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Meißner L, Niese L, Schüring I, Mitra A, Diez S. Human kinesin-5 KIF11 drives the helical motion of anti-parallel and parallel microtubules around each other. EMBO J 2024; 43:1244-1256. [PMID: 38424239 PMCID: PMC10987665 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, motor proteins and microtubule-associated protein organize the spindle apparatus by cross-linking and sliding microtubules. Kinesin-5 plays a vital role in spindle formation and maintenance, potentially inducing twist in the spindle fibers. The off-axis power stroke of kinesin-5 could generate this twist, but its implications in microtubule organization remain unclear. Here, we investigate 3D microtubule-microtubule sliding mediated by the human kinesin-5, KIF11, and found that the motor caused right-handed helical motion of anti-parallel microtubules around each other. The sidestepping ratio increased with reduced ATP concentration, indicating that forward and sideways stepping of the motor are not strictly coupled. Further, the microtubule-microtubule distance (motor extension) during sliding decreased with increasing sliding velocity. Intriguingly, parallel microtubules cross-linked by KIF11 orbited without forward motion, with nearly full motor extension. Altering the length of the neck linker increased the forward velocity and pitch of microtubules in anti-parallel overlaps. Taken together, we suggest that helical motion and orbiting of microtubules, driven by KIF11, contributes to flexible and context-dependent filament organization, as well as torque regulation within the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meißner
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- BASS Center, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Department, Yale University, 06511, New Haven, USA
| | - Lukas Niese
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Schüring
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aniruddha Mitra
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Singh SK, Siegler N, Pandey H, Yanir N, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Sadan M, Debs G, Zarivach R, Frank GA, Kass I, Sindelar CV, Zalk R, Gheber L. Noncanonical interaction with microtubules via the N-terminal nonmotor domain is critical for the functions of a bidirectional kinesin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi1367. [PMID: 38324691 PMCID: PMC10849588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Several kinesin-5 motors (kinesin-5s) exhibit bidirectional motility. The mechanism of such motility remains unknown. Bidirectional kinesin-5s share a long N-terminal nonmotor domain (NTnmd), absent in exclusively plus-end-directed kinesins. Here, we combined in vivo, in vitro, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies to examine the impact of NTnmd mutations on the motor functions of the bidirectional kinesin-5, Cin8. We found that NTnmd deletion mutants exhibited cell viability and spindle localization defects. Using cryo-EM, we examined the structure of a microtubule (MT)-bound motor domain of Cin8, containing part of its NTnmd. Modeling and molecular dynamic simulations based on the cryo-EM map suggested that the NTnmd of Cin8 interacts with the C-terminal tail of β-tubulin. In vitro experiments on subtilisin-treated MTs confirmed this notion. Last, we showed that NTnmd mutants are defective in plus-end-directed motility in single-molecule and antiparallel MT sliding assays. These findings demonstrate that the NTnmd, common to bidirectional kinesin-5s, is critical for their bidirectional motility and intracellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K. Singh
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Nurit Siegler
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Neta Yanir
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | | | - Mayan Sadan
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Garrett Debs
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gabriel A. Frank
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Itamar Kass
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Charles V. Sindelar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ran Zalk
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Larisa Gheber
- 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Danziger M, Noble H, Roque DM, Xu F, Rao GG, Santin AD. Microtubule-Targeting Agents: Disruption of the Cellular Cytoskeleton as a Backbone of Ovarian Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:1-19. [PMID: 38805122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules are universally conserved among eukaryotes and participate in nearly every cellular process, including intracellular trafficking, replication, polarity, cytoskeletal shape, and motility. Due to their fundamental role in mitosis, they represent a classic target of anti-cancer therapy. Microtubule-stabilizing agents currently constitute a component of the most effective regimens for ovarian cancer therapy in both primary and recurrent settings. Unfortunately, the development of resistance continues to present a therapeutic challenge. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of resistance to microtubule-active agents may facilitate the development of novel and improved approaches to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danziger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Noble
