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Li Y, Wu B, Zhai X, Li Q, Fan C, Li YY, Sano D, Chen R. Removal of RNA viruses from swine wastewater using anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Performance and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134296. [PMID: 38643574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The effective removal of viruses from swine wastewater using anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is vital to ecological safety. However, most studies have focused only on disinfectants, whereas the capabilities of the treatment process have not been investigated. In this study, the performance and mechanism of an AnMBR in the removal of porcine hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine kobuvirus (PKoV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) are systematically investigated. The results show that the AnMBR effectively removes the four viruses, with average removal efficiencies of 1.62, 3.05, 2.41, and 1.34 log for HEV, PKoV, PEDV and TGEV, respectively. Biomass adsorption contributes primarily to the total virus removal in the initial stage of reactor operation, with contributions to HEV and PKoV removal exceeding 71.7 % and 68.2 %, respectively. When the membrane is fouled, membrane rejection dominated virus removal. The membrane rejection contribution test shows the significant contribution of membrane pore foulants (23-76 %). Correlation analysis shows that the surface characteristics and size differences of the four viruses contribute primarily to their different effects on biomass adsorption and membrane rejection. This study provides technical guidance for viral removal during the treatment of high-concentration swine wastewater using an AnMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Baolei Wu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100008, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Zhai
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Chenlong Fan
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Thinphovong C, Nordstrom-Schuler E, Soisook P, Kritiyakan A, Chakngean R, Prapruti S, Tanita M, Paladsing Y, Makaew P, Pimsai A, Samoh A, Mahuzier C, Morand S, Chaisiri K, Phimpraphai W. A protocol and a data-based prediction to investigate virus spillover at the wildlife interface in human-dominated and protected habitats in Thailand: The Spillover Interface project. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294397. [PMID: 38166047 PMCID: PMC10760853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Spillover Interface Project aims at assessing the encounter of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans along a landscape gradient from a protected area to a residential community, through areas of reforestation and agricultural land. Here, we present the protocols of the project that combine virus screening in humans, bats, rodents and dogs with camera trapping, land-use characterization, and network analyses. The project is taking place in the sub-district of Saen Thong (Nan Province, Thailand) in collaboration with local communities, the District Public Health Office, and Nanthaburi National Park. To formulate a predictive hypothesis for the Spillover Interface Project, we assess the wildlife diversity and their viral diversity that could be observed in Saen Thong through a data science analysis approach. Potential mammalian species are estimated using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and their associated viral diversity from a published open database. A network analysis approach is used to represent and quantify the transmission of the potential viruses hosted by the mammals present in Saen Thong, according to the IUCN. A total of 57 viruses are expected to be found and shared between 43 host species, including the domestic dog and the human species. By following the protocols presented here, the Spillover Interface Project will collect the data and samples needed to test this data-driven prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pipat Soisook
- Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Anamika Kritiyakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Malee Tanita
- Primary Care Unit (PCU), Saenthong, Thawangpha, Nan, Thailand
| | | | - Phurin Makaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Awatsaya Pimsai
- Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Abdulloh Samoh
- Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Christophe Mahuzier
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES Paris)—Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS–IRD–MUSE, Montpellier Université, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Helminthology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Helminthology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zabiegala A, Kim Y, Chang KO. Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 37128508 PMCID: PMC10125864 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry, thus a major factor for host susceptibility, tissue tropism, virulence and pathogenicity. The S is divided with S1 and S2 region, and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell. Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various cleavage sites. In this article, we review host proteases including furin, trypsin, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S. Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin. The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2, and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2' site to proteases such as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTPRs) including TMPRSS2. In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells, SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane. In the absence of TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry. Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed. This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Zabiegala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused devastation in both human and animal populations, affecting both health and the economy. Amidst the emergence and re-emergence of coronaviruses, humans need to surmount the health and economic threat of coronaviruses through science and evidence-based approaches. One of these approaches is through biotechnology, particularly the heterologous production of biopharmaceutical proteins. This review article briefly describes the genome, general virion morphology, and key structural proteins of different coronaviruses affecting animals and humans. In addition, this review paper also presents the different systems in recombinant protein technology such as bacteria, yeasts, plants, mammalian cells, and insect/insect cells systems used to express key structural proteins in the development of countermeasures such as diagnostics, prophylaxis, and therapeutics in the challenging era of coronaviruses.
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