1
|
Thongsuk Y, Hwang NC. Perioperative Glycemic Management in Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024; 38:248-267. [PMID: 37743132 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and hyperglycemic events in cardiac surgical patients are associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. The causes of dysglycemia, the abnormal fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations, in the perioperative period include surgical stress, surgical techniques, medications administered perioperatively, and patient factors. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia lead to poor outcomes after cardiac surgery. While trying to control blood glucose concentration tightly for better postoperative outcomes, hypoglycemia is the main adverse event. Currently, there is no definite consensus on the optimum perioperative blood glucose concentration to be maintained in cardiac surgical patients. This review provides an overview of perioperative glucose homeostasis, the pathophysiology of dysglycemia, factors that affect glycemic control in cardiac surgery, and current practices for glycemic control in cardiac surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Thongsuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Nian Chih Hwang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Centre, Singapore; Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ider M, Naseri A, Ok M, Erturk A, Durgut MK, Iyigun SS. Surveilling brain damage using brain biomarkers in hypoglycemic neonatal calves with diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1240846. [PMID: 38026658 PMCID: PMC10644661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1240846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a condition associated with neonatal diarrhea in calves, leading to increased mortality and neurological clinical signs. The aim of the present study was to determine the development of brain damage in hypoglycemic calves with neonatal diarrhea and the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these biomarkers. Ten healthy and 50 hypoglycemic calves with diarrhea were included in the study. Clinical examination, blood gases and complete blood count were performed at admission. Blood serum calcium-binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolysis isoenzyme-1 (UCHL-1), activitin A (ACT), adrenomodullin (AM) concentrations, and creatine kinase-BB (CK-BB) enzyme activity were measured using commercial bovine-specific ELISA kits to assess brain damage. Of the hypoglycemic calves enrolled in the study, 13 (26%) survived and 37 (74%) died. In addition, 32 (64%) of the calves had severe acidosis and 24 (48%) had sepsis. S100B, GFAP, UCHL-1, CK-BB (p < 0.001) and NSE (p < 0.05) concentrations were significantly higher in hypoglycemic calves compared to healthy calves, while ACT concentrations were lower. Blood glucose concentration was negatively correlated with serum S100B, GFAP, UCHL-1, and CK-BB enzyme activity and positively correlated with ACT in hypoglycemic calves (p < 0.01). Brain injury biomarkers were not predictive of mortality (p > 0.05). Morever, severe hypoglycemia, severe acidosis and sepsis variables were not found to have sufficient capacity to predict mortality when considered alone or together (p > 0.05). In conclusion, brain damage may develop as a consequence of hypoglycemia in calves. S100B, NSE, GFAP, UCHL-1, ACT, and CK-BB concentrations can be used to diagnose brain damage in hypoglycemic calves. However, the variables of severe hypoglycemia, severe acidosis, and sepsis together with the biomarkers of brain injury have a limited value in predicting the prognosis of neonatal calves with diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ider
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Amir Naseri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Alper Erturk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Türkiye
| | - Murat Kaan Durgut
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Suleyman Serhat Iyigun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakurai Y, Ohara N, Fukai Y, Seki Y, Akiyama K, Yoneoka Y, Takada T, Tani T, Terajima K, Ozawa T, Sone H. Hypoglycemic Hemiplegia Associated with Reversible Narrowing of the Contralateral Middle Cerebral Artery in a Patient with Adrenal Insufficiency. Intern Med 2023; 62:751-756. [PMID: 35871581 PMCID: PMC10037026 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0038-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old man with a 2.5-month history of anorexia developed sweating, weakness, and left hemiplegia and hemispatial neglect. Brain magnetic resonance imaging detected no abnormalities, but magnetic resonance angiography revealed narrowing of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). The focal neurological signs and narrowing of the MCA resolved after detection and correction of hypoglycemia. Endocrinological examinations indicated adrenal insufficiency. Hemiplegia is a rare but important neurological manifestation of hypoglycemia, although the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Combined hypoglycemia and decreased MCA blood flow associated with vasospasm probably induced regionally severe neuroglycopenia with ischemia, which presented as focal neurological symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Sakurai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Ohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
| | - Yumi Fukai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Seki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshinori Takada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
| | - Takashi Tani
