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D'Alessandro AG, Desantis S, Fracchiolla G, Porrelli R, Dibenedetto RS, Di Luca A, Martemucci G. Response of laying hens fed diet supplemented with a mixture of olive, laurel, and rosemary leaf powders: Metabolic profile, oxidative status, intestinal histomorphology, and egg quality. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105294. [PMID: 38744020 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of olive, laurel, and rosemary leaf powders, on the oxidative state, biochemical, immune, intestinal morphophysiological parameters, and egg quality of laying hens. One hundred Lohmann Brown hens (28 weeks old) were equally assigned to two groups (n. 50) corresponding to a basal control diet (CON) or the diet supplemented with 6 g/kg feed of leaf powder mixture (LPM) containing olive, laurel, and rosemary leaves (1:1:1), for 60 days. Oxidative status, biochemical indices, immune response, cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal morphological characteristics, and some egg traits were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that LPM improved (P < 0.05) the oxidative status (TOS, ROMs), the immune system (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), the total protein and HDL cholesterol content, whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the LPM than in the CON group. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in SCFA content in the caecum, as well as in villi height and crypt depth in both duodenum and ileum of LPM-treated hens, was observed. Egg quality parameters were not influenced (P > 0.05) by LPM. These findings indicate that LPM can be considered a candidate as an antioxidant ingredient for functional food in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore Desantis
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. 62 per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alessio Di Luca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Timón ML, Andrés AI, Petrón MJ. Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts Obtained from By-Products of Grape, Olive, Tomato, Lemon, Red Pepper and Pomegranate. Foods 2024; 13:1802. [PMID: 38928744 PMCID: PMC11202578 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts obtained from different by-products. The effectiveness of these extracts was compared with that of rosemary extract. Total phenol carotenoid and vitamin C contents, as well as in vitro antioxidant activity, were assessed. Phenol content was positively correlated with in vitro antioxidant activity in extracts, while carotenoids showed a less clear relationship. Vitamin C was associated with antioxidant activity in lemon and pepper pomace extracts. Extracts from olive, grape, and lemon by-products displayed the highest antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity), this being similar to the activity of rosemary extracts. Moreover, the phenolic profile of the extracts was analyzed, revealing diverse phenolic compounds. Rosemary extracts contained the highest variety and quantity of phenolic compounds, while olive pomace extracts were rich in hydroxytyrosol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Lemon and pepper extracts contained high amounts of tyrosol, and tomato extracts had abundant epicatechin. The PCA analysis distinguished extracts based on in vitro antioxidant activity, phenol, carotenoid, and vitamin C content, along with their phenolic compound profiles. This study emphasizes the capacity of aqueous extract by-products as valuable sources of antioxidants and highlights the importance of understanding their bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Timón
- Food Technology Department, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (A.I.A.); (M.J.P.)
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De Cristofaro GA, Paolucci M, Pappalardo D, Pagliarulo C, Sessini V, Lo Re G. Interface interactions driven antioxidant properties in olive leaf extract/cellulose nanocrystals/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132509. [PMID: 38843608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Functional packaging represents a new frontier for research on food packaging materials. In this context, adding antioxidant properties to packaging films is of interest. In this study, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and olive leaf extract (OLE) have been melt-compounded to obtain novel biomaterials suitable for applications which would benefit from the antioxidant activity. The effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on the PBAT/OLE system was investigated, considering the interface interactions between PBAT/OLE and OLE/CNC. The biomaterials' physical and antioxidant properties were characterized. Morphological analysis corroborates the full miscibility between OLE and PBAT and that OLE favours CNC dispersion into the polymer matrix. Tensile tests show a stable plasticizer effect of OLE for a month in line with good interface PBAT/OLE interactions. Simulant food tests indicate a delay of OLE release from the 20 wt% OLE-based materials. Antioxidant activity tests prove the antioxidant effect of OLE depending on the released polyphenols, prolonged in the system at 20 wt% of OLE. Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates the nature of the non-covalent PBAT/OLE interphase interactions in π-π stacking bonds. The presence of CNC in the biomaterials leads to strong hydrogen bonding interactions between CNC and OLE, accelerating OLE released from the PBAT matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Anna De Cristofaro
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Marina Paolucci
