and Raman Microscopy to Define Mitotic Stages at the Single-Cell Level: Opportunities and Limitations in the AI Era. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:187. [PMID: 36831953 PMCID: PMC9953278 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, morphology and molecular analyses at the single-cell level have a fundamental role in understanding biology better. These methods are utilized for cell phenotyping and in-depth studies of cellular processes, such as mitosis. Fluorescence microscopy and optical spectroscopy techniques, including Raman micro-spectroscopy, allow researchers to examine biological samples at the single-cell level in a non-destructive manner. Fluorescence microscopy can give detailed morphological information about the localization of stained molecules, while Raman microscopy can produce label-free images at the subcellular level; thus, it can reveal the spatial distribution of molecular fingerprints, even in live samples. Accordingly, the combination of correlative fluorescence and Raman microscopy (CFRM) offers a unique approach for studying cellular stages at the single-cell level. However, subcellular spectral maps are complex and challenging to interpret. Artificial intelligence (AI) may serve as a valuable solution to characterize the molecular backgrounds of phenotypes and biological processes by finding the characteristic patterns in spectral maps. The major contributions of the manuscript are: (I) it gives a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on AI techniques in Raman-based cellular phenotyping; (II) via the presentation of a case study, a new neural network-based approach is described, and the opportunities and limitations of AI, specifically deep learning, are discussed regarding the analysis of Raman spectroscopy data to classify mitotic cellular stages based on their spectral maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Voros
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - David Bauer
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ede Migh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Grexa
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gergely Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Szalontai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gastone Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via G. Massarenti 9, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tivadar Danka
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Saso Dzeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krisztian Koos
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Filippo Piccinini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via G. Massarenti 9, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Via P. Maroncelli 40, I-47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Peter Horvath
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science-HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd., Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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4
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Magistrati E, Maestrini G, Niño CA, Lince-Faria M, Beznoussenko G, Mironov A, Maspero E, Bettencourt-Dias M, Polo S. Myosin VI regulates ciliogenesis by promoting the turnover of the centrosomal/satellite protein OFD1. EMBO Rep 2021; 23:e54160. [PMID: 34957672 PMCID: PMC8892233 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin motor protein myosin VI is a multivalent protein with diverse functions. Here, we identified and characterised a myosin VI ubiquitous interactor, the oral‐facial‐digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) protein, whose mutations cause malformations of the face, oral cavity, digits and polycystic kidney disease. We found that myosin VI regulates the localisation of OFD1 at the centrioles and, as a consequence, the recruitment of the distal appendage protein Cep164. Myosin VI depletion in non‐tumoural cell lines causes an aberrant localisation of OFD1 along the centriolar walls, which is due to a reduction in the OFD1 mobile fraction. Finally, loss of myosin VI triggers a severe defect in ciliogenesis that could be, at least partially, ascribed to an impairment in the autophagic removal of OFD1 from satellites. Altogether, our results highlight an unprecedent layer of regulation of OFD1 and a pivotal role of myosin VI in coordinating the formation of the distal appendages and primary cilium with important implications for the genetic disorders known as ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Magistrati
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Maestrini
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos A Niño
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alexandre Mironov
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Maspero
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simona Polo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kühn S, Lopez-Montero N, Chang YY, Sartori-Rupp A, Enninga J. Imaging macropinosomes during Shigella infections. Methods 2017; 127:12-22. [PMID: 28522322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is the uptake of extracellular fluid within vesicles of varying size that takes place during numerous cellular processes in a large variety of cells. A growing number of pathogens, including viruses, parasites, and bacteria are known to induce macropinocytosis during their entry into targeted host cells. We have recently discovered that the human enteroinvasive, bacterial pathogen Shigella causes in situ macropinosome formation during its entry into epithelial cells. These infection-associated macropinosomes are not generated to ingest the bacteria, but are instead involved in Shigella's intracellular niche formation. They make contacts with the phagocytosed shigellae to promote vacuolar membrane rupture and their cytosolic release. Here, we provide an overview of the different imaging approaches that are currently used to analyze macropinocytosis during infectious processes with a focus on Shigella entry. We detail the advantages and disadvantages of genetically encoded reporters as well as chemical probes to trace fluid phase uptake. In addition, we report how such reporters can be combined with ultrastructural approaches for correlative light electron microscopy either in thin sections or within large volumes. The combined imaging techniques introduced here provide a detailed characterization of macropinosomes during bacterial entry, which, apart from Shigella, are relevant for numerous other ones, including Salmonella, Brucella or Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anna Sartori-Rupp
