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da Cruz Rodrigues KC, Kim SC, Uner AA, Hou ZS, Young J, Campolim C, Aydogan A, Chung B, Choi A, Yang WM, Kim WS, Prevot V, Caldarone BJ, Lee H, Kim YB. LRP1 in GABAergic neurons is a key link between obesity and memory function. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101941. [PMID: 38636794 PMCID: PMC11058729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) regulates energy homeostasis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and metabolic signaling in the brain. Deficiency of LRP1 in inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons causes severe obesity in mice. However, the impact of LRP1 in inhibitory neurons on memory function and cognition in the context of obesity is poorly understood. METHODS Mice lacking LRP1 in GABAergic neurons (Vgat-Cre; LRP1loxP/loxP) underwent behavioral tests for locomotor activity and motor coordination, short/long-term and spatial memory, and fear learning/memory. This study evaluated the relationships between behavior and metabolic risk factors and followed the mice at 16 and 32 weeks of age. RESULTS Deletion of LRP1 in GABAergic neurons caused a significant impairment in memory function in 32-week-old mice. In the spatial Y-maze test, Vgat-Cre; LRP1loxP/loxP mice exhibited decreased travel distance and duration in the novel arm compared with controls (LRP1loxP/loxP mice). In addition, GABAergic neuron-specific LRP1-deficient mice showed a diminished capacity for performing learning and memory tasks during the water T-maze test. Moreover, reduced freezing time was observed in these mice during the contextual and cued fear conditioning tests. These effects were accompanied by increased neuronal necrosis and satellitosis in the hippocampus. Importantly, the distance and duration in the novel arm, as well as the performance of the reversal water T-maze test, negatively correlated with metabolic risk parameters, including body weight, serum leptin, insulin, and apolipoprotein J. However, in 16-week-old Vgat-Cre; LRP1loxP/loxP mice, there were no differences in the behavioral tests or correlations between metabolic parameters and cognition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that LRP1 from GABAergic neurons is important in regulating normal learning and memory. Metabolically, obesity caused by GABAergic LRP1 deletion negatively regulates memory and cognitive function in an age-dependent manner. Thus, LRP1 in GABAergic neurons may play a crucial role in maintaining normal excitatory/inhibitory balance, impacting memory function, and reinforcing the potential importance of LRP1 in neural system integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cristina da Cruz Rodrigues
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Chan Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Aykut Uner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennie Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Campolim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmet Aydogan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Choi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won-Mo Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Woojin S Kim
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Mouse Behavior Core, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyon Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hassan MAA, Sayed RKA, Abdelsabour-Khalaf M, Abd-Elhafez EA, Anel-Lopez L, Riesco MF, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Montes-Garrido R, Neila-Montero M, Anel L, Alvarez M. Morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of the three zones of supratesticular region of testicular artery in Assaf rams. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8334. [PMID: 35585142 PMCID: PMC9117313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To fully understand the histological, morphometrical and heamodynamic variations of different supratesticular artery regions, 20 mature and healthy Assaf rams were examined through ultrasound and morphological studies. The testicular artery images of the spermatic cord as shown by B-mode analysis indicated a tortuous pattern along its course toward the testis, although it tends to be less tortuous close to the inguinal ring. Doppler velocimetric values showed a progressive decline in flow velocity, in addition to pulsatility and vessel resistivity when entering the testis, where there were significant differences in the Doppler indices and velocities among the different regions. The peak systolic velocity, pulsatility index and resistive index were higher in the proximal supratesticular artery region, followed by middle and distal ones, while the end diastolic velocity was higher in the distal supratesticular region. The total arterial blood flow and total arterial blood flow rate reported a progressive and significant increase along the testicular cord until entering the testis. Histological examination revealed presence of vasa vasorum in the tunica adventitia, with their diameter is higher in the proximal supratesticular zone than middle and distal ones. Morphometrically, the thickness of the supratesticular artery wall showed a significant decline downward toward the testis; meanwhile, the outer arterial diameter and inner luminal diameter displayed a significant increase distally. The expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and vimentin was higher in the tunica media of the proximal supratesticular artery zone than in middle and distal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abdelsabour-Khalaf
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd-Elhafez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - L Anel-Lopez
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - M F Riesco
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.,Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - C Ortega-Ferrusola
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - R Montes-Garrido
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Neila-Montero
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - L Anel
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Alvarez
- ITRA-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
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Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Neuron, Cholinergic, and Glial Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8827874. [PMID: 33293962 PMCID: PMC7718050 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells, capable of differentiation into different cellular lineages given the opportunity. Derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development, the cell self-renewal ability makes them a great tool for regenerative medicine, and there are different protocols available for maintaining hESCs in their undifferentiated state. In addition, protocols for differentiation into functional human neural stem cells (hNSCs), which have the potential for further differentiation into various neural cell types, are available. However, many protocols are time-consuming and complex and do not always fit for purpose. In this study, we carefully combined, optimized, and developed protocols for differentiation of hESCs into adherent monolayer hNSCs over a short period of time, with the possibility of both expansion and freezing. Moreover, the method details further differentiation into neurons, cholinergic neurons, and glial cells in a simple, single step by step protocol. We performed immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and electrophysiology to examine the expression profile and characteristics of the cells to verify cell lineage. Using presented protocols, the creation of neuronal cultures, cholinergic neurons, and a mixed culture of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes can be completed within a three-week time period.