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Esfandiary MA, Khosravi AR, Asadi S, Nikaein D, Hassan J, Sharifzadeh A. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of oleuropein against Escherichia coli and fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:154. [PMID: 38704559 PMCID: PMC11069153 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as their high cost, have prompted a search for low-cost herbal medicinal substances with fewer side effects. These substances can be used as supplements to medicine or to strengthen their effects. The current study investigated the effect of oleuropein on the inhibition of fungal and bacterial biofilm in-vitro and at the molecular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, antimicrobial properties were evaluated using microbroth dilution method. The effect of oleuropein on the formation and eradication of biofilm was assessed on 96-well flat bottom microtiter plates and their effects were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its effect on key genes (Hwp1, Als3, Epa1, Epa6, LuxS, Pfs) involved in biofilm formation was investigated using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) for oleuropein were found to be 65 mg/ml and 130 mg/ml, respectively. Oleuropein significantly inhibited biofilm formation at MIC/2 (32.5 mg/ml), MIC/4 (16.25 mg/ml), MIC/8 (8.125 mg/ml) and MIC/16 (4.062 mg/ml) (p < 0.0001). The anti-biofilm effect of oleuropein was confirmed by SEM. RT-qPCR indicated significant down regulation of expression genes involved in biofilm formation in Candida albicans (Hwp1, Als3) and Candida glabrata (Epa1, Epa6) as well as Escherichia coli (LuxS, Pfs) genes after culture with a MIC/2 of oleuropein (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that oleuropein has antifungal and antibacterial properties that enable it to inhibit or destroy the formation of fungal and bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Asadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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Mansour HMM, Zeitoun AA, Abd-Rabou HS, El Enshasy HA, Dailin DJ, Zeitoun MAA, El-Sohaimy SA. Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Olive ( Olea europaea) Leaf Extracts: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1275. [PMID: 37372005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: The main objective of the current study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo an antioxidant property of three genotypes of olive leaf extract (OLE) (picual, tofahi and shemlali), and furthermore to assess potential activity in the treatment and/or prevention of diabetes mellitus type II and related implications. (2) Methodology: Antioxidant activity was determined by using three different methods (DDPH assay, reducing power and nitric acid scavenging activity). In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and hemolytic protective activity were assessed for the OLE. Five groups of male rats were used in in vivo experiment for evaluating the antidiabetic potential of OLE. (3) Results: The genotypes of the extracts of the three olive leaves exhibited meaningful phenolic and flavonoids content with superiority for picual extract (114.79 ± 4.19 µg GAE/g and 58.69 ± 1.03 µg CE/g, respectively). All three genotypes of olive leaves demonstrated significant antioxidant activity when using DPPH, reducing power and nitric oxide scavenging activity with IC50 ranging from 55.82 ± 0.13 to 19.03 ± 0.13 μg/mL. OLE showed a significant α-glucosidase inhibition activity and dose-dependent protection from hemolysis. In vivo experimentation revealed that the administration of OLE alone and the combination of OLE+ metformin clearly restored the blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, lipid parameters and liver enzymes to the normal level. The histological examination revealed that the OLE and its combination with metformin successfully repaired the liver, kidneys and pancreatic tissues to bring them close to the normal status and maintain their functionality. (4) Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that the OLE and its combination with metformin is a promising treatment for diabetes mellitus type 2 due to their antioxidant activity, which emphasizes the potential use of OLE alone or as an adjuvant agent in the treatment protocol of diabetes mellitus type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanem M M Mansour
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Zeitoun
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Hagar S Abd-Rabou
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- Genertic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed A A Zeitoun
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Sobhy A El-Sohaimy
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
- Department of Technology and Organization of Public Catering, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Medfai W, Oueslati I, Dumas E, Harzalli Z, Viton C, Mhamdi R, Gharsallaoui A. Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Encapsulated Olive Leaf Extracts for Food Preservation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:987. [PMID: 37370306 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in olive leaves have an excellent antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial properties. These bioactive molecules have beneficial properties for health, arousing great scientific and commercial interest. This study reports lyophilized olive leaf extracts (OLE) encapsulated by spray-drying using maltodextrins, maltodextrins-pectin and maltodextrins-gum Arabic as encapsulating agents. Lyophilized OLE were collected from two varieties cultivated in a harsh pedo-climatic conditions of the arid region of Tunisia. The effects of the genetic factor and the different encapsulating agents on the physicochemical properties of microcapsules and their behavior during storage, as well as their antimicrobial activities, were studied. Microcapsules successfully passed heat treatment and storage conditions and their antimicrobial activities were preserved. The encapsulating agent combination improved the encapsulation efficiency and the product yield in Zarrazi variety compared to Dhokar one. In addition, Dhokar variety microparticles showed the best heat stability at 4 and 25 °C after 90 days of storage and the higher inhibition percent against bacteria. The results of the present study evidenced that the best conditions for OLE encapsulation were obtained when the maltodextrins-pectin and maltodextrins-gum Arabic were combined to form a hybrid coating material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Medfai