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Johnson SA. Nanoscopy for nanoscience: how super-resolution microscopy extends imaging for nanotechnology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:266-81. [PMID: 25298332 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imaging methods have presented scientists with powerful means of investigation for centuries. The ability to resolve structures using light microscopes is though limited to around 200 nm. Fluorescence-based super-resolution light microscopy techniques of several principles and methods have emerged in recent years and offer great potential to extend the capabilities of microscopy. This resolution improvement is especially promising for nanoscience where the imaging of nanoscale structures is inherently restricted by the resolution limit of standard forms of light microscopy. Resolution can be improved by several distinct approaches including structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion, and single-molecule positioning methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and several derivative variations of each of these. These methods involve substantial differences in the resolutions achievable in the different axes, speed of acquisition, compatibility with different labels, ease of use, hardware complexity, and compatibility with live biological samples. The field of super-resolution imaging and its application to nanotechnology is relatively new and still rapidly developing. An overview of how these methods may be used with nanomaterials is presented with some examples of pioneering uses of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Johnson
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Beznoussenko GV, Parashuraman S, Rizzo R, Polishchuk R, Martella O, Di Giandomenico D, Fusella A, Spaar A, Sallese M, Capestrano MG, Pavelka M, Vos MR, Rikers YGM, Helms V, Mironov AA, Luini A. Transport of soluble proteins through the Golgi occurs by diffusion via continuities across cisternae. eLife 2014; 3:e02009. [PMID: 24867214 PMCID: PMC4070021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of transport through the Golgi complex is not completely understood, insofar as no single transport mechanism appears to account for all of the observations. Here, we compare the transport of soluble secretory proteins (albumin and α1-antitrypsin) with that of supramolecular cargoes (e.g., procollagen) that are proposed to traverse the Golgi by compartment progression-maturation. We show that these soluble proteins traverse the Golgi much faster than procollagen while moving through the same stack. Moreover, we present kinetic and morphological observations that indicate that albumin transport occurs by diffusion via intercisternal continuities. These data provide evidence for a transport mechanism that applies to a major class of secretory proteins and indicate the co-existence of multiple intra-Golgi trafficking modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- Fondazione IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM-IEO Campus), Milan, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Seetharaman Parashuraman
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Oliviano Martella
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Giandomenico
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Aurora Fusella
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Alexander Spaar
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Capestrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Margit Pavelka
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Alexandre A Mironov
- Fondazione IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM-IEO Campus), Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
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Madela K, Banhart S, Zimmermann A, Piesker J, Bannert N, Laue M. A simple procedure to analyze positions of interest in infectious cell cultures by correlative light and electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 124:93-110. [PMID: 25287838 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801075-4.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic cell culture dishes that contain a thin bottom of highest optical quality including an imprinted finder grid (μ-Dish Grid-500) are optimally suited for routine correlative light and electron microscopy using chemical fixation. Such dishes allow high-resolution fluorescence and bright-field imaging using fixed and living cells and are compatible with standard protocols for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ease of use during cell culture and imaging, as well as a tight cover render the dishes particularly suitable for working with infectious organisms up to the highest biosafety level. Detailed protocols are provided and demonstrated by showing two examples: monitoring the production of virus-like particles of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) by HeLa cells and investigation of Rab11-positive membrane-compartments of HeLa cells after infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Madela
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Banhart
- Junior Research Group Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Zimmermann
- Centre for HIV and other Retroviruses (FG 18), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Centre for HIV and other Retroviruses (FG 18), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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