- Department of Neurology, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Саракаева ЛР, Рыжкова ДВ, Митрофанова ЛБ, Баиров ВГ, Сухоцкая АА, Смородин АП, Ефтич ЕА, Кельмансон ИА, Никитина ИЛ. [Electroencephalogram features in children with congenital hyperinsulinism treated according to the international protocol in Russian Federation]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:68-75. [PMID: 36842080 PMCID: PMC9978872 DOI: 10.14341/probl13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare life-threatening disease characterised by persistent hypoglycaemia as a result of inappropriate insulin secretion, which can lead to irreversible neurological defects in infants. AIM To evaluate neurophysiological characteristics of central nervous system in children with congenital hyperinsulinism treated according to the international protocol in Russian Federation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our retrospective, prospective cohort study included 73 patients who received treatment for CHI according to the current international protocol at different departments of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre from 2017 to 2022. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS Among 73 patients with CHI, 35% (23) had focal form of the disease, 65% had non-focal form (49% (39) - diffuse form, 16% (11) - atypical form). All patients with focal form of CHI had a recovery as an outcome.Analysing the EEG data we found that paroxysmal activity was recorded in 23 patients (32%), 50 patients did not have paroxysmal activity (68%). Diffuse changes were observed in 47 patients (64%), whereas 26 patients (36%) were absent of it. By constructing Kaplan-Meier curves we found that the alpha rhythm is formed significantly (p=0.026) earlier in patients with a focal form of CHI. CONCLUSION CHI patients treated according to the international guidelines in Russian Federation show rather positive neurological outcome. We established that alpha rhythm earliest formation is associated with focal form of CHI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Л. Р. Саракаева
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - Д. В. Рыжкова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | | | - В. Г. Баиров
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - А. А. Сухоцкая
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - А. П. Смородин
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - Е. А. Ефтич
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - И. А. Кельмансон
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| | - И. Л. Никитина
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gad H, Elgassim E, Mohammed I, Alhaddad AY, Ahmed Hussein Zaky Aly H, Cabibihan JJ, Al-Ali A, Sadasivuni KK, Haji A, Lamine N, Khan A, Petropoulos IN, Ponirakis G, Kalteniece A, Ferdousi M, Azmi S, Alam U, Abuhelaiqa W, Jayyousi A, AlMohanadi D, Baagar K, Malik RA. Continuous glucose monitoring reveals a novel association between duration and severity of hypoglycemia, and small nerve fiber injury in patients with diabetes. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220352. [PMID: 36240043 PMCID: PMC9716363 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has revealed that glycemic variability and low time in range are associated with albuminuria and retinopathy. We have investigated the relationship between glucose metrics derived from CGM and a highly sensitive measure of neuropathy using corneal confocal microscopy in participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 40 participants with diabetes and 28 healthy controls underwent quantification of corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and inferior whorl length (IWL) and those with diabetes underwent CGM for four consecutive days. Results CNBD was significantly lower in patients with high glycemic variability (GV) compared to low GV (median (range) (25.0 (19.0-37.5) vs 38.6 (29.2-46.9); P = 0.007); in patients who spent >4% compared to <4% time in level 1 hypoglycemia (54-69 mg/dL) (25.0 (22.9-37.5) vs 37.5 (29.2-46.9); P = 0.045) and in patients who spent >1% compared to <1% time in level 2 hypoglycemia (<54 mg/dL) (25.0 (19.8-41.7) vs 35.4 (28.1-44.8); P = 0.04). Duration in level 1 hypoglycemia correlated with CNBD (r = -0.342, P = 0.031). Duration in level 1 (181-250 mg/dL) and level 2 (>250 mg/dL) hyperglycemia did not correlate with CNFD (P > 0.05), CNBD (P > 0.05), CNFL (P > 0.05) or IWL (P > 0.05). Conclusions Greater GV and duration in hypoglycemia, rather than hyperglycemia, are associated with nerve fiber loss in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Gad
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Einas Elgassim
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - John-John Cabibihan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Ali
- KINDI Center for computing research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Aliyaa Haji
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Neila Lamine
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adnan Khan
- Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Alise Kalteniece
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maryam Ferdousi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shazli Azmi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Uazman Alam
- Diabetes and Neuropathy Research, Department of Eye and Vision Sciences and Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University NHS Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Amin Jayyousi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dabia AlMohanadi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled Baagar
- Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evin F, Ata A, Er E, Demir G, Çetin H, Altınok YA, Özen S, Darcan Ş, Gökşen D. Predictive low-glucose suspend system and glycemic variability. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
7
|
Lewis C, Freeman N, Gupta N. Hypoglycemia as a Manifestation of Shapiro Syndrome. Cureus 2022; 14:e23120. [PMID: 35425687 PMCID: PMC9004329 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Shapiro syndrome is an extremely rare disorder of dysautonomia characterized by paroxysmal episodic hypothermia to below 95°F. Many patients with Shapiro syndrome improve with medical management, though a minority of cases are refractory to treatment. Our patient with adult-onset Shapiro syndrome is an atypical case. Our patient has been refractory to medical treatment as well as chemical sympathectomy. Based on a review of the literature, this is also the first reported case of hypoglycemia with Shapiro syndrome episodes in the absence of other metabolic diseases. This case suggests that hypoglycemia could be a potential manifestation of Shapiro syndrome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Venkataramaiah S, Palaniswamy S, Srinivasaiah B. Octreotide to treat severe hypoglycaemia in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Indian J Anaesth 2022; 66:538-539. [PMID: 36111096 PMCID: PMC9468996 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_946_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
9
|