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, LR15CBBC05, Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Univ. Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Imen Oueslati
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, LR15CBBC05, Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Emilie Dumas
- Univ. Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Zina Harzalli
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, LR15CBBC05, Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Viton
- Univ. Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IMP UMR 5223, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ridha Mhamdi
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, LR15CBBC05, Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ. Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Tunisian Wild Olive Leaves: Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity as an Important Step Toward Their Valorization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Selim S, Albqmi M, Al-Sanea MM, Alnusaire TS, Almuhayawi MS, AbdElgawad H, Al Jaouni SK, Elkelish A, Hussein S, Warrad M, El-Saadony MT. Valorizing the usage of olive leaves, bioactive compounds, biological activities, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1008349. [PMID: 36424930 PMCID: PMC9678927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1008349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil production is a significant source of economic profit for Mediterranean nations, accounting for around 98 percent of global output. Olive oil usage has increased dramatically in recent years, owing to its organoleptic characteristics and rising knowledge of its health advantages. The culture of olive trees and the manufacture of industrial and table olive oil produces enormous volumes of solid waste and dark liquid effluents, involving olive leaves, pomace, and olive oil mill wastewaters. These by-products cause an economic issue for manufacturers and pose major environmental concerns. As a result, partial reuse, like other agronomical production wastes, is a goal to be achieved. Because these by-products are high in bioactive chemicals, which, if isolated, might denote components with significant added value for the food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical sectors, indeed, they include significant amounts of beneficial organic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and phenolic materials, which are distributed differently between the various wastes depending on the olive oil production method and table olive agronomical techniques. However, the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from chosen by-products is a significant problem of their reasonable value, and rigorous detection and quantification are required. The primary aims of this review in this context are to outline the vital bioactive chemicals in olive by-products, evaluate the main developments in extraction, purification, and identification, and study their uses in food packaging systems and safety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Samy Selim,
| | - Mha Albqmi
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed S. Almuhayawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Warrad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences at Al-Quriat, Jouf University, Al Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Mohamed T. El-Saadony,
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Solid State Fermentation of Olive Leaves as a Promising Technology to Obtain Hydroxytyrosol and Elenolic Acid Derivatives Enriched Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091693. [PMID: 36139767 PMCID: PMC9496001 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from olive leaves is a hot topic and the use of sustainable and green technologies is mandatory in terms of circular economy. In this way, the use of fermentation technologies showed very interesting results in terms of phenolic compound recovery. Because of that in this work the use of solid state fermentations, as valuable tool to improve the phenolic extraction has been checked. Aspergillus oryzae (in mycelium and spore form), Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus niger were used as fermentation microrganisms. Phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS and, to our knowledge, new compounds have been tentatively identified in olive leaves. Fermentation using mycelium of Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae were effective to increase both hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid derivatives whereas the use of spores of Aspergillus oryzae caused a loss of hydroxytyrosoyl derivatives, contrary the content of elenolic derivatives are comparable with the other fermentation treatments and higher than control. The proposed fermentation processes using the mycelium of Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae lead to an increase the hydroxytyrosyl and elenolic acid derivatives and could be used at industrial scale to obtain enriched extracts.