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana M Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gautam G Rao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Synthesis, crystal structure and molecular docking study of new monastrol analogues as inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Goldstein-Levitin A, Pandey H, Allhuzaeel K, Kass I, Gheber L. Intracellular functions and motile properties of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are regulated by neck linker docking. eLife 2021; 10:71036. [PMID: 34387192 PMCID: PMC8456603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed intracellular functions and motile properties of neck-linker (NL) variants of the bi-directional S. cerevisiae kinesin-5 motor, Cin8. We also examined – by modeling – the configuration of H-bonds during NL docking. Decreasing the number of stabilizing H-bonds resulted in partially functional variants, as long as a conserved backbone H-bond at the N-latch position (proposed to stabilize the docked conformation of the NL) remained intact. Elimination of this conserved H-bond resulted in production of a non-functional Cin8 variant. Surprisingly, additional H-bond stabilization of the N-latch position, generated by replacement of the NL of Cin8 by sequences of the plus-end directed kinesin-5 Eg5, also produced a nonfunctional variant. In that variant, a single replacement of N-latch asparagine with glycine, as present in Cin8, eliminated the additional H-bond stabilization and rescued the functional defects. We conclude that exact N-latch stabilization during NL docking is critical for the function of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kanary Allhuzaeel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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6
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Pandey H, Singh SK, Sadan M, Popov M, Singh M, Davidov G, Inagaki S, Al-Bassam J, Zarivach R, Rosenfeld SS, Gheber L. Flexible microtubule anchoring modulates the bi-directional motility of the kinesin-5 Cin8. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6051-6068. [PMID: 34274977 PMCID: PMC11072411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two modes of motility have been reported for bi-directional kinesin-5 motors: (a) context-dependent directionality reversal, a mode in which motors undergo persistent minus-end directed motility at the single-molecule level and switch to plus-end directed motility in different assays or under different conditions, such as during MT gliding or antiparallel sliding or as a function of motor clustering; and (b) bi-directional motility, defined as movement in two directions in the same assay, without persistent unidirectional motility. Here, we examine how modulation of motor-microtubule (MT) interactions affects these two modes of motility for the bi-directional kinesin-5, Cin8. We report that the large insert in loop 8 (L8) within the motor domain of Cin8 increases the MT affinity of Cin8 in vivo and in vitro and is required for Cin8 intracellular functions. We consistently found that recombinant purified L8 directly binds MTs and L8 induces single Cin8 motors to behave according to context-dependent directionality reversal and bi-directional motility modes at intermediate ionic strength and according to a bi-directional motility mode in an MT surface-gliding assay under low motor density conditions. We propose that the largely unstructured L8 facilitates flexible anchoring of Cin8 to the MTs. This flexible anchoring enables the direct observation of bi-directional motility in motility assays. Remarkably, although L8-deleted Cin8 variants exhibit a strong minus-end directed bias at the single-molecule level, they also exhibit plus-end directed motility in an MT-gliding assay. Thus, L8-induced flexible MT anchoring is required for bi-directional motility of single Cin8 molecules but is not necessary for context-dependent directionality reversal of Cin8 in an MT-gliding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mayan Sadan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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7
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Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
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8
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Pandey H, Reithmann E, Goldstein-Levitin A, Al-Bassam J, Frey E, Gheber L. Drag-induced directionality switching of kinesin-5 Cin8 revealed by cluster-motility analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabc1687. [PMID: 33547070 PMCID: PMC7864582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Directed active motion of motor proteins is a vital process in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Nearly a decade ago, the discovery of directionality switching of mitotic kinesin-5 motors challenged the long-standing paradigm that individual kinesin motors are characterized by an intrinsic directionality. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unexplained. Here, we studied clustering-induced directionality switching of the bidirectional kinesin-5 Cin8. Based on the characterization of single-molecule and cluster motility, we developed a model that predicts that directionality switching of Cin8 is caused by an asymmetric response of its active motion to opposing forces, referred to as drag. The model shows excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data obtained under high and low ionic strength conditions. Our analysis identifies a robust and general mechanism that explains why bidirectional motor proteins reverse direction in response to seemingly unrelated experimental factors including changes in motor density and molecular crowding, and in multimotor motility assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Emanuel Reithmann
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Goldstein-Levitin
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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9