Shen Z, Jiang H, Huang R, Zhou Y, Li Q, Ma J. Association of glycemic variability and hypoglycemia with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in adults with type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22875. [PMID: 34819569 PMCID: PMC8613221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies exploring the influence of glycemic variability (GV) on the pathogenesis of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between GV and DSPN in T1DM. Adults with T1DM were included in this cross-sectional study and asked to undergo 3-day CGM. GV quantified by coefficient of variation (CV) and mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) were obtained from CGM. Clinical characteristics and biochemical assessments were collected for analysis. The study comprised 152 T1DM patients (53.9% males) with mean age of 44.2 year. Higher levels of age and duration of diabetes and lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL, fasting C-peptide and postprandial C-peptide were observed in DSPN subjects. DSPN groups displayed a higher blood glucose between 00:00 and 12:59 according to the CGM profile. Higher MAGE and CV were associated with increased risk of DSPN in the fully adjusted model. Meanwhile, a significant association between measurements of hypoglycemia, especially nocturnal hypoglycemia, and DSPN was found after multiple tests. CGM parameters describing the glycemic variability and hypoglycemia were potential risk factors for DSPN in adults with T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Yunting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Axonal Glycolytic Pathway Contributes to Sensory Axon Extension and Growth Cone Dynamics. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6637-6651. [PMID: 34252036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0321-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bioenergetics of axon extension and maintenance has wide ranging implications for neurodevelopment and disease states. Glycolysis is a pathway consisting of 10 enzymes and separated into preparatory and payoff phases, the latter producing ATP. Using embryonic chicken sensory neurons, we report that glycolytic enzymes are found through the axon and the growth cone. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of NGF impairs axon extension and growth cone dynamics within minutes without affecting axon maintenance. Experiments using microfluidic chambers show that the effect of inhibiting glycolysis on axon extension is local along distal axons and can be reversed by promoting mitochondrial respiration. Knockdown of GAPDH simplifies growth cone morphology and is rescued by shRNA-resistant GAPDH expression. Rescue of GAPDH using KillerRed fused to GAPDH followed by localized chromophore-assisted light inactivation of KillerRed-GAPDH in distal axons halts growth cone dynamics. Considering filament polymerization requires ATP, inhibition of glycolysis results in a paradoxical increase in axonal actin filament levels. The effect on actin filaments is because of enzymes before GAPDH, the first enzyme in the payoff phase. In the absence of NGF, inhibition of glycolysis along distal axons results in axon degeneration independent of cell death. These data indicate that the glycolytic pathway is operative in distal axons and contributes to the rate of axon extension and growth cone dynamics in the presence of NGF and that, in the absence of NGF, the axonal glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elucidation of the sources of ATP required for axon extension and maintenance has implications for understanding the mechanism of neuronal development and diseases of the nervous system. While recent work has emphasized the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the role of the glycolytic pathway in axon morphogenesis and maintenance remains minimally understood. The data reveal that the glycolytic pathway is required for normal sensory axon extension in the presence of NGF, while in the absence of NGF the glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. The results have implications for the understanding of the bioenergetics of axon morphogenesis and plasticity and indicate that NGF has protective effects on sensory axon maintenance in hypoglycemic states.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113367. [PMID: 33139628 PMCID: PMC7693664 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of older adults with diabetes has become a major social burden. Diabetes, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction are closely related to the mechanisms of aging. Insulin resistance, arteriosclerosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be common mechanisms shared by frailty and cognitive impairment. Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, obesity, vascular factors, physical inactivity, and malnutrition are important risk factors for cognitive impairment and frailty in older adults with diabetes. The impact of nutrients on health outcomes varies with age; thus, shifting diet therapy strategies from the treatment of obesity/metabolic syndrome to frailty prevention may be necessary in patients with diabetes who are over 75 years of age, have frailty or sarcopenia, and experience malnutrition. For the prevention of frailty, optimal energy intake, sufficient protein and vitamin intake, and healthy dietary patterns should be recommended. The treatment of diabetes after middle age should include the awareness of proper glycemic control aimed at extending healthy life expectancy with proper nutrition, exercise, and social connectivity. Nutritional therapy in combination with exercise, optimal glycemic and metabolic control, and social participation/support for frailty prevention can extend healthy life expectancy and maintain quality of life in older adults with diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Liao X, Wang W. Executive Function and Diabetes: A Clinical Neuropsychology Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2112. [PMID: 32973635 PMCID: PMC7468478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Diabetes is a global public health concern. Management of diabetes depends on successful implementation of strategies to alleviate decline in executive functions (EFs), a characteristic of diabetes progression. In this review, we describe recent research on the relationship between diabetes and EF, summarize the existing evidence, and