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Ashraf GM, Ebada MA, Suhail M, Ali A, Uddin MS, Bilgrami AL, Perveen A, Husain A, Tarique M, Hafeez A, Alexiou A, Ahmad A, Kumar R, Banu N, Najda A, Sayed AA, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Peluso I, Barreto GE. Dissecting Sex-Related Cognition between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4572471. [PMID: 33747345 PMCID: PMC7960032 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4572471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a sexually dimorphic organ that implies different functions and structures depending on sex. Current pharmacological approaches against different neurological diseases act distinctly in male and female brains. In all neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), sex-related outcomes regarding pathogenesis, prevalence, and response to treatments indicate that sex differences are important for precise diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. Pathogenesis of AD includes vascular dementia, and in most cases, this is accompanied by metabolic complications with similar features as those assembled in diabetes. This review discusses how AD-associated dementia and diabetes affect cognition in relation to sex difference, as both diseases share similar pathological mechanisms. We highlight potential protective strategies to mitigate amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathogenesis, emphasizing how these drugs act in the male and female brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Ebada
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ali
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar L. Bilgrami
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 018901, USA
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Amjad Husain
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
- Centre for Science and Society, IISER Bhopal, India
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship, IISER Bhopal, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Ausaf Ahmad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naheed Banu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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