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Peña A, Sweeney A, Cook AD, Locke J, Topf M, Moores CA. Structure of Microtubule-Trapped Human Kinesin-5 and Its Mechanism of Inhibition Revealed Using Cryoelectron Microscopy. Structure 2020; 28:450-457.e5. [PMID: 32084356 PMCID: PMC7139217 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors are vital mitotic spindle components, and disruption of their function perturbs cell division. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the human kinesin-5 inhibitor GSK-1, which allosterically promotes tight microtubule binding. GSK-1 inhibits monomeric human kinesin-5 ATPase and microtubule gliding activities, and promotes the motor's microtubule stabilization activity. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the 3D structure of the microtubule-bound motor-GSK-1 at 3.8 Å overall resolution. The structure reveals that GSK-1 stabilizes the microtubule binding surface of the motor in an ATP-like conformation, while destabilizing regions of the motor around the empty nucleotide binding pocket. Density corresponding to GSK-1 is located between helix-α4 and helix-α6 in the motor domain at its interface with the microtubule. Using a combination of difference mapping and protein-ligand docking, we characterized the kinesin-5-GSK-1 interaction and further validated this binding site using mutagenesis. This work opens up new avenues of investigation of kinesin inhibition and spindle perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Aaron Sweeney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Julia Locke
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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10
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von Loeffelholz O, Moores CA. Cryo-EM structure of the Ustilago maydis kinesin-5 motor domain bound to microtubules. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:312-316. [PMID: 31288039 PMCID: PMC6722389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Ustilago maydis kinesin-5 N-terminus is disordered in cryo-EM reconstructions. AMPPNP-bound U. maydis kinesin-5 motor adopts a canonical ATP-like conformation. Fungal-specific inserts form non-canonical contacts with the microtubule. U. maydis kinesin-5 loop5 forms a distinct binding pocket for potential inhibitors.
In many eukaryotes, kinesin-5 motors are essential for mitosis, and small molecules that inhibit human kinesin-5 disrupt cell division. To investigate whether fungal kinesin-5s could be targets for novel fungicides, we studied kinesin-5 from the pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. We used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the microtubule-bound structure of its motor domain with and without the N-terminal extension. The ATP-like conformations of the motor in the presence or absence of this N-terminus are very similar, suggesting this region is structurally disordered and does not directly influence the motor ATPase. The Ustilago maydis kinesin-5 motor domain adopts a canonical ATP-like conformation, thereby allowing the neck linker to bind along the motor domain towards the microtubule plus end. However, several insertions within this motor domain are structurally distinct. Loop2 forms a non-canonical interaction with α-tubulin, while loop8 may bridge between two adjacent protofilaments. Furthermore, loop5 – which in human kinesin-5 is involved in binding allosteric inhibitors – protrudes above the nucleotide binding site, revealing a distinct binding pocket for potential inhibitors. This work highlights fungal-specific elaborations of the kinesin-5 motor domain and provides the structural basis for future investigations of kinesins as targets for novel fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Ann Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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11
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Goldstein A, Goldman D, Valk E, Loog M, Holt LJ, Gheber L. Synthetic-Evolution Reveals Narrow Paths to Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic Kinesin-5 Cin8. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1125-1138. [PMID: 31223274 PMCID: PMC6567808 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 has been found to phosphorylate the majority of its substrates in disordered regions, but some substrates maintain precise phosphosite positions over billions of years. Here, we examined the phosphoregulation of the kinesin-5, Cin8, using synthetic Cdk1-sites. We first analyzed the three native Cdk1 sites within the catalytic motor domain. Any single site conferred regulation, but to different extents. Synthetic sites were then systematically generated by single amino-acid substitutions, starting from a phosphodeficient variant of Cin8. Out of 29 synthetic Cdk1 sites, 8 disrupted function; 19 were neutral, similar to the phospho-deficient variant; and only two gave rise to phosphorylation-dependent spindle phenotypes. Of these two, one was immediately adjacent to a native Cdk1 site. Only one novel site position resulted in phospho-regulation. This site was sampled elsewhere in evolution, but the synthetic version was inefficient in S. cerevisiae. This study shows that a single phosphorylation site can modulate complex spindle dynamics, but likely requires further evolution to optimally regulate the precise reaction cycle of a mitotic motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Darya Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liam J Holt
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Health, NY, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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12