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Kolarcik CL, Castro CA, Lesniak A, Demetris AJ, Fisher LE, Gaunt RA, Weber DJ, Cui XT. Host tissue response to floating microelectrode arrays chronically implanted in the feline spinal nerve. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046012. [PMID: 32434161 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab94d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural interfacing technologies could significantly improve quality of life for people living with the loss of a limb. Both motor commands and sensory feedback must be considered; these complementary systems are segregated from one another in the spinal nerve. APPROACH The dorsal root ganglion-ventral root (DRG-VR) complex was targeted chronically with floating microelectrode arrays designed to record from motor neuron axons in the VR or stimulate sensory neurons in the DRG. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl/Luxol fast blue staining were performed. Characterization of the tissue response in regions of interest and pixel-based image analyses were used to quantify MAC387 (monocytes/macrophages), NF200 (axons), S100 (Schwann cells), vimentin (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, astrocytes), and GLUT1 (glucose transport proteins) reactivity. Implanted roots were compared to non-implanted roots and differences between the VR and DRG examined. MAIN RESULTS The tissue response associated with chronic array implantation in this peripheral location is similar to that observed in central nervous system locations. Markers of inflammation were increased in implanted roots relative to control roots with MAC387 positive cells distributed throughout the region corresponding to the device footprint. Significant decreases in neuronal density and myelination were observed in both the VR, which contains only neuronal axons, and the DRG, which contains both neuronal axons and cell bodies. Notably, decreases in NF200 in the VR were observed only at implant times less than ten weeks. Observations related to the blood-nerve barrier and tissue integrity suggest that tissue remodeling occurs, particularly in the VR. SIGNIFICANCE This study was designed to assess the viability of the DRG-VR complex as a site for neural interfacing applications and suggests that continued efforts to mitigate the tissue response will be critical to achieve the overall goal of a long-term, reliable neural interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi L Kolarcik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegic Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Systems Neuroscience Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Live Like Lou Center for ALS Research, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Chung Y, Cho H, Jo GH, Jun Y. Hypoxia of Rats Subjected to Carotid Artery Ligation Results in Impaired Neurogenesis and Reduced Number of Cortical Neurons. In Vivo 2019; 33:441-445. [PMID: 30804123 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of abnormal brain development. In a cerebral ischemia model, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), white matter lesion and a decrease in the number of subcortical neurons were observed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypoxia on neurogenesis and cell survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS In seven-day postnatal rats, the right carotid artery was ligated. The rats were incubated either in a regular normoxic chamber (control group) or in a hypoxic chamber (PVL group, 8% 02 and 92% N2 at 37°C) for 2 h. Nestin- and NeuN-positive neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The densities of nestin-immunoreactivity (IR) cells in the cerebral parietal cortex and subventricular zone were increased with hypoxia. NeuN-IR cells in the cerebral cortex were significantly decreased in the PVL group. CONCLUSION Perinatal white matter injury induced neurogenesis, while the survival of neurons was decreased in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonyoung Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbit Cho
- School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hyeon Jo
- School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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Dong H, Ye X, Zhong L, Xu J, Qiu J, Wang J, Shao Y, Xing H. Role of FOXO3 Activated by HIV-1 Tat in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:44. [PMID: 30778283 PMCID: PMC6369160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous types of pathological changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), including apoptosis of neurons. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, which is encoded by HIV-1, may promote apoptosis in HAND. Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) is a multispecific transcription factor that has roles in many biological processes, including cellular apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether FOXO3 is activated by HIV-1 Tat and to investigate its role in neuronal apoptosis in HAND. We employed tissue staining and related molecular biological experimental methods to confirm our hypothesis. The in vivo experimental results demonstrated that the expression of nuclear FOXO3 increased in the apoptotic neurons of the cerebral cortexes of rhesus macaques infected with simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). The in vitro investigation showed that HIV-1 Tat activated FOXO3, causing it to move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, FOXO3 down-regulated expression of the anti-apoptosis gene B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and up-regulated the expression of the pro-apoptosis gene Bcl-2-like 11 (Bim) after entering the nucleus, eventually causing cellular apoptosis. Finally, reduction of nuclear FOXO3 reversed cellular apoptosis. Our results suggest that HIV-1 Tat induces FOXO3 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus via the JNK signaling pathway, leading to neuronal apoptosis. Agents targeting FOXO3 may provide approaches for restoring neuronal function in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqian Dong