put forward future research directions and applications. Methods Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies, to elucidate the relationship between DM and EF. We identified new screening objectives, management tools, and intervention targets for diabetes management. We also discuss the implications for clinical practice. Results In both types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperglycemia substantially impairs EF in people of all age groups and ethnicities. Hypoglycemia can similarly impair EF. Interestingly, a decline in EF contributes to DM progression. Glucose dysregulation and EF decline exacerbate each other in a vicious cycle: poor blood glucose control, impaired EF, diabetes management task failure, then back to poor blood glucose control. Many pathophysiological indexes (e.g., obesity, metabolic index, inflammatory and immune factors), neuropsychological indexes (e.g., compliance, eating habits, physical exercise, sleep, and depression), and genetic factors are changed by this pathological interaction between DM and EF. These changes can provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetes-related EF decline. Conclusion Further studies, including large-scale prospective and randomized controlled trials, are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the interaction between diabetes and EF and to develop novel strategies for breaking this cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- International Medical Center/Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Periodical Press and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- International Medical Center/Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Derkach KV, Zorina II, Zakharova IO, Basova NE, Bakhtyukov AA, Shpakov AO. The Influence of Intranasally Administered
Insulin and
C-peptide on AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activity, Mitochondrial
Dynamics and Apoptosis Markers in the Hypothalamus of Rats with
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Dahlin LB, Rix KR, Dahl VA, Dahl AB, Jensen JN, Cloetens P, Pacureanu A, Mohseni S, Thomsen NOB, Bech M. Three-dimensional architecture of human diabetic peripheral nerves revealed by X-ray phase contrast holographic nanotomography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7592. [PMID: 32371896 PMCID: PMC7200696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A deeper knowledge of the architecture of the peripheral nerve with three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the nerve tissue at the sub-cellular scale may contribute to unravel the pathophysiology of neuropathy. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray phase contrast holographic nanotomography to enable 3D imaging of nerves at high resolution, while covering a relatively large tissue volume. We show various subcomponents of human peripheral nerves in biopsies from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes and in a healthy subject. Together with well-organized, parallel myelinated nerve fibres we show regenerative clusters with twisted nerve fibres, a sprouted axon from a node of Ranvier and other specific details. A novel 3D construction (with movie created) of a node of Ranvier with end segment of a degenerated axon and sprout of a regenerated one is captured. Many of these architectural elements are not described in the literature. Thus, X-ray phase contrast holographic nanotomography enables identifying specific morphological structures in 3D in peripheral nerve biopsies from a healthy subject and from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 5, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 5, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian R Rix
- Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vedrana A Dahl
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads Building 324, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders B Dahl
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads Building 324, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janus N Jensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads Building 324, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Cloetens
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Pacureanu
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Simin Mohseni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niels O B Thomsen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 5, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Bech
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nistor M, Schmidt M, Graul I, Rakers F, Schiffner R. A Systematic Review of Neuroprotective Strategies in the Management of Hypoglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030550. [PMID: 30696060 PMCID: PMC6386855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypogylcemia has been found to induce cerebral damage. While a number of illnesses can lead to hypoglycemic episodes, antidiabetic medications prescribed for glycemic control are a common cause. Considering the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population, we investigated neuroprotective strategies during hypoglycemia in the form of a systematic review in adherence to the PRISMA statement. A review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and CENTRAL was performed in September 2018. Based on a predefined inclusion protocol, results were screened and evaluated by two researchers. Both animal experiments and human studies were included, and their risk of bias was assessed with SYRCLE’s and the Cochrane risk of bias tools, respectively. Of a total of 16,230 results, 145 were assessed in full-text form: 27 articles adhered to the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively analyzed. The retrieved neuroprotective strategies could be categorized into three subsets: (1) Energy substitution, (2) hypoglycemia unawareness, and (3) other neuroprotective strategies. While on a study level, the individual results appeared promising, more research is required to investigate not only specific neuroprotective strategies against hypoglycemic cerebral damage, but also its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Nistor
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Isabel Graul
- Orthopedic Department, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Campus Eisenberg, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg 07607, Germany.