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Šimat V, Skroza D, Tabanelli G, Čagalj M, Pasini F, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Fernández-Fernández C, Sterniša M, Smole Možina S, Ozogul Y, Generalić Mekinić I. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts from Six Mediterranean Olive Cultivars. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091656. [PMID: 36139730 PMCID: PMC9495989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic profiles, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic olive leaf extracts from six Mediterranean olive cultivars (Croatian: Lastovka, Levantinka, Oblica; Italian: Moraiolo, Frantoio, Nostrana di Brisighella) were investigated. As expected, various distributions of phenolic levels were observed for each cultivar and the total phenolic content showed high variability (ranging from 4 to 22 mg GAE/g of dry extract), with the highest amount of phenolics found in the Oblica sample, which also provided the highest antiradical (ORAC) and reducing activity (FRAP). The screening of individual compounds was performed by HPLC-PDA-ESI-QTOF-MS and the main detected compounds were oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleoside/secologanoside, verbascoside, rutin, luteolin glucoside, hydroxyoleuropein, and ligstroside. While the antioxidant activity of the samples was relatively high, they showed no bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against E. coli and S. Typhimurium; weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria innocua; and inhibitory effects against Campylobacter jejuni at 0.5 mg dry extract/mL. The obtained results support the fact that olive leaf extracts, and especially those from the Oblica cultivar, could potentially be applied in various industries as natural preservatives and effective and inexpensive sources of valuable antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Šimat
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, R. Boškovića 37, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21510192
| | - Danijela Skroza
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Giulia Tabanelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Čagalj
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, R. Boškovića 37, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Federica Pasini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Meta Sterniša
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yesim Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
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11
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Martínez-Navarro ME, Cebrián-Tarancón C, Oliva J, Salinas MR, Alonso GL. Oleuropein Degradation Kinetics in Olive Leaf and Its Aqueous Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121963. [PMID: 34943066 PMCID: PMC8750354 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although olives leaves are currently considered a waste material from oil mills, they have great potential to be transformed into by-products due to their high oleuropein content. Oleuropein is a glycoside precursor of hydroxytyrosol, which is the phenolic compound with the highest antioxidant capacity in nature and which is associated with multiple health benefits. For this reason, the demand for oleuropein is growing in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors. The objective of this study is to determine the stability of oleuropein in olive leaves from oil mills in solid and aqueous forms under different conditions of temperature, relative humidity and lighting. The results indicate that the degradation of oleuropein conforms well to first-order kinetics. The rate constants at the temperatures tested in the aqueous extracts indicate activation energies from RTl to 80 °C and from 7 °C to 14 °C, as the degradation reactions were different in these ranges. Furthermore, olive leaf powder stored at any temperature with an RH ≥ 57% showed greater stability after six months, which is an encouraging result for the storage and transformation of this waste in oil mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Martínez-Navarro
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y Montes, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.E.M.-N.); (C.C.-T.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Cristina Cebrián-Tarancón
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y Montes, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.E.M.-N.); (C.C.-T.); (M.R.S.)
| | - José Oliva
- Departamento de Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - María Rosario Salinas
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y Montes, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.E.M.-N.); (C.C.-T.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Gonzalo L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y Montes, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.E.M.-N.); (C.C.-T.); (M.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-967-599210; Fax: +34-967-599238
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Characterization of Wet Olive Pomace Waste as Bio Based Resource for Leather Tanning. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195790. [PMID: 34640192 PMCID: PMC8510343 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Olive mill wastes represent an important environmental problem. Their high phenol, lipid, and organic acid concentrations turn them into phytotoxic materials. Specifically, wet olive pomace (WOP) is the waste generated in the two-phase continuous extraction process. WOP is a paste with around 60% water. The total volume of WOP generated is around 0.25 L/kg of olives processed. Its current waste management practices result in environmental problems as soil contamination, underground seepage, water-bodies pollution, and foul odor emissions. Some valorization alternatives include composting, biological treatments, direct combustion for energy production, or direct land application. The leather industry is making great efforts to apply cleaner processes while substituting chemical products for natural products. In this way, different alternatives are being studied, such as the use of zeolites, triazine derivatives, grape seed extract, olive leaf extract, etc. In this work, the use of wet olive pomace is presented as a possible alternative to conventional vegetable tannins (mimosa, quebracho, chestnut, etc.). Although different projects and studies have been developed for the valorization of olive mill wastes, there is completely a new approach to the WOP application for tanning purposes. This study shows that WOP has a significant number of polyphenolic substances, so it has a great potential to be used as a tanning agent. Specifically, this study has been able to determine that, of the polyphenols present in WOP, 39.6% correspond to tannins that are capable of tanning the skin. Additionally, it contains 14.3% non-tannins, that is, molecules that by themselves do not have the capacity to tan the leather but promote the tanning mechanism and improve the properties of the tanned leather.
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Essential Oil Volatile Fingerprint Differentiates Croatian cv. Oblica from Other Olea europaea L. Cultivars. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123533. [PMID: 34207862 PMCID: PMC8226588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive leaves are a highly available by-product from table olive and olive oil production. They are nowadays strongly valuable for their major bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects. To determine the differences between two Croatian domestic (Lastovka, Oblica) and two introduced (Leccino, Frantoio) cultivars, physical and chemical analysis of olive leaves were performed: surface area, color variability, total phenolic amounts, and essential oil volatile profiles were analyzed at three harvest periods. All cultivars greatly differed in surface area, with cv. Lastovka being the smallest. Color variability resulted in an overall decrease in darkness and amounts of green and yellow that could be attributed to a decrease in photosynthetic demand and chlorophyll content. The highest amount of total phenolic content occurred in the summer months, followed by a reduction until October. Essential oils volatiles were determined by GC-MS and showed great diversity not only amongst cultivars but also between harvest periods, with overall 45 compounds identified. Principal component analysis distinguished domestic cultivar Oblica from the other observed cultivars, mainly due to its essential oil volatile fingerprint. Compounds that differentiated cv. Oblica were aldehydes ((E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, decanal), ketones ((E)-β-damascone, dihydrodehydro-β-ionone), sesquiterpenes (cyclosativene, α-copaene, α-muurolene) and saturated hydrocarbons (tetradecane, hexadecane). Essential oil volatile fingerprint attributed the highest to the biodiversity of domestic cv. Oblica through all three harvest periods.