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinhong Xu
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Xing
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative, Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Najm IM, Sarnat HB, Blümcke I. Review: The international consensus classification of Focal Cortical Dysplasia - a critical update 2018. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:18-31. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. M. Najm
- Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Centre; Cleveland OH USA
| | - H. B. Sarnat
- Faculty of Medicine; Departments of Paediatrics, Pathology (Neuropathology) and Clinical Neurosciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - I. Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology; University Hospital; Erlangen Germany
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Sakuma S, Halliday WC, Nomura R, Ochi A, Otsubo H. Increased population of oligodendroglia-like cells in pediatric intractable epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:188-93. [PMID: 24631559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric focal epilepsies often involve more extratemporal regions than adult epilepsies. This study aims to investigate the population of oligodendroglia-like cells (OLCs) in the pediatric focal epilepsy patients requiring surgery. We hypothesize that OLCs are one of the factors that extend the pediatric epileptic network in intractable epilepsy. Thirty (18 female) patients (1.8-16.9 years old with a mean of 9.7 years), who underwent resective surgery for the intractable epilepsy from 2010 to 2012 were retrospectively studied. Seizure types consisted of epileptic spasms in nine patients, partial seizures in 17 patients and partial seizure with secondary generalization in four patients. Eight autopsy cases without neurological disease served as controls. The neuropathology examination utilized the H&E/LFB stain and immunohistochemical staining for NeuN, GFAP and Olig2 as a marker of OLCs. OLCs were counted in three sites: (a) gray matter, (b) junction of gray/white matter, and (c) white matter. We also examined the correlation between the density of OLC among the three sites and the clinical features. Fifteen (50%) patients underwent multiple lobe resections, consisting of both temporal and extratemporal lobe resections in 12 patients and extratemporal lobe resections in 3 patients. The other 15 (50%) patients underwent single lobe resection including 3 (10%) patients with temporal lobectomy sparing hippocampus. Pathological diagnosis of epilepsy patients was as follows: 14 (47%) patients=focal cortical dysplasia (type I, 4; II, 9; III, 1); 6 (20%)=oligodendrogliosis; 6 (20%)=astrocytic gliosis; 2 (7%)=hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy and 2 (7%)=tuberous sclerosis complex. The numbers of OLCs at all three sites in epilepsy group were significantly higher than those of control group (p<0.001). In the epilepsy group, there was a significant difference among the number of OLCs at gray matter, junction of gray and white matter, and white matter (p<0.001). The number of OLCs significantly increased from gray matter and junction of gray/white matter to white matter. In the control group, there was no difference among the number of OLCs at three sites. There was no significant difference in the numbers of OLCs between focal cortical dysplasia types I and II. The significantly increased OLCs, especially in the white matter may contribute to the extensive epileptic network in children with intractable focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sakuma
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William C Halliday
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruka Nomura
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Ruppe V, Dilsiz P, Reiss CS, Carlson C, Devinsky O, Zagzag D, Weiner HL, Talos DM. Developmental brain abnormalities in tuberous sclerosis complex: A comparative tissue analysis of cortical tubers and perituberal cortex. Epilepsia 2014; 55:539-50. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ruppe
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Pelin Dilsiz
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Department of Biology and Neural Science; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Chad Carlson
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
- Department of Neurosurgery; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
- Department of Psychiatry; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Neurosurgery; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Department of Neurosurgery; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Delia M. Talos
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; New York University; New York New York U.S.A
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