| | - Florian Rakers
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - René Schiffner
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
- Orthopedic Department, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Campus Eisenberg, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg 07607, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pardo ID, Rao DB, Butt MT, Jortner BS, Valentine WM, Arezzo J, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Toxicologic Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Overview, Challenges, and Current Practices. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:1028-1036. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318800707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicity is a frequent adverse effect encountered in patients treated with certain therapeutics (e.g., antiretroviral drugs, cancer chemotherapeutics), in occupational workers exposed to industrial chemicals (e.g., solvents), or during accidental exposures to household chemicals and/or environmental agents (e.g., pesticides). However, the literature and expertise needed for the effective design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of safety studies to identify and define PNS toxicity are hard to find. This half-day course familiarized participants with basic PNS biology; causes and mechanisms of PNS pathology; classic methods and current best practice recommendations for PNS sampling, preparation, and evaluation; and examples of commonly observed lesions and artifacts. Three concluding case presentations synthesized information from the prior technical lectures by presenting real-world examples of lesions caused by drugs and chemicals to demonstrate how PNS toxicity may be addressed in evaluating product safety during nonclinical studies. Topics emphasized comparative and correlative data among animal species used in toxicity studies and clinical evaluation in humans in order to facilitate the translation of animal data into human risk assessment with respect to PNS toxicologic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa B. Rao
- Current employer: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark T. Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard S. Jortner
- Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Joseph Arezzo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA *Ingrid D. Pardo and Deepa B. Rao contributed equally to production of this article
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou L, Mai JZ, Li Y, Wu Y, Guo M, Gao XM, Wu YF, Zhao LC, Liu XQ. Fasting glucose and its association with 20-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese general population. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 5:89-96. [PMID: 31367697 PMCID: PMC6656876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between fasting glucose levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese population. Methods The role of fasting blood glucose levels as a predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality was estimated in 9930 participants from four Chinese general populations with a 20-year follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the relationship between fasting glucose and mortality. Results There were 1471 deaths after a median follow-up of 20.2 years (a total of 187,374 person-years), including 310 cardiovascular deaths, 581 cancer deaths, and 580 other-cause deaths. After adjustment for age, sex, urban or rural, northern or southern of China, types of work, education level, physical exercise, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol at baseline, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality in the fasting blood glucose categories of <60, 60-69, 70-79, 90-99, 100-109, 110-125, and ≥126 mg/dl were 1.38 (1.04-1.84), 1.20 (1.01-1.43), 1.18 (1.03-1.36), 1.18 (0.99-1.41), 1.48 (1.16-1.88), 1.17 (0.84-1.62), and 2.23 (1.72-2.90), respectively, in contrast to the reference group (80-89 mg/dl). The HRs and 95% CIs for cardiovascular disease mortality in these groups were 2.58 (1.44-4.61), 1.41 (0.95-2.10), 1.56 (1.15-2.11), 1.29 (0.88-1.89), 1.36 (0.78-2.37), 1.05 (0.52-2.11), and 2.73 (1.64-4.56), respectively. Conclusions Both low and high fasting glucose were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Chinese general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jin-Zhuang Mai
- Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Min Guo
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiang-Min Gao
- Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Yang-Feng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lian-Cheng Zhao
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Yang M, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhou F, Zhang Y, Gao J, Yin T, Hu X, Mao Z, Xiao J, Wang L, Liu C, Ma L, Yuan Z, Lv J, Shen H, Hou PC, Kang H. Outcome and risk factors associated with extent of central nervous system injury due to exertional heat stroke. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8417. [PMID: 29095276 PMCID: PMC5682795 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between the extent of central nervous system (CNS) injury and patient outcomes meanwhile research the potential risk factors associated with neurologic sequelae. In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from 117 consecutive patients (86 survivors, 31 nonsurvivors) with exertional heat stroke (EHS) who had been admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) at 48 Chinese hospitals between April 2003 and July 2015. Extent of CNS injury was dichotomized according to Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (severe 3-8, not severe 9-15). We then assessed differences in hospital mortality based on the extent of CNS injury by comparing 90-day survival time between the patient groups. Exploring the risk factors of neurologic sequelae. The primary outcomewas the 90-day survival ratewhich differed between the 2 groups (P = .023). The incidence of