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von Loeffelholz O, Peña A, Drummond DR, Cross R, Moores CA. Cryo-EM Structure (4.5-Å) of Yeast Kinesin-5-Microtubule Complex Reveals a Distinct Binding Footprint and Mechanism of Drug Resistance. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:864-872. [PMID: 30659798 PMCID: PMC6378684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5s are microtubule-dependent motors that drive spindle pole separation during mitosis. We used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the 4.5-Å resolution structure of the motor domain of the fission yeast kinesin-5 Cut7 bound to fission yeast microtubules and explored the topology of the motor–microtubule interface and the susceptibility of the complex to drug binding. Despite their non-canonical architecture and mechanochemistry, Schizosaccharomyces pombe microtubules were stabilized by epothilone at the taxane binding pocket. The overall Cut7 footprint on the S. pombe microtubule surface is altered compared to mammalian tubulin microtubules because of their different polymer architectures. However, the core motor–microtubule interaction is tightly conserved, reflected in similar Cut7 ATPase activities on each microtubule type. AMPPNP-bound Cut7 adopts a kinesin-conserved ATP-like conformation including cover neck bundle formation. However, the Cut7 ATPase is not blocked by a mammalian-specific kinesin-5 inhibitor, consistent with the non-conserved sequence and structure of its loop5 insertion. Epothilone binds at the taxane binding site to stabilize S. pombe microtubules. S. pombe Cut7 has a distinct binding footprint on S. pombe microtubules. The core interface driving microtubule activation of motor ATPase is conserved. Loop5 of Cut7 adopts a distinctive conformation rendering Cut7 ATPase insensitive to STLC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | | | - Robert Cross
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Carolyn Ann Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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13
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Abstract
Myosin motors power movements on actin filaments, whereas dynein and kinesin motors power movements on microtubules. The mechanisms of these motor proteins differ, but, in all cases, ATP hydrolysis and subsequent release of the hydrolysis products drives a cycle of interactions with the track (either an actin filament or a microtubule), resulting in force generation and directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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14
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Singh SK, Pandey H, Al-Bassam J, Gheber L. Bidirectional motility of kinesin-5 motor proteins: structural determinants, cumulative functions and physiological roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1757-1771. [PMID: 29397398 PMCID: PMC11105280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin-5 bipolar motor proteins perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics by crosslinking and sliding antiparallel microtubules (MTs) apart within the mitotic spindle. Two recent studies have indicated that single molecules of Cin8, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 homolog, are minus end-directed when moving on single MTs, yet switch directionality under certain experimental conditions (Gerson-Gurwitz et al., EMBO J 30:4942-4954, 2011; Roostalu et al., Science 332:94-99, 2011). This finding was unexpected since the Cin8 catalytic motor domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein, and such kinesins have been previously thought to be exclusively plus end-directed. In addition, the essential intracellular functions of kinesin-5 motors in separating spindle poles during mitosis can only be accomplished by plus end-directed motility during antiparallel sliding of the spindle MTs. Thus, the mechanism and possible physiological role of the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors remain unclear. Experimental and theoretical studies from several laboratories in recent years have identified additional kinesin-5 motors that are bidirectional, revealed structural determinants that regulate directionality, examined the possible mechanisms involved and have proposed physiological roles for the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the remarkable ability of certain kinesin-5 motors to switch directionality when moving along MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Chen GY, Mickolajczyk KJ, Hancock WO. The Kinesin-5 Chemomechanical Cycle Is Dominated by a Two-heads-bound State. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20283-20294. [PMID: 27402829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule microscopy and stopped-flow kinetics assays were carried out to understand the microtubule polymerase activity of kinesin-5 (Eg5). Four lines of evidence argue that the motor primarily resides in a two-heads-bound (2HB) state. First, upon microtubule binding, dimeric Eg5 releases both bound ADPs. Second, microtubule dissociation in saturating ADP is 20-fold slower for the dimer than for the monomer. Third, ATP-triggered mant-ADP release is 5-fold faster than the stepping rate. Fourth, ATP binding is relatively fast when the motor is locked in a 2HB state. Shortening the neck-linker does not facilitate rear-head detachment, suggesting a minimal role for rear-head-gating. This 2HB state may enable Eg5 to stabilize incoming tubulin at the growing microtubule plus-end. The finding that slowly hydrolyzable ATP analogs trigger slower nucleotide release than ATP suggests that ATP hydrolysis in the bound head precedes stepping by the tethered head, leading to a mechanochemical cycle in which processivity is determined by the race between unbinding of the bound head and attachment of the tethered head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yuan Chen
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - William O Hancock
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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16