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Vural N, Yilmazer Hitit Z, Ertunç S. Multi‐objective optimization of drying conditions for the
Olea
europaea
L. leaves with NSGA‐II. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Vural
- Vocational School, Department of Food Processing‐Food Technology Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Ankara Turkey
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine Practice and Research Center Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Ankara Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Ankara University Ankara Turkey
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Suna Ertunç
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Ankara University Ankara Turkey
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15
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Abstract
The agricultural and processing activities of olive crops generate a substantial amount of food by-products, particularly olive leaves, which are mostly underexploited, representing a significant threat to the environment. Olive leaves are endowed with endogenous bioactive compounds. Their beneficial/health-promoting potential, together with environmental protection and circular economy, merit their exploitation to recover and reuse natural components that are potentially safer alternatives to synthetic counterparts. These biomass residues have great potential for extended industrial applications in food/dietary systems but have had limited commercial uses so far. In this regard, many researchers have endeavoured to determine a green/sustainable means to replace the conventional/inefficient methods currently used. This is not an easy task as a sustainable bio-processing approach entails careful designing to maximise the liberation of compounds with minimum use of (i) processing time, (ii) toxic solvent (iii) fossil fuel energy, and (iv) overall cost. Thus, it is necessary to device viable strategies to (i) optimise the extraction of valuable biomolecules from olive leaves and enable their conversion into high added-value products, and (ii) minimise generation of agro-industrial waste streams. This review provides an insight to the principal bioactive components naturally present in olive leaves, and an overview of the existing/proposed methods associated with their analysis, extraction, applications, and stability.
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Pasković I, Lukić I, Žurga P, Majetić Germek V, Brkljača M, Koprivnjak O, Major N, Grozić K, Franić M, Ban D, Marcelić Š, Goreta Ban S. Temporal Variation of Phenolic and Mineral Composition in Olive Leaves Is Cultivar Dependent. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1099. [PMID: 32867040 PMCID: PMC7570285 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the potential of various olive cultivars and leaf sampling times for phytochemical farming practice in Croatia, phenolic and mineral composition was determined in olive leaves of four Croatian cultivars and Italian cultivar Leccino collected at three occasions, in October 2017, January 2018, and March 2018. Istarska bjelica turned out to have the largest phytochemical potential among the investigated cultivars due to steady high oleuropein concentrations found in its leaves. The concentration of main phenolic components in Istarska bjelica leaves changed only slightly during the sampling period, suggesting the possibility of its higher capability for low air temperatures stress resistance and different metabolic response compared to the other studied cultivars. Low air temperatures increased the oleuropein level and antioxidant activity in leaves of Leccino, Oblica, Levantinka, and Drobnica cultivars, which may be of crucial phytochemical farming interest. Each of the investigated olive cultivars was characterized by a specific leaf mineral nutrient composition, which could have had a specific role in their interplay with phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Igor Lukić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paula Žurga
- Teaching Institute of Public Health Primorsko-goranska County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Valerija Majetić Germek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Food Technology and Control, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.M.G.); (O.K.)
| | - Mia Brkljača
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Olivera Koprivnjak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Food Technology and Control, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.M.G.); (O.K.)
| | - Nikola Major
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Kristina Grozić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Mario Franić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Marcelić
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića bb, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Oral delivery of oleuropein-loaded lipid nanocarriers alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress in acute colitis. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119515. [PMID: 32544520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress pathways have emerged as novel targets in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Targeting the drug to the inflamed colon remains a challenge. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been reported to accumulate in inflamed colonic mucosa. The antioxidant/antiinflamatory polyphenol oleuropein (OLE) was loaded in NLCs (NLC-OLE). NLC-OLE showed to be more effective in decreasing the TNF-α secretion and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated macrophages (J774) compared to the conventional form of OLE. OLE efficacy was preserved within NLC-OLE ameliorating inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis: reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6, decreased neutrophil infiltration and improved histopathology of the colon were reported. In addition, NLC-OLE enhanced the ROS scavenging activity of OLE in the colon after oral administration. These data suggest that the proposed NLC-OLE could be a promising drug delivery system for OLE in IBD treatment.
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