neurologic sequelae was 24.4%. For its risk factors, duration of recurrent hyperthermia (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.20-2.49, P = .003), duration of CNS injury (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04-1.85, P = .025), and low GCS in the first 24 hours after admission (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.11-5.15, P = .025) were selected by multivariable logistic regression. Cooling effect was eliminated as a factor (OR = 2641.27, 95% CI 0.40-1.73_107, P = .079). Significant differences in 90-day survival ratewere observed based on the extent of CNS injury in patients with EHS, and incidence was 24.4% for neurologic sequelae. Duration of recurrent hyperthermia, duration of CNS injury, and low GCS score in the first 24 hours following admission may be independent risk factors of neurologic sequelae. Cooling effect should be validated in the further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Feihu Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Jingli Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kai Luan General Hospital, Tangshan
| | - Ting Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Centre Hospital of Baotou, Baotou
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Zhi Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Jianguo Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Liqiong Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 251th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Zhangjiakou
| | - Zhihao Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 180th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Quanzhou
| | - Jianfei Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital Chang Ji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang
| | - Haoliang Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nan Tong University, Nantong, China
| | - Peter C. Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjun Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Altered Plasticity of Glycogen Phosphorylase in Forebrain Gliosomes Obtained from Insulinoma Patients. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:21-7. [PMID: 25946981 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a control model of hypoglycemia-exposed brain tissues from a small series of patients with insulinoma, immediately dissect them, and perform a differential cold centrifugation to obtain gliosomes and examine alterations of glycogenolytic mechanisms. The BB as well as MM isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase enzymatic protein expression remained unaltered between insulinoma and control subjects within the gliosomes. However, the glycogen phosphorylase remained in a form that was potentially activated several folds on placing the gliosomes in a glucose-free medium. This was examined by its increased interaction with protein kinase A. Inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase was used as controls. Furthermore, we demonstrated that glucose-depleted medium enhanced production of both ATP and lactate by the gliosomes. It is possible that a portion of glucose obtained from glycogen breakdown was circuited through glycolytic pathways to generate ATP. It has been reported earlier that ATP within gliosomes plays a major role in glutamate uptake, thus potentially preventing seizure during active bouts of hypoglycemia. Lactate shuttle from astrocytes is a potential mechanism to balance neuronal bioenergetics during events of hypoglycemia. Newer approaches to pharmacologically modulate glycogen phosphorylase may prove to be rational approach for neuroprotective therapy in this common clinical syndrome of hypoglycemia.
Collapse
|
21
|
Osborne DM, Pearson-Leary J, McNay EC. The neuroenergetics of stress hormones in the hippocampus and implications for memory. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:164. [PMID: 25999811 PMCID: PMC4422005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress causes rapid release of norepinephrine (NE) and glucocorticoids (GCs), both of which bind to hippocampal receptors. This release continues, at varying concentrations, for several hours following the stressful event, and has powerful effects on hippocampally-dependent memory that generally promote acquisition and consolidation while impairing retrieval. Several studies have characterized the brain's energy usage both at baseline and during memory processing, but there are few data on energy requirements of memory processes under stressful conditions. Because memory is enhanced by emotional arousal such as during stress, it is likely that molecular memory processes under these conditions differ from those under non-stressful conditions that do not activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mobilization of peripheral and central energy stores during stress may increase hippocampal glucose metabolism that enhances salience and detail to facilitate memory enhancement. Several pathways activated by the HPA axis affect neural energy supply and metabolism, and may also prevent detrimental damage associated with chronic stress. We hypothesize that alterations in hippocampal metabolism during stress are key to understanding the effects of stress hormones on hippocampally-dependent memory formation. Second, we suggest that the effects of stress on hippocampal metabolism are bi-directional: within minutes, NE promotes glucose metabolism, while hours into the stress response GCs act to suppress metabolism. These bi-directional effects of NE and GCs on glucose metabolism may occur at least in part through direct modulation of glucose transporter-4. In contrast, chronic stress and prolonged elevation of hippocampal GCs cause chronically suppressed glucose metabolism, excitotoxicity and subsequent memory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiah Pearson-Leary
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany Albany, NY, USA ; Biology, University at Albany Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|