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Al-Obaidi N, Mitchison TJ, Crews CM, Mayer TU. Identification of MAC1: A Small Molecule That Rescues Spindle Bipolarity in Monastrol-Treated Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1544-51. [PMID: 27121275 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic integrity of each organism is intimately tied to the correct segregation of its genome during mitosis. Insights into the underlying mechanisms are fundamental for both basic research and the development of novel strategies to treat mitosis-relevant diseases such as cancer. Due to their fast mode of action, small molecules are invaluable tools to dissect mitosis. Yet, there is a great demand for novel antimitotic compounds. We performed a chemical genetic suppression screen to identify compounds that restore spindle bipolarity in cells treated with Monastrol, an inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5. We identified one compound-MAC1-that rescued spindle bipolarity in cells lacking Eg5 activity. Mechanistically, MAC1 induces the formation of additional microtubule nucleation centers, which allows kinesin Kif15-dependent bipolar spindle assembly in the absence of Eg5 activity. Thus, our chemical genetic suppression screen revealed novel unexpected insights into the mechanism of spindle assembly in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naowras Al-Obaidi
- Department
of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Timothy J. Mitchison
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Departments
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Chemistry, and
Pharmacology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Thomas U. Mayer
- Department
of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
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17
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Mitotic slippage and expression of survivin are linked to differential sensitivity of human cancer cell-lines to the Kinesin-5 inhibitor monastrol. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129255. [PMID: 26035434 PMCID: PMC4452773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic Kinesin-5 motor proteins crosslink and slide apart antiparallel spindle microtubules, thus performing essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics. Specific inhibition of their function by monastrol-like small molecules has been examined in clinical trials as anticancer treatment, with only partial success. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of monastrol-like anticancer drugs are required. In the current study, we examined the link between sensitivity to monastrol and occurrence of mitotic slippage in several human cell-lines. We found that the rank of sensitivity to monastrol, from most sensitive to least sensitive, is: AGS > HepG2 > Lovo > Du145 ≥ HT29. We show correlation between the sensitivity of a particular cell-line to monastrol and the tendency of the same cell-line to undergo mitotic slippage. We also found that in the monastrol resistant HT29 cells, prolonged monastrol treatments increase mRNA and protein levels of the chromosomal passenger protein survivin. In contrast, survivin levels are not increased by this treatment in the monastrol-sensitive AGS cells. We further show that over-expression of survivin in the monastrol-sensitive AGS cells reduces mitotic slippage and increases resistance to monastrol. Finally, we show that during short exposure to monastrol, Si RNA silencing of survivin expression reduces cell viability in both AGS and HT29 cells. Our data suggest that the efficiency of anti-cancer treatment with specific kinesin-5 inhibitors may be improved by modulation of expression levels of survivin.
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18
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Comprehensive structural model of the mechanochemical cycle of a mitotic motor highlights molecular adaptations in the kinesin family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1837-42. [PMID: 24449904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319848111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are responsible for a wide variety of microtubule-based, ATP-dependent functions. Their motor domain drives these activities, but the molecular adaptations that specify these diverse and essential cellular activities are poorly understood. It has been assumed that the first identified kinesin--the transport motor kinesin-1--is the mechanistic paradigm for the entire superfamily, but accumulating evidence suggests otherwise. To address the deficits in our understanding of the molecular basis of functional divergence within the kinesin superfamily, we studied kinesin-5s, which are essential mitotic motors whose inhibition blocks cell division. Using cryo-electron microscopy and determination of structure at subnanometer resolution, we have visualized conformations of microtubule-bound human kinesin-5 motor domain at successive steps in its ATPase cycle. After ATP hydrolysis, nucleotide-dependent conformational changes in the active site are allosterically propagated into rotations of the motor domain and uncurling of the drug-binding loop L5. In addition, the mechanical neck-linker element that is crucial for motor stepping undergoes discrete, ordered displacements. We also observed large reorientations of the motor N terminus that indicate its importance for kinesin-5 function through control of neck-linker conformation. A kinesin-5 mutant lacking this N terminus is enzymatically active, and ATP-dependent neck-linker movement and motility are defective, although not ablated. All these aspects of kinesin-5 mechanochemistry are distinct from kinesin-1. Our findings directly demonstrate the regulatory role of the kinesin-5 N terminus in collaboration with the motor's structured neck-linker and highlight the multiple adaptations within kinesin motor domains that tune their mechanochemistries according to distinct functional